Relations between emotion, memory, and attention: Evidence from taboo Stroop, lexical decision, and immediate memory tasks

Memory and Cognition

Volumn 32, Issue 3, 2004, Pages 474-488

  MacKay, Donald G ^a   Shafto, Meredith ^a   Taylor, Jennifer K ^a   Marian, Diane E ^a   Abrams, Lise ^a   Dyer, Jennifer R ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ARTICLE; ATTENTION; COLOR; DECISION MAKING; EMOTION; FEMALE; HUMAN; HUMAN EXPERIMENT; LEARNING; MALE; MEMORY; NORMAL HUMAN; PHONETICS; RECOGNITION; SEMANTICS; STIMULUS RESPONSE; TASK PERFORMANCE; VERBAL MEMORY; WORD RECOGNITION;

EID: 3042847026     PISSN: 0090502X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3758/BF03195840     Document Type: Article

References (50)

1. BARGH, J. A. (1992). The ecology of automaticity: Toward establishing the conditions needed to produce automatic processing effects. American Journal of Psychology, 105, 181-200.
2. BELLEZZA, F. S., GREENWALD, A. G., & BANAJI, M. R. (1986). Words high and low in pleasantness as rated by male and female college students. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 18, 299-303.
3. BERLYNE, D. E. (1960). Conflict, arousal, and curiosity. New York: McGraw-Hill.
4. BOWER, G. H. (1992). How might emotions affect learning? In S. Christianson (Ed.), Handbook of emotion and memory: Research and theory (pp. 3-32). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
5. CAHILL, L., & MCGAUGH, J. L. (1995). A novel demonstration of enhanced memory associated with emotional arousal. Consciousness & Cognition, 4, 410-421.
6. CANLI, T., ZHAO, Z., BREWER, J., GABRIELI, J. D., & CAHILL, L. (2000). Event-related activation in the human amygdala associates with later memory for individual emotional response [Abstract]. Journal of Neuroscience, 20, RC99.
7. CONWAY, M. A., ANDERSON, S. J., LARSEN, S. F., DONNELLY, C. M., MCDANIEL, M. A., MCCLELLAND, A. G. R., ROWLES, R. E., & LOGIE, R. H. (1994). The formation of flashbulb memories. Memory & Cognition, 22, 326-343.
8. DALGLEISH, T., & WATTS, F. N. (1990). Biases of attention and memory in disorders of anxiety and depression. Clinical Psychology Review, 10, 589-604.
9. HALGREN, E. (1992). Emotional neurophysiology of the amygdala within the context of human cognition. In J. P. Aggleton (Ed.), The amygdala (pp. 191-228). New York: Wiley-Liss.
10. HAMANN, S. (2001). Cognitive and neural mechanisms of emotional memory. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 5, 394-400.
11. HAMANN, S. B., ELY, T. D., GRAFTON, S. T., & KILTS, C. D. (1999). Amygdala activity related to enhanced memory for pleasant and aversive stimuli. Nature Neuroscience, 2, 289-293.
12. HEBB, D. O. (1946). On the nature of fear. Psychological Review, 53, 259-276.
13. JAY, T. B. (1992). Cursing in America. Philadelphia: Benjamins.
14. JAY, T. B. (2000). Why we curse: A neuro-psycho-social theory of speech. Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
15. LABAR, K. S., & PHELPS, E. A. (1998). Arousal-mediated memory consolidation: Role of the medial temporal lobe in humans. Psychological Science, 9, 490-493.
16. LARSEN, S. F. (1992). Potential flashbulbs: Memories of ordinary news as the baseline. In E. Winograd & U. Neisser (Eds.), Affect and accuracy in recall (pp. 32-64). New York: Cambridge University Press.
17. MACKAY, D. G., BURKE, D. M., & STEWART, R. (1998). H.M.'s language production deficits: Implications for relations between memory, semantic binding, and the hippocampal system. Journal of Memory & Language, 38, 28-69.
18. MACKAY, D. G., & JAMES, L. E. (2001). The binding problem for syntax, semantics, and prosody: H.M.'s selective sentence-reading deficits under the theoretical-syndrome approach. Language & Cognitive Processes, 16, 419-460.
19. MACKAY, D. G., & JAMES, L. E. (2003). Aging, retrograde amnesia, and the binding problem for phonology and orthography: A longitudinal study of "hippocampal amnesic" H.M. Aging, Neuropsychology & Cognition, 9, 298-333.
20. MACKAY, D. G., MILLER, M. D., & SCHUSTER, S. P. (1994). Repetition blindness and aging: Evidence for a binding deficit involving a single theoretically-specified connection. Psychology & Aging, 9, 251-258.
21. MACKAY, D. G., STEWART, R., & BURKE, D. M. (1998). H.M. revisited: Relations between language comprehension, memory, and the hippocampal system. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 10, 377-394.
22. MACLEOD, C. M., & HODDER, S. L. (1998). On the difficulty in obtaining priming effects in the Stroop task. Abstracts of the Psychonomic Society, 3, 37.
23. MANDLER, G. (1975). Mind and emotion. New York: Wiley.
24. MATHEWS, A., & MACLEOD, C. (1985). Discrimination of threat cues without awareness in anxiety states. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 95, 131-138.
25. MATTHEWS, G., & HARLEY, T. A. (1996). Connectionist models of emotional distress and attentional bias. Cognition & Emotion, 10, 561-600.
26. MCCLELLAND, D. C. (1951). Personality. New York: Sloan.
27. MCKENNA, F. P., & SHARMA, D. (1995). Intrusive cognitions: An investigation of the emotional Stroop task. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, & Cognition, 21, 1595-1607.
28. MURDOCK, B. B. (1974). Human memory: Theory and data. Potomac, MD: Erlbaum.
29. NEISSER, U., WINOGRAD, E., BERGMAN, E. T., SCHREIBER, C. A., PALMER, S. E., & WELDON, M. S. (1996). Remembering the earthquake: Direct experience vs. hearing the news. Memory, 4, 337-357.
30. NIELSON, S. L., & SARASON, I. G. (1981). Emotion, personality, and selective attention. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 41, 945-960.
31. PHELPS, E. A., & LABAR, K. S. (1997). The role of organization in recall for affective words. Abstracts of the Psychonomic Society, 2, 4-5.
32. PRATTO, F., & JOHN, O. P. (1991). Automatic vigilance: The attention-grabbing power of negative social information. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 61, 380-391.
33. REIMAN, B. C., & MCNALLY, R. J. (1995). Cognitive processing of personally relevant information. Cognition & Emotion, 9, 325-340.
34. RICHARDS, A., FRENCH, C. C., JOHNSON, W., NAPARSTEK, J., & WILLIAMS, J. (1992). Effects of mood manipulation and anxiety on performance of an emotional Stroop task. British Journal of Psychology, 83, 479-491.
35. RICHARDS, A., & MILLWOOD, B. (1989). Colour-identification of differentially valenced words in anxiety. Cognition & Emotion, 3, 171-176.
36. RUNDUS, D. (1971). Analysis of rehearsal processes in free recall. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 89, 63-77.
37. SCHACTER, D. L. (1999). The seven sins of memory: Insights from psychology and cognitive neuroscience. American Psychologist, 54, 182-203.
38. SHAPIRO, K. L., CALDWELL, J., & SORENSON, R. E. (1997). Personal names and the attentional blink: A visual "cocktail party" effect. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception & Performance, 23, 504-514.
39. SHARMA, D., & MCKENNA, F. P. (2001). The role of time pressure on the emotional Stroop task. British Journal of Psychology, 92, 471-481.
40. SIEGRIST, M. (1995). Effects of taboo words on color-naming performance on a Stroop test. Perceptual & Motor Skills, 81, 1119-1122.
41. TALARICO, J. M., & RUBIN, D. C. (2003). Confidence, not consistency, characterizes flashbulb memories. Psychological Science, 14, 455-461.
42. TULVING, E. (1969). Retrograde amnesia in free recall. Science, 164, 88-90.
43. TULVING, E. (1985). How many memory systems are there? American Psychologist, 40, 385-398.
44. VAN SELST, M., & JOLICŒUR, P. (1994). A solution to the effect of sample size on outlier elimination. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 47A, 631-650.
45. WATTS, F. N., MCKENNA, F. P., SHARROCK, R., & TRESIZE, L. (1986). Processing of phobic stimuli. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 25, 253-261.
46. WELLS, A., & MATTHEWS, G. (1994). Attention and emotion: A clinical perspective. Hove, U.K.: Erlbaum.
47. WHALEN, P. J., BUSH, G., MCNALLY, R. J., WILHELM, S., MCINERNEY, S. C., JENIKE, M. A., & RAUSCH, S. L. (1998). The emotional counting Stroop paradigm: A functional magnetic resonance imaging probe of the anterior cingulate affective division. Biological Psychiatry, 12, 1219-1228.
48. WILLIAMS, J. M. G., MATHEWS, A., & MACLEOD, C. (1996). The emotional Stroop task and psychopathology. Psychological Bulletin, 120, 2-24.
49. WILLIAMS, J. M. G., MATHEWS, A., MACLEOD, C., & WATTS, F. N. (1988). Cognitive psychology and emotional disorders. Chichester, U.K.: Wiley.
50. WRIGHT, C. I., FISCHER, H., WHALEN, P. J., MCINERNEY, S. C., SHIN, L. M., & RAUSCH, S. L. (2001). Differential prefrontal cortex and amygdala habituation to repeatedly presented emotional stimuli. Neuro-Report, 12, 379-383.