New directions in spintronics

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences

Volumn 369, Issue 1948, 2011, Pages 3027-3036

  Marrows, C H ^a   Hickey, B J ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF LEEDS   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Magnetism; Nanoelectronics; Spintronics

Indexed keywords

BOOLEAN STATE; CONVENTIONAL MICROELECTRONICS; DEGREE OF FREEDOM; ELECTRON SPINS; EXTERNAL FIELDS; LOGIC APPLICATIONS; MAGNETIC COMPONENTS; NEW DIRECTIONS; RADIO FREQUENCIES; SPIN DEGREES; TWO-STATE QUANTUM SYSTEM;

MICROELECTRONICS; QUANTUM ELECTRONICS; QUANTUM OPTICS;

NANOTECHNOLOGY;

EID: 80051757986     PISSN: 1364503X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2011.0156     Document Type: Review

References (65)

1. Stoner, E. C. 1938 Collective electron ferromagnetism. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A 165, 372-414. (doi:10.1098/rspa.1938.0066)
2. Tsang, C. H., Fontana, R. E., Lin, T., Heim, D. E., Gurney, B. A. & Williams, M. L. 1998 Design, fabrication, and performance of spin-valve read heads for magnetic recording applications. IBM J. Res. Dev. 42, 103-116. (doi:10.1147/rd.421.0103)
3. Tehrani, S. et al. 2003 Magnetoresistive random access memory using magnetic tunnel junctions. Proc. IEEE 91, 703-714. (doi:10.1109/JPROC.2003. 811804)
4. Slonczewski, J. C. 1996 Current-driven excitation of magnetic multilayers. J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 159, L1-L7. (doi:10.1016/0304-8853(96)00062- 5) (Pubitemid 126356952)
5. Kiselev, S. I., Sankey, J. C., Krivorotov, I. N., Emley, N. C., Schoelkopf, R. J., Buhrman, R. A. & Ralph, D. C. 2003 Microwave oscillations of a nanomagnet driven by a spin-polarized current. Nature 425, 380-383. (doi:10.1038/nature01967) (Pubitemid 37187262)
6. Loss, D. & DiVincenzo, D. P. 1998 Quantum computation with quantum dots. Phys. Rev. A 57, 120-126. (doi:10.1103/PhysRevA.57.120) (Pubitemid 128613300)
7. Žutić, I., Fabian, J. & Das Sarma, S. 2004 Spintronics: fundamentals and applications. Rev. Mod. Phys. 76, 323-410. (doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.76.323) (Pubitemid 39063520)
8. Bader, S. D. & Parkin, S. S. P. 2010 Spintronics. Annu. Rev. Cond. Matter Phys. 1, 71-88. (doi:10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-070909-104123)
9. Baibich, M. N., Broto, J. M., Fert, A., Nguyen Van Dau, F., Petroff, F., Etienne, P., Creuzet, G., Friederich, A. & Chazelas, J. 1988 Giant magnetoresistance of (001)Fe/(001)Cr magnetic superlattices. Phys. Rev. Lett. 61, 2472-2475. (doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.61.2472)
10. Binasch, G., Grtinberg, P., Saurenbach, F. & Zinn, W. 1989 Enhanced magnetoresistance in layered magnetic structures with antiferromagnetic interlayer exchange. Phys. Rev. B 39, 4828-4830. (doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.39.4828)
11. Fert, A. & Campbell, I. A. 1982 Transport properties of ferromagnets. In Ferromagnetic materials, vol. 3 (ed. E. P. Wohlfarth), p. 747, ch. 9. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: North-Holland. (doi:10.1016/S1574-9304(05)80095-1)
12. McGuire, T. R. & Potter, R. I. 1975 Anisotropic magnetoresistance in ferromagnetic 3D alloys. IEEE Trans. Magn. 11, 1018-1038. (doi:10.1109/TMAG. 1975.1058782)
13. Nagaosa, N., Sinova, J., Onoda, S., MacDonald, A. H. & Ong, N. P. 2010 Anomalous hall effect. Rev. Mod. Phys. 82, 1539-1592. (doi:10.1103/ RevModPhys.82.1539)
14. Giaever, I. 1960 Electron tunneling between two superconductors. Phys. Rev. Lett. 5, 464. (doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.5.464)
15. Tedrow, P. M. & Meservey, R. 1971 Spin-dependent tunneling into ferromagnetic nickel. Phys. Rev. Lett. 26, 192-195. (doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.26. 192)
16. Julliere, M. 1975 Tunneling between ferromagnetic films. Phys. Lett. A 54, 225-226. (doi:10.1016/0375-9601(75)90174-7)
17. Moodera, J. S., Kinder, L. R., Wong, T. M. & Meservey, R. 1995 Large magnetoresistance at room-temperature in ferromagnetic thin-film tunnel-junctions. Phys. Rev. Lett. 74, 3273-3276. (doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.74. 3273)
18. 3/Fe junction. J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 139, L231-L234. (doi:10.1016/0304-8853(95)90001-2)
19. Gallagher, W. J. et al. 1997 Microstructured magnetic tunnel junctions (invited). J. Appl. Phys. 81, 3741-3746. (doi:10.1063/1.364744) (Pubitemid 127643244)
20. Parkin, S. S. P. et al. 1999 Exchange-biased magnetic tunnel junctions and application to nonvolatile magnetic random access memory (invited). J. Appl. Phys. 85, 5828-5833. (doi:10.1063/1.369932) (Pubitemid 129651002)
21. Butler, W. H., Zhang, X.-G., Schulthess, T. C. & McLaren, J. M. 2001 Spin-dependent tunneling conductance of Fe/MgO/Fe sandwiches. Phys. Rev. B 63, 054416. (doi:10.1103/ PhysRevB.63.054416)
22. Mathon, J. & Umerski, A. 2001 Theory of tunneling magnetoresistance of an epitaxial Fe/MgO/Fe(001) junction. Phys. Rev. B 63, 220403. (doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.63.220403)
23. Yuasa, S., Nagahama, T., Fukushima, A., Suzuki, Y. & Ando, K. 2004 Giant room-temperature magnetoresistance in single-crystal Fe/MgO/Fe magnetic tunnel junctions. Nat. Mater. 3, 868-871. (doi:10.1038/nmat1257)
24. Parkin, S. S. P., Kaiser, C., Panchula, A., Rice, P. M., Hughes, B., Samant, M. & Yang, S. H. 2004 Giant tunnelling magnetoresistance at room temperature with MgO (100) tunnel barriers. Nat. Mater. 3, 862-867. (doi:10.1038/nmat1256)
25. Jiang, L. X., Naganuma, H., Oogane, M. & Ando, Y. 2009 Large tunnel magnetoresistance of 1056 based double barrier magnetic tunnel junction (retracted article).
26. Naganuma, H., Jiang, L. A., Oogane, M. & Ando, Y. 2011 Large tunnel magnetoresistance of 1056% at room temperature in MgO based double barrier magnetic tunnel junction (retraction of vol. 2, 083002, 2009). Appl. Phys. Express 4, 019201. (doi:10.1143/APEX.4.019201)
27. Berger, L. 1996 Emission of spin waves by a magnetic multilayer traversed by a current. Phys. Rev. B 54, 9353-9358. (doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.54.9353)
28. Tsoi, M., Jansen, A. G. M., Bass, J., Chiang, W.-C., Seck, M., Tsoi, V. & Wyder, P. 1998 Excitation of a magnetic multilayer by an electric current. Phys. Rev. Lett. 80, 4281-4284. (doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.80.4281) (Pubitemid 128621902)
29. Katine, J. A., Albert, F. J., Buhrman, R. A., Myers, E. B. & Ralph, D. C. 2000 Current-driven magnetization reversal and spin-wave excitations in Co/Cu/Co nanopillars. Phys. Rev. Lett. 84, 3149. (doi:10.1038/nature06037)
30. Oogane, M. & Mizukami, S. 2011 Tunnel magnetoresistance effect and magnetic damping in half-metallic Heusler alloys. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 369, 3037-3053. (doi:10.1098/rsta.2011.0011)
31. de Groot, R. A., Mueller, F. M., van Engen, P. G. & Buschow, K. H. J. 1983 New class of materials: half-metallic ferromagnets. Phys. Rev. Lett. 50, 2024-2027. (doi:10.1103/PhysRev Lett.50.2024)
32. Tsukagoshi, K., Alphenaar, B. W. & Ago, H. 1999 Coherent transport of electron spin in a ferromagnetically contacted carbon nanotube. Nature 401, 572-574. (doi:10.1038/44108) (Pubitemid 29479861)
33. Tombros, N., Jozsa, C., Popinciuc, M., Jonkman, H. T. & van Wees, B. J. 2007 Electronic spin transport and spin precession in single graphene layers at room temperature. Nature 448, 571-574. (doi:10.1038/nature06037) (Pubitemid 47206939)
34. Bergenti, I., Dediu, V., Prezioso, M. & Riminucci, A. 2011 Organic spintronics. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 369, 3054-3068. (doi:10.1098/rsta.2011.0155)
35. Eerenstein, W., Mathur, N. D. & Scott, J. F. 2006 Multiferroic and magnetoelectric materials. Nature 442, 759-765. (doi:10.1038/nature05023) (Pubitemid 44261898)
36. Velev, J. P., Jaswal, S. S. & Tsymbal, E. Y. 2011 Multi-ferroic and magnetoelectric materials and interfaces. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 369, 3069-3097. (doi:10.1098/rsta.2010.0344)
37. Kleemann, W. 2009 Switching magnetism with electric fields. Physics 2, 105. (doi:10.1103/ Physics.2.105)
38. MacDonald, A. H. & Tsoi, M. 2011 Antiferromagnetic metal spintronics. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 369, 3098-3114. (doi:10.1098/rsta.2011.0014)
39. Keatley, P. S., Kruglyak, V. V., Gangmei, P. & Hicken, R. J. 2011 Ultrafast magnetization dynamics of spintronic nanostructures. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 369, 3115-3135. (doi:10.1098/ rsta.2010.0324)
40. Jedema, F. J., Filip, A. T. & van Wees, B. J. 2001 Electrical spin injection and accumulation at room temperature in an all-metal mesoscopic spin valve. Nature 410, 345-348. (doi:10.1038/ 35066533) (Pubitemid 32246045)
41. Otani, Y. & Kimura, T. 2011 Manipulation of spin currents in metallic systems. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 369, 3136-3149. (doi:10.1098/rsta.2011.0010)
42. Marrows, C. H. 2005 Spin-polarised currents and magnetic domain walls. Adv. Phys. 54, 585-713. (doi:10.1080/00018730500442209) (Pubitemid 43153803)
43. Miron, I. M., Gaudin, G., Auffret, S., Rodmacq, B., Schuhl, A., Pizzini, S., Vogel, J. & Gambardella, P. 2010 Current-driven spin torque induced by the Rashba effect in a ferromagnetic metal layer. Nat. Mater. 9, 230-234. (doi:10.1038/nmat2613)
44. Gambardella, P. & Miron, I. M. 2011 Current-induced spin-orbit torques. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 369, 3175-3197. (doi:10.1098/rsta.2010.0336)
45. Dempsey, K. J., Ciudad, D. & Marrows, C. H. 2011 Single electron spintronics. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 369, 3150-3174. (doi:10.1098/rsta.2011.0105)
46. Likharev, K. K. 1999 Single-electron devices and their applications. Proc. IEEE 87, 606-632. (doi:10.1109/5.752518)
47. Kryder, M. H. & Kim, C. S. 2009 After hard drives-what comes next? IEEE Trans. Magn. 45, 3406-3413. (doi:10.1109/TMAG.2009.2024163)
48. Parkin, S. S. P., Hayashi, M. & Thomas, L. 2008 Magnetic domain-wall racetrack memory. Science 320, 190-194. (doi:10.1126/science.1145799) (Pubitemid 351521407)
49. Chappert, C., Fert, A. & Nguyen Van Dau, F. 2007 The emergence of spin electronics in data storage. Nat. Mater. 6, 813-823. (doi:10.1038/nmat2024) (Pubitemid 350050577)
50. Behin-Aein, B., Datta, D., Salahuddin, S. & Datta, S. 2010 Proposal for an all-spin logic device with built-in memory. Nat. Nanotechnol. 5, 266-270. (doi:10.1038/nnano.2010.31)
51. Compton, K. & Huack, S. 2002 Reconfigurable computing: a survey of systems and software. ACM Comput. Surv. 34, 171-210. (doi:10.1145/508352.508353)
52. Wang, X., Chen, Y., Xi, H., Li, H. & Dimitrov, D. 2009 Spintronic memristor through spin-torque-induced magnetization motion. IEEE Elec. Dev. Lett. 30, 294-297. (doi:10.1109/ LED.2008.2012270)
53. Strukov, D. B., Snider, G. S., Stewart, D. R. & Williams, R. S. 2008 The missing memristor found. Nature 453, 80-83. (doi:10.1038/nature06932) (Pubitemid 351630336)
54. Borghetti, J., Snider, G. S., Kuekes, P. J., Yang, J. J., Stewart, D. R. & Williams, R. S. 2010 'Memristive' switches enable 'stateful' logic operations via material implication. Nature 464, 873-876. (doi:10.1038/ nature08940)
55. Jo, S. H., Chang, T., Ebong, I., Bhadviya, B. B., Mazumder, P. & Lu, W. 2010 Nanoscale memristor device as synapse in neuromorphic systems. Nano Lett. 10, 1297-1301 (doi:10.1021/ nl904092h)
56. Pratt, W. P., Lee, S.-F., Slaughter, J. M., Loloee, R., Schroeder, P. A. & Bass, J. 1991 Perpendicular giant magnetoresistances of Ag/Co multilayers. Phys. Rev. Lett. 66, 3060-3063. (doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.66.3060)
57. Robinson, J. W. A., Witt, J. D. S. & Blamire, M. G. 2010 Controlled injection of spin-triplet supercurrents into a strong ferromagnet. Science 329, 59-61. (doi:10.1126/science.1189246)
58. Blamire, M. G., Aziz, A. & Robinson, J. W. A. 2011 Nanopillar junctions. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 369, 3198-3213. (doi:10.1098/rsta.2010.0343)
59. Allwood, D. A., Xiong, G., Faulkner, C. C., Atkinson, D., Petit, D. & Cowburn, R. P. 2005 Magnetic domain-wall logic. Science 309, 1688-1692. (doi:10.1126/science.1108813) (Pubitemid 41285930)
60. Xu, P., Xia, K., Gu, C., Tang, L., Yang, H. & Li, J. 2008 An all-metallic logic gate based on current-driven domain wall motion. Nat. Nanotechnol. 3, 97-100. (doi:10.1038/nnano.2008.1) (Pubitemid 351225392)
61. Hrkac, G., Dean, J. & Allwood, D. A. 2011 Nanowire spintronics for storage class memories and logic. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 369, 3214-3228. (doi:10.1098/rsta.2011.0138)
62. Shor, P. W. 1997 Polynomial-time algorithms for prime factorization and discrete logarithms on a quantum computer. SIAM J. Comput. 26, 1484-1509. (doi:10.1137/S0097539795293172) (Pubitemid 127613100)
63. Hanson, R., Kouwenhoven, L. P., Petta, J. R., Tarucha, S. & Vandersypen, L. M. K. 2007 Spins in few-electron quantum dots. Rev. Mod. Phys. 79, 1217-1265. (doi:10.1103/RevMod Phys.79.1217) (Pubitemid 47534150)
64. Ardavan, A. & Briggs, G. A. D. 2011 Quantum control in spintronics. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 369, 3229-3248. (doi:10.1098/rsta.2011.0009)
65. DiVincenzo, D. P. 1997 Topics in quantum computing. In Mesoscopic electron transport, NATO ASI Series E 345 (eds L. L. Sohn, L. Kouwenhoven & G. Schön), pp. 657-677. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer.