Arousal-biased competition in perception and memory

Perspectives on Psychological Science

Volumn 6, Issue 2, 2011, Pages 114-133

  Mather, Mara ^a   Sutherland, Matthew R ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Arousal; Attention; Biased competition; Emotional memory

Indexed keywords

EID: 80051820447     PISSN: 17456916     EISSN: 17456924     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/1745691611400234     Document Type: Article

References (180)

1. Abercrombie, H.C., Kalin, N.H., Thurow, M.E., Rosenkranz, M.A., & Davidson, R.J. (2003). Cortisol variation in humans affects memory for emotionally laden and neutral information. Behavioral Neuroscience, 117, 505-516.
2. Abercrombie, H.C., Speck, N.S., & Monticelli, R.A. (2006). Endogenous cortisol elevations are related to memory facilitation only in individuals who are emotionally aroused. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 31, 414-414.
3. Adolphs, R., Denburg, N.L., & Tranel, D. (2001). The amygdala's role in long-term declarative memory for gist and detail. Behavioral Neuroscience, 115, 983-992.
4. Adolphs, R., Tranel, D., & Buchanan, T.W. (2005). Amygdala damage impairs emotional memory for gist but not details of complex stimuli. Nature Neuroscience, 8, 512-518.
5. Alpers, G.W., & Gerdes, A.B.M. (2007). Here is looking at you: Emotional faces predominate in binocular rivalry. Emotion, 7, 495-506.
6. Alpers, G.W., & Pauli, P. (2006). Emotional pictures predominate in binocular rivalry. Cognition & Emotion, 20, 596-607.
7. Alpers, G.W., Ruhleder, M., Walz, N., Muhlberger, A., & Pauli, P. (2005). Binocular rivalry between emotional and neutral stimuli: A validation using fear conditioning and EEG. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 57, 25-32.
8. Anderson, A.K. (2005). Affective influences on the attentional dynamics supporting awareness. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 134, 258-281.
9. Anderson, A.K., Christoff, K., Stappen, I., Panitz, D., Ghahremani, D.G., Glover, G., et al. (2003). Dissociated neural representations of intensity and valence in human olfaction. Nature Neuroscience, 6, 196-202.
10. Anderson, A.K., & Phelps, E.A. (2001). Lesions of the human amygdala impair enhanced perception of emotionally salient events. Nature, 411, 305-309.
11. Anderson, A.K., Wais, P.E., & Gabrieli, J.D.E. (2006). Emotion enhances remembrance of neutral events past. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 103, 1599-1604.
12. Andreano, J.M., & Cahill, L. (2006). Glucocorticoid release and memory consolidation in men and women. Psychological Science, 17, 466-470.
13. Aron, A.R., Robbins, T.W., & Poldrack, R.A. (2004). Inhibition and the right inferior frontal cortex. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 8, 170-177.
14. Attar, C.H., Muller, M.M., Andersen, S.K., Buchel, C., & Rose, M. (2010). Emotional processing in a salient motion context: Integration of motion and emotion in both V5/hMT{thorn} and the amygdala. Journal of Neuroscience, 30, 5204-5210.
15. Baldi, P., & Itti, L. (2010). Of bits and wows: A Bayesian theory of surprise with applications to attention. Neural Networks, 23, 649-666.
16. Bannerman, R.L., Milders, M., De Gelder, B., & Sahraie, A. (2008). Influence of emotional facial expressions on binocular rivalry. Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics, 28, 317-326.
17. Beck, D.M., & Kastner, S. (2009). Top-down and bottom-up mechanisms in biasing competition in the human brain. Vision Research, 49, 1154-1165.
18. Berg, D.J., Boehnke, S.E., Marino, R.A., Munoz, D.P., & Itti, L. (2009). Free viewing of dynamic stimuli by humans and monkeys. Journal of Vision, 9, 15.
19. Birmingham, E., Bischof, W.F., & Kingstone, A. (2008). Gaze selection in complex social scenes. Visual Cognition, 16, 341-355.
20. Birmingham, E., Bischof, W.F., & Kingstone, A. (2009a). Get real! Resolving the debate about equivalent social stimuli. Visual Cognition, 17, 904-924.
21. Birmingham, E., Bischof, W.F., & Kingstone, A. (2009b). Saliency does not account for fixations to eyes within social scenes. Vision Research, 49, 2992-3000.
22. Blake, R., & Logothetis, N.K. (2002). Visual competition. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 3, 13-23.
23. Bocanegra, B.R., & Zeelenberg, R. (2009a). Dissociating emotioninduced blindness and hypervision. Emotion, 9, 865-873.
24. Bocanegra, B.R., & Zeelenberg, R. (2009b). Emotion improves and impairs early vision. Psychological Science, 20, 707-713.
25. Bornstein, B.H., Liebel, L.M., & Scarberry, N.C. (1998). Repeated testing in eyewitness memory: A means to improve recall of a negative emotional event. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 12, 119-131.
26. Botvinick, M.M., Cohen, J.D., & Carter, C.S. (2004). Conflict monitoring and anterior cingulate cortex: An update. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 8, 539-546.
27. Bradley, M.M., Miccoli, L., Escrig, M.A., & Lang, P.J. (2008). The pupil as a measure of emotional arousal and autonomic activation. Psychophysiology, 45, 602-607.
28. Brown, J.M. (2003). Eyewitness memory for arousing events: Putting things into context. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 17, 93-106.
29. Buchanan, T.W., & Lovallo, W.R. (2001). Enhanced memory for emotional material following stress-level cortisol treatment in humans. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 26, 307-317.
30. Bundesen, C. (1990). A theory of visual-attention. Psychological Review, 97, 523-547.
31. Bundesen, C., Habekost, T., & Kyllingsbaek, S. (2005). A neural theory of visual attention: Bridging cognition and neurophysiology. Psychological Review, 112, 291-328.
32. Burke, A., Heuer, F., & Reisberg, D. (1992). Remembering emotional events. Memory & Cognition, 20, 277-290.
33. Cabeza, R., Ciaramelli, E., Olson, I.R., & Moscovitch, M. (2008). The parietal cortex and episodic memory: an attentional account. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 9, 613-625.
34. Cahill, L., Gorski, L., & Le, K. (2003). Enhanced human memory consolidation with post-learning stress: Interaction with the degree of arousal at encoding. Learning & Memory, 10, 270-274.
35. Callaway, E., & Dembo, D. (1958). Narrowed attention: A psychological phenomenon that accompanies a certain physiological change. Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry, 79, 74-90.
36. Callaway, E., & Thompson, S.V. (1953). Sympathetic activity and perception: An approach to the relationships between autonomic activity and personality. Psychosomatic Medicine, 15, 443-455.
37. Calvo, M.G., & Nummenmaa, L. (2008). Detection of emotional faces: Salient physical features guide effective visual search. Journal of Experimental Psychology-General, 137, 471-494.
38. Carlson, J.M., Reinke, K.S., & Habib, R. (2009). A left amygdala mediated network for rapid orienting to masked fearful faces. Neuropsychologia, 47, 1386-1389.
39. Carter, C.S., & van Veen, V. (2007). Anterior cingulate cortex and conflict detection: An update of theory and data. Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience, 7, 367-379.
40. Cave, K.R., & Bichot, N.P. (1999). Visuospatial attention: Beyond a spotlight model. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 6, 204-223.
41. Chajut, E., & Algom, D. (2003). Selective attention improves under stress: Implications for theories of social cognition. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 231-248.
42. Chavez, C.M., McGaugh, J.L., & Weinberger, N.M. (2009). The basolateral amygdala modulates specific sensory memory representations in the cerebral cortex. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, 91, 382-392.
43. Chelazzi, L., Duncan, J., Miller, E.K., & Desimone, R. (1998). Responses of neurons in inferior temporal cortex during memoryguided visual search. Journal of Neurophysiology, 80, 2918-2940.
44. Chelazzi, L., Miller, E.K., Duncan, J., & Desimone, R. (2001). Responses of neurons in macaque area V4 during memoryguided visual search. Cerebral Cortex, 11, 761-772.
45. Chong, S.C., & Blake, R. (2006). Exogenous attention and endogenous attention influence initial dominance in binocular rivalry. Vision Research, 46, 1794-1803.
46. Christianson, S.-A. (1992). Emotional stress and eyewitness memory: A critical review. Psychological Bulletin, 112, 284-309.
47. Christianson, S.-A., Loftus, E.F., Hoffman, H., & Loftus, G.R. (1991). Eye fixations and memory for emotional events. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning Memory and Cognition, 17, 693-701.
48. Corbetta, M., & Shulman, G.L. (2002). Control of goal-directed and stimulus-driven attention in the brain. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 3, 201-215.
49. Cornsweet, D.M. (1969). Use of cues in visual periphery under conditions of arousal. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 80, 14-18.
50. Cunningham, W.A., Raye, C.L., & Johnson, M.K. (2004). Implicit and explicit evaluation: FMRI correlates of valence, emotional intensity, and control in the processing of attitudes. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 16, 1717-1729.
51. Cunningham, W.A., Raye, C.L., & Johnson, M.K. (2005). Neural correlates of evaluation associated with promotion and prevention regulatory focus. Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience, 5, 202-211.
52. D'Argembeau, A., & Van der Linden, M. (2004). Influence of affective meaning on memory for contextual information. Emotion, 4, 173-188.
53. Davidson, P.S.R., McFarland, C.R., & Glisky, E.L. (2006). Effects of emotion on item and source memory in young and older adults. Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience, 6, 306-322.
54. Deco, G., & Rolls, E.T. (2005). Attention, short-term memory, and action selection: A unifying theory. Progress in Neurobiology, 76, 236-256.
55. Dehaene, S., Kerszberg, M., & Changeux, J.P. (1998). A neuronal model of a global workspace in effortful cognitive tasks. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 95, 14529-14534.
56. De Martino, B., Kalisch, R., Rees, G., & Dolan, R. J. (2009). Enhanced processing of threat stimuli under limited attentional resources. Cerebral Cortex, 19, 127-133.
57. Desimone, R. (1998). Visual attention mediated by biased competition in extrastriate visual cortex. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London: Series B. Biological Sciences, 353, 1245-1255.
58. Desimone, R., & Duncan, J. (1995). Neural mechanisms of selective visual-attention. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 18, 193-222.
59. Detterman, D.K., & Ellis, N.R. (1972). Determinants of induced amnesia in short-term memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 95, 308-316.
60. Doerksen, S., & Shimamura, A.P. (2001). Source memory enhancement for emotional words. Emotion, 1, 5-11.
61. Dolcos, F., Kragel, P., Wang, L.H., & McCarthy, G. (2006). Role of the inferior frontal cortex in coping with distracting emotions. NeuroReport, 17, 1591-1594.
62. Dolcos, F., & McCarthy, G. (2006). Brain systems mediating cognitive interference by emotional distraction. Journal of Neuroscience, 26, 2839-2839.
63. Duncan, J. (2006). EPS Mid-Career Award 2004: Brain mechanisms of attention. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 59, 2-27.
64. Easterbrook, J.A. (1959). The effect of emotion on cue utilization and the organization of behavior. Psychological Review, 66, 183-201.
65. Ellis, N.R., Detterman, D.K., Runcie, D., McCarver, R.B., & Craig, E.M. (1971). Amnesic effects in short-term memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 89, 357-361.
66. Erdelyi, M.H., & Blumenth, D.G. (1973). Cognitive masking in rapid sequential processing: Effect of an emotional picture on preceding and succeeding pictures. Memory & Cognition, 1, 201-204.
67. Fecteau, J.H., & Munoz, D.P. (2006). Salience, relevance, and firing: a priority map for target selection. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 10, 382-390.
68. Fredrickson, B.L., & Branigan, C. (2005). Positive emotions broaden the scope of attention and thought-action repertoires. Cognition & Emotion, 19, 313-332.
69. Gable, P.A., & Harmon-Jones, E. (2010a). The blues broaden, but the nasty narrows: Attentional consequences of negative affects low and high in motivational intensity. Psychological Science, 21, 211-215.
70. Gable, P.A., & Harmon-Jones, E. (2010b). The effect of low versus high approach-motivated positive affect on memory for peripherally versus centrally presented information. Emotion, 10, 599-603.
71. Gazzaley, A., Cooney, J.W., McEvoy, K., Knight, R.T., & D'Esposito, M. (2005). Top-down enhancement and suppression of the magnitude and speed of neural activity. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 17, 507-517.
72. Guillet, R., & Arndt, J. (2009). Taboo words: The effect of emotion on memory for peripheral information. Memory & Cognition, 37, 866-879.
73. Hadley, C.B., & MacKay, D.G. (2006). Does emotion help or hinder immediate memory? Arousal versus priority-binding mechanisms. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 32, 79-88.
74. Hamann, S.B., Ely, T.D., Hoffman, J.M., & Kilts, C.D. (2002). Ecstasy and agony: Activation of the human amygdala in positive and negative emotion. Psychological Science, 13, 135-141.
75. Hampshire, A., Duncan, J., & Owen, A.M. (2007). Selective tuning of the blood oxygenation level-dependent response during simple target detection dissociates human frontoparietal subregions. Journal of Neuroscience, 27, 6219-6223.
76. Henckens, M., Hermans, E.J., Pu, Z.W., Joels, M., & Fernandez, G.N. (2009). Stressed memories: How acute stress affects memory formation in humans. Journal of Neuroscience, 29, 10111-10119.
77. Hockey, G.R.J. (1970a). Effect of loud noise on attentional selectivity. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 22, 28-36.
78. Hockey, G.R.J. (1970b). Signal probability and spatial location as possible bases for increased selectivity in noise. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 22, 37-42.
79. Hockey, G.R.J., & Hamilton, P. (1970). Arousal and information selection in short-term memory. Nature, 226, 866-867.
80. Hon, N., Epstein, R.A., Owen, A.M., & Duncan, J. (2006). Frontoparietal activity with minimal decision and control. Journal of Neuroscience, 26, 9805-9809.
81. Hung, J., Driver, J., & Walsh, V. (2005). Visual selection and posterior parietal cortex: Effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on partial report analyzed by Bundesen's theory of visual attention. Journal of Neuroscience, 25, 9602-9612.
82. Hurlemann, R., Hawellek, B., Matusch, A., Kolsch, H., Wollersen, H., Madea, B., et al. (2005). Noradrenergic modulation of emotioninduced forgetting and remembering. Journal of Neuroscience, 25, 6343-6349.
83. Itti, L., & Baldi, P. (2009). Bayesian surprise attracts human attention. Vision Research, 49, 1295-1306.
84. Itti, L., & Koch, C. (2000). A saliency-based search mechanism for overt and covert shifts of visual attention. Vision Research, 40, 1489-1506.
85. James, W. (1890). The principles of psychology. New York: Dover.
86. Johnson, M.R., & Johnson, M.K. (2009a). Top-down enhancement and suppression of activity in category-selective extrastriate cortex from an act of reflective attention. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 21, 2320-2327.
87. Johnson, M.R., & Johnson, M.K. (2009b). Toward characterizing the neural correlates of component processes of cognition. In F. Roesler, C. Ranganath, B. Roeder, & R. H. Kluwe (Eds.), Neuroimaging and psychological theories of human memory (pp. 169-194). New York: Oxford University Press.
88. Jonides, J., & Nee, D.E. (2006). Brain mechanisms of proactive interference in working memory. Neuroscience, 139, 181-193.
89. Jurado-Berbel, P., Costa-Miserachs, D., Torras-Garcia, M., Coll- Andreu, M., & Portell-Cortes, I. (2010). Standard object recognition memory and "what" and "where" components: Improvement by post-training epinephrine in highly habituated rats. Behavioural Brain Research, 207, 44-50.
90. Kastner, S., De Weerd, P., Desimone, R., & Ungerleider, L.C. (1998). Mechanisms of directed attention in the human extrastriate cortex as revealed by functional MRI. Science, 282, 108-111.
91. Kastner, S., & Ungerleider, L.G. (2001). The neural basis of biased competition in human visual cortex. Neuropsychologia, 39, 1263-1276.
92. Kayser, C., Petkov, C.I., Lippert, M., & Logothetis, N.K. (2005). Mechanisms for allocating auditory attention: An auditory saliency map. Current Biology, 15, 1943-1947.
93. Keil, A., & Ihssen, N. (2004). Identification facilitation for emotionally arousing verbs during the attentional blink. Emotion, 4, 23-35.
94. Kensinger, E.A. (2007). Negative emotion enhances memory accuracy: Behavioral and neuroimaging evidence. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 16, 213-218.
95. Kensinger, E.A. (2009). Remembering the details: Effects of emotion. Emotion Review, 1, 99-113.
96. Kensinger, E.A., & Corkin, S. (2003). Memory enhancement for emotional words: Are emotional words more vividly remembered than neutral words? Memory & Cognition, 31, 1169-1180.
97. Kensinger, E.A., Garoff-Eaton, R.J., & Schacter, D.L. (2006). Memory for specific visual details can be enhanced by negative arousing content. Journal of Memory and Language, 54, 99-112.
98. Kensinger, E.A., Garoff-Eaton, R.J., & Schacter, D.L. (2007). Effects of emotion on memory specificity: Memory trade-offs elicited by negative visually arousing stimuli. Journal of Memory and Language, 56, 575-591.
99. Kensinger, E.A., Gutchess, A.H., & Schacter, D.L. (2007). Effects of aging and encoding instructions on emotion-induced memory trade-offs. Psychology and Aging, 22, 781-795.
100. Kensinger, E.A., & Schacter, D.L. (2008). Neural processes supporting young and older adults' emotional memories. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 20, 1161-1173.
101. Kim, H.S., & Baron, R.S. (1988). Exercise and the illusory correlation: Does arousal heighten stereotypic processing? Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 24, 366-380.
102. Knight, M., & Mather, M. (2009). Reconciling findings of emotioninduced memory enhancement and impairment of preceding items. Emotion, 9, 763-781.
103. Knight, M., Seymour, T.L., Gaunt, J.T., Baker, C., Nesmith, K., & Mather, M. (2007). Aging and goal-directed emotional attention: Distraction reverses emotional biases. Emotion, 7, 705-714.
104. LaBar, K.S., & Cabeza, R. (2006). Cognitive neuroscience of emotional memory. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 7, 54-64.
105. LaBar, K.S., Mesulam, M.M., Gitelman, D.R., & Weintraub, S. (2000). Emotional curiosity: Modulation of visuospatial attention by arousal is preserved in aging and early-stage Alzheimer's disease. Neuropsychologia, 38, 1734-1740.
106. Laney, C., Campbell, H.V., Heuer, F., & Reisberg, D. (2004). Memory for thematically arousing events. Memory & Cognition, 32, 1149-1159.
107. Laretzaki, G., Plainis, S., Argyropoulos, S., Pallikaris, I.G., & Bitsios, P. (2010). Threat and anxiety affect visual contrast perception. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 24, 667-675.
108. Lee, K.Y., Lee, T.H., Yoon, S.J., Cho, Y.S., Choi, J.S., & Kim, H.T. (2010). Neural correlates of top-down processing in emotion perception: An ERP study of emotional faces in white noise versus noise-alone stimuli. Brain Research, 1337, 56-63.
109. Levine, L.J., & Edelstein, R.S. (2009). Emotion and memory narrowing: A review and goal-relevance approach. Cognition & Emotion, 23, 833-875.
110. Lim, S.L., Padmala, S., & Pessoa, L. (2009). Segregating the significant from the mundane on a moment-to-moment basis via direct and indirect amygdala contributions. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 106, 16841-16846.
111. Liu, D.L.J., Graham, S., & Zorawski, M. (2008). Enhanced selective memory consolidation following post-learning pleasant and aversive arousal. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, 89, 36-46.
112. Livingstone, M., & Hubel, D. (1988). Segregation of form, color, movement, and depth: Anatomy, physiology, and perception. Science, 240, 740-749.
113. Loftus, E.F., Loftus, G.R., & Messo, J. (1987). Some facts about weapon focus. Law and Human Behavior, 11, 55-62.
114. MacKay, D.G., & Ahmetzanov, M.V. (2005). Emotion, memory, and attention in the taboo Stroop paradigm: An experimental analogue of flashbulb memories. Psychological Science, 16, 25-32.
115. MacKay, D.G., Shafto, M., Taylor, J.K., Marian, D.E., Abrams, L., & Dyer, J.R. (2004). Relations between emotion, memory, and attention: Evidence from taboo Stroop, lexical decision, and immediate memory tasks. Memory & Cognition, 32, 474-488.
116. Maheu, F.S., Joober, R., Beaulieu, S., & Lupien, S.J. (2004). Differential effects of adrenergic and corticosteroid hormonal systems on human short- and long-term declarative memory for emotionally arousing material. Behavioral Neuroscience, 118, 420-428.
117. Mather, M. (2007). Emotional arousal and memory binding: An object-based framework. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 2, 33-52.
118. Mather, M., Canli, T., English, T., Whitfield, S.L., Wais, P., Ochsner, K.N., et al. (2004). Amygdala responses to emotionally valenced stimuli in older and younger adults. Psychological Science, 15, 259-263.
119. Mather, M., Gorlick, M.A., & Nesmith, K. (2009). The limits of arousal's memory-impairing effects on nearby information. American Journal of Psychology, 122, 349-369.
120. Mather, M., & Johnson, M.K. (2003). Affective review and schema reliance in memory in older and younger adults. American Journal of Psychology, 116, 169-189.
121. Mather, M., Johnson, M.K., & De Leonardis, D.M. (1999). Stereotype reliance in source monitoring: Age differences and neuropsychological test correlates. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 16, 437-458.
122. Mather, M., Mitchell, K.J., Raye, C.L., Novak, D.L., Greene, E.J., & Johnson, M.K. (2006). Emotional arousal can impair feature binding in working memory. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 18, 614-625.
123. Mather, M., & Nesmith, K. (2008). Arousal-enhanced location memory for pictures. Journal of Memory and Language, 58, 449-464.
124. Mather, M., & Sutherland, M.R. (2009). Disentangling the effects of arousal and valence on memory for intrinsic details. Emotion Review, 1, 118-119.
125. McGaugh, J.L. (2004). The amygdala modulates the consolidation of memories of emotionally arousing experiences. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 27, 1-28.
126. Mickley, K.P., & Kensinger, E.A. (2008). Emotional valence influences the neural correlates associated with remembering and knowing. Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience, 8, 143-152.
127. Miller, E.K., & Cohen, J.D. (2001). An integrative theory of prefrontal cortex function. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 24, 167-202.
128. Mitchell, D.G.V., Luo, Q., Mondillo, K., Vythilingam, M., Finger, E.C., & Blair, R.J.R. (2008). The interference of operant task performance by emotional distracters: An antagonistic relationship between the amygdala and frontoparietal cortices. NeuroImage, 40, 859-868.
129. Mitchell, J.F., Stoner, G.R., & Reynolds, J.H. (2004). Object-based attention determines dominance in binocular rivalry. Nature, 429, 410-413.
130. Mitchell, K.J., Johnson, M.R., Higgins, J.A., & Johnson, M.K. (2010). Age differences in brain activity during perceptual versus reflective attention. NeuroReport, 21, 293-297.
131. Mitchell, K.J., Mather, M., Johnson, M.K., Raye, C.L., & Greene, E.J. (2006). A functional magnetic resonance imaging investigation of short-term source and item memory for negative pictures. NeuroReport, 17, 1543-1547.
132. Miu, A.C., Heilman, R.M., Opre, A., & Miclea, M. (2005). Emotioninduced retrograde amnesia and trait anxiety. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 31, 1250-1257.
133. Mohanty, A., Egner, T., Monti, J.M., & Mesulam, M.-M. (2009). Search for a threatening target triggers limbic guidance of spatial attention. Journal of Neuroscience, 29, 10563-10572.
134. Morelli, F., & Burton, P.A. (2009). The impact of induced stress upon selective attention in multiple object tracking. Military Psychology, 21, 81-97.
135. Murty, V.P., Ritchey, M., Adcock, R.A., & LaBar, K.S. (2010). FMRI studies of successful emotional memory encoding A quantitative meta-analysis. Neuropsychologia, 48, 3459-3469.
136. Nashiro, K., & Mather, M. (in press). How arousal affects younger and older adults' memory binding. Experimental Aging Research.
137. Nielson, K.A., & Powless, M. (2007). Positive and negative sources of emotional arousal enhance long-term word-list retention when induced as long as 30 min after learning. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, 88, 40-47.
138. Nielson, K.A., Yee, D., & Erickson, K.I. (2005). Memory enhancement by a semantically unrelated emotional arousal source induced after learning. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, 84, 49-56.
139. Nobata, T., Hakoda, Y., & Ninose, Y. (2010). The functional field of view becomes narrower while viewing negative emotional stimuli. Cognition & Emotion, 24, 886-891.
140. Nothdurft, H.C. (2000). Salience from feature contrast: additivity across dimensions. Vision Research, 40, 1183-1201.
141. Nummenmaa, L., Hyona, J., & Calvo, M.G. (2006). Eye movement assessment of selective attentional capture by emotional pictures. Emotion, 6, 257-268.
142. O'Craven, K.M., Downing, P.E., & Kanwisher, N. (1999). FMRI evidence for objects as the units of attentional selection. Nature, 401, 584-587.
143. O'Doherty, J., Rolls, E.T., Francis, S., Bowtell, R., & McGlone, F. (2001). Representation of pleasant and aversive taste in the human brain. Journal of Neurophysiology, 85, 1315-1321.
144. Padmala, S., & Pessoa, L. (2008). Affective learning enhances visual detection and responses in primary visual cortex. Journal of Neuroscience, 28, 6202-6210.
145. Payne, J.D., & Kensinger, E.A. (2010). Sleep's role in the consolidation of emotional episodic memories. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 19, 290-295.
146. Payne, J.D., Nadel, L., Allen, J.J.B., Thomas, K.G.F., & Jacobs, W.J. (2002). The effects of experimentally induced stress on false recognition. Memory, 10, 1-6.
147. Phelps, E.A. (2004). Human emotion and memory: Interactions of the amygdala and hippocampal complex. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 14, 198-202.
148. Phelps, E.A., Ling, S., & Carrasco, M. (2006). Emotion facilitates perception and potentiates the perceptual benefits of attention. Psychological Science, 17, 292-299.
149. Posner, M.I., Snyder, C.R.R., & Davidson, B.J. (1980). Attention and the detection of signals. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 109, 160-174.
150. Ranganath, C., & Rainer, G. (2003). Neural mechanisms for detecting and remembering novel events. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 4, 193-202.
151. Reddy, L., Kanwisher, N.G., & VanRullen, R. (2009). Attention and biased competition in multi-voxel object representations. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 106, 21447-21452.
152. Reisberg, D., & Heuer, F. (2004). Memory for emotional events. In D. Reisberg & P. Hertel (Eds.), Memory and emotion (pp. 3-41). New York: Oxford University Press.
153. Roozendaal, B., Castello, N.A., Vedana, G., Barsegyan, A., & McGaugh, J.L. (2008). Noradrenergic activation of the basolateral amygdala modulates consolidation of object recognition memory. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, 90, 576-579.
154. Rosler, A., Ulrich, C., Billino, J., Sterzer, P., Weidauer, S., Bernhardt, T., et al. (2005). Effects of arousing emotional scenes on the distribution of visuospatial attention: changes with aging and early subcortical vascular dementia. Journal of the Neurological Sciences, 229, 109-116.
155. Rowe, G., Hirsh, J.B., & Anderson, A.K. (2007). Positive affect increases the breadth of attentional selection. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 104, 383-388.
156. Runcie, D., & Obannon, R.M. (1977). Independence of induced amnesia and emotional response. American Journal of Psychology, 90, 55-61.
157. Sabatinelli, D., Flaisch, T., Bradley, M.M., Fitzsimmons, J.R., & Lang, P.J. (2004). Affective picture perception: Gender differences in visual cortex? NeuroReport, 15, 1109-1112.
158. Sakaki, M., Gorlick, M.A., & Mather, M. (2011). Inhibitory effects of emotion on subsequent cognitive processing: Negative emotion impairs semantic processing but not perceptual processing of subsequent stimuli. Manuscript submitted for publication.
159. Sander, D., Grafman, J., & Zalla, T. (2003). The human amygdala: An evolved system for relevance detection. Reviews in the Neurosciences, 14, 303-316.
160. Schmidt, S.R. (2002). Outstanding memories: The positive and negative effects of nudes on memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 28, 353-361.
161. Schmitz, T.W., De Rosa, E., & Anderson, A.K. (2009). Opposing influences of affective state valence on visual cortical encoding. Journal of Neuroscience, 29, 7199-7207.
162. Scholl, B.J. (2001). Objects and attention: The state of the art. Cognition, 80, 1-46.
163. Schupp, H.T., Flaisch, T., Stockburger, J., & Junghofer, M. (2006). Emotion and attention: Event-related brain potential studies. Progress in Brain Research, 156, 31-51.
164. Schupp, H.T., Stockburger, J., Codispoti, M., Junghofer, M., Weike, A.I., & Hamm, A.O. (2007). Selective visual attention to emotion. Journal of Neuroscience, 27, 1082-1089.
165. Segal, S.K., & Cahill, L. (2009). Endogenous noradrenergic activation and memory for emotional material in men and women. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 34, 1263-1271.
166. Sheth, B.R., & Pham, T. (2008). How emotional arousal and valence influence access to awareness. Vision Research, 48, 2415-2424.
167. Smeets, T., Otgaar, H., Candel, I., & Wolf, O.T. (2008). True or false? Memory is differentially affected by stress-induced cortisol elevations and sympathetic activity at consolidation and retrieval. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 33, 1378-1386.
168. Smith, A.P. (1982). The effects of noise and task priority on recall of order and location. Acta Psychologica, 51, 245-255.
169. Steblay, N.M. (1992). A meta-analytic review of the weapon focus effect. Law and Human Behavior, 16, 413-424.
170. Storbeck, J., & Clore, G.L. (2008). The affective regulation of cognitive priming. Emotion, 8, 208-215.
171. Strange, B.A., Hurlemann, R., & Dolan, R.J. (2003). An emotioninduced retrograde amnesia in humans is amygdala- and beta-adrenergic- dependent. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 100, 13626-13631.
172. Sutherland, M.R., & Mather, M. (2011). Emotional arousal increases the impact of bottom-up salience in visual attention. Manuscript in preparation.
173. Taylor, S.F., Liberzon, I., & Koeppe, R.A. (2000). The effect of graded aversive stimuli on limbic and visual activation. Neuropsychologia, 38, 1415-1425.
174. Treisman, A. (1999). Solutions to the binding problem: Progress through controversy and convergence. Neuron, 24, 105-110.
175. Valdes-Sosa, M., Cobo, A., & Pinilla, T. (2000). Attention to object files defined by transparent motion. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 26, 488-505.
176. Vuilleumier, P., Armony, J.L., Driver, J., & Dolan, R.J. (2001). Effects of attention and emotion on face processing in the human brain: An event-related FMRI study. Neuron, 30, 829-841.
177. Walther, D.B., & Koch, C. (2007). Attention in hierarchical models of object recognition. Computational Neuroscience: Theoretical Insights Into Brain Function, 165, 57-78.
178. Waring, J.D., & Kensinger, E.A. (2009). Effects of emotional valence and arousal upon memory trade-offs with aging. Psychology and Aging, 24, 412-422.
179. Zald, D.H., & Pardo, J.V. (2002). The neural correlates of aversive auditory stimulation. NeuroImage, 16, 746-753.
180. Zeelenberg, R., & Bocanegra, B.R. (2010). Auditory emotional cues enhance visual perception. Cognition, 115, 202-206.