Neurochemical dementia diagnostics in Alzheimer's disease: Where are we now and where are we going?

Expert Review of Proteomics

Volumn 8, Issue 4, 2011, Pages 447-458

  Lewczuk, Piotr ^a   Kornhuber, Johannes ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL ERLANGEN   (Germany)

Author keywords

Tau

Indexed keywords

AMYLOID BETA PROTEIN; BIOLOGICAL MARKER; TAU PROTEIN;

ALZHEIMER DISEASE; BLOOD SAMPLING; CEREBROSPINAL FLUID ANALYSIS; DEMENTIA; HUMAN; INTERMETHOD COMPARISON; LABORATORY TEST; NEUROCHEMICAL DEMENTIA DIAGNOSTIC; NEUROCHEMISTRY; PROTEIN PHOSPHORYLATION; QUALITY CONTROL; REVIEW;

ALZHEIMER DISEASE; BIOLOGICAL MARKERS; DIAGNOSTIC TECHNIQUES AND PROCEDURES; HUMANS; NEUROCHEMISTRY; REPRODUCIBILITY OF RESULTS;

EID: 80051727106     PISSN: 14789450     EISSN: 17448387     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1586/epr.11.37     Document Type: Review

References (80)

1. Mayeux R. Evaluation and use of diagnostic tests in Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol. Aging 19(2), 139-143 (1998). (Pubitemid 28169837)
2. Klafki HW, Staufenbiel M, Kornhuber J, Wiltfang J. Therapeutic approaches to Alzheimer's disease. Brain 129(Pt 11), 2840-2855 (2006). Overview of the current approaches to find therapies against Alzheimer's disease (AD) and the most promising trials. (Pubitemid 44684507)
3. Reiber H. Dynamics of brain-derived proteins in cerebrospinal fluid. Clin. Chim. Acta 310(2), 173-186 (2001). Excellent paper describing the model of diffusion of brain-derived proteins into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). (Pubitemid 32728347)
4. Andreasen N, Minthon L, Davidsson P et al. Evaluation of CSF-Tau and CSF-Ab42 as diagnostic markers for Alzheimer disease in clinical practice. Arch. Neurol. 58(3), 373-379 (2001). (Pubitemid 32217453)
5. Blennow K, Wallin A, Hager O. Low frequency of post-lumbar puncture headache in demented patients. Acta Neurol. Scand. 88(3), 221-223 (1993). (Pubitemid 23288659)
6. Weih M, Krinninger M, Zimmermann R et al. [Sensitivity of neurochemical dementia diagnostics in CSF compared to 99mTc-SPECT in Alzheimer's dementia]. Fortschr. Neurol. Psychiatr. 77(7), 407-411 (2009).
7. Kang J, Lemaire HG, Unterbeck A et al. The precursor of Alzheimer's disease amyloid A4 protein resembles a cell-surface receptor. Nature 325(6106), 733-736 (1987). (Pubitemid 17054046)
8. Panegyres PK. The amyloid precursor protein gene: A neuropeptide gene with diverse functions in the central nervous system. Neuropeptides 31(6), 523-535 (1997). (Pubitemid 28037470)
9. Klafki H, Abramowski D, Swoboda R, Paganetti PA, Staufenbiel M. The carboxyl termini of b-amyloid peptides 1-40 and 1-42 are generated by distinct g-secretase activities. J. Biol. Chem. 271(45), 28655-28659 (1996). (Pubitemid 26374693)
10. Citron M, Diehl TS, Gordon G, Biere AL, Seubert P, Selkoe DJ. Evidence that the 42- and 40-amino acid forms of amyloid b protein are generated from the b-amyloid precursor protein by different protease activities. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 93(23), 13170-13175 (1996). (Pubitemid 26382788)
11. Lichtenthaler SF, Beher D, Grimm HS et al. The intramembrane cleavage site of the amyloid precursor protein depends on the length of its transmembrane domain. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 99(3), 1365-1370 (2002). (Pubitemid 34136499)
12. Jang H, Arce FT, Ramachandran S et al. Truncated b-amyloid peptide channels provide an alternative mechanism for Alzheimer's disease and Down syndrome. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 107(14), 6538-6543 (2010).
13. Lewczuk P, Esselmann H, Meyer M et al. The amyloid-b (Ab) peptide pattern in cerebrospinal fluid in Alzheimer's disease: Evidence of a novel carboxyterminally elongated Ab peptide. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 17(12), 1291-1296 (2003). (Pubitemid 36750013)
14. Lewczuk P, Esselmann H, Otto M et al. Neurochemical diagnosis of Alzheimer's dementia by CSF Ab42, Ab42/Ab40 ratio and total Tau. Neurobiol. Aging 25(3), 273-281 (2004). (Pubitemid 38220961)
15. Wiltfang J, Esselmann H, Bibl M et al. Highly conserved and disease-specific patterns of carboxyterminally truncated Ab peptides 1-37/38/39 in addition to 1-40/42 in Alzheimer's disease and in patients with chronic neuroinflammation. J. Neurochem. 81(3), 481-496 (2002). (Pubitemid 34809327)
16. Blennow K, Vanmechelen E, Hampel H. CSF total Tau, Ab42 and phosphorylated Tau protein as biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease. Mol. Neurobiol. 24(1-3), 87-97 (2001). (Pubitemid 34066679)
17. Wiltfang J, Esselmann H, Maler JM, Bleich S, Hüther G, Kornhuber J. Molecular biology of Alzheimer's dementia and its clinical relevance to early diagnosis and new therapeutic strategies. Gerontology 47(2), 65-71 (2001). (Pubitemid 32260814)
18. Lewczuk P, Wiltfang J. Neurochemical dementia diagnostics: State of the art and research perspectives. Proteomics 8(6), 1292-1301 (2008). (Pubitemid 351462934)
19. Motter R, Vigo-Pelfrey C, Kholodenko D et al. Reduction of b-amyloid peptide 42 in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with Alzheimer's disease. Ann. Neurol. 38(4), 643-648 (1995).
20. Wiltfang J, Esselmann H, Smirnov A et al. b-amyloid peptides in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Ann. Neurol. 54(2), 263-267 (2003). Convincing evidence that accumulation of amyloid-ß1-42 in senile plaques only is not enough to explain its lower concentration in the CSF. (Pubitemid 36909629)
21. Sjögren M, Gisslen M, Vanmechelen E, Blennow K. Low cerebrospinal fluid b-amyloid 42 in patients with acute bacterial meningitis and normalization after treatment. Neurosci. Lett. 314(1-2), 33-36 (2001). (Pubitemid 33043799)
22. Hulstaert F, Blennow K, Ivanoiu A et al. Improved discrimination of AD patients using b-amyloid(1-42) and Tau levels in CSF. Neurology 52(8), 1555-1562 (1999). (Pubitemid 29220627)
23. Galasko D, Chang L, Motter R et al. High cerebrospinal fluid Tau and low amyloid b42 levels in the clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer disease and relation to apolipoprotein E genotype. Arch. Neurol. 55(7), 937-945 (1998). (Pubitemid 28335112)
24. Buee L, Bussiere T, Buee-Scherrer V, Delacourte A, Hof PR. Tau protein isoforms, phosphorylation and role in neurodegenerative disorders. Brain Res. Brain Res. Rev. 33(1), 95-130 (2000).
25. Mandelkow E, von Bergen M, Biernat J, Mandelkow EM. Structural principles of Tau and the paired helical filaments of Alzheimer's disease. Brain Pathol. 17(1), 83-90 (2007).
26. Review of structure and functions of Tau isoforms. 26 Cairns NJ, Lee VM, Trojanowski JQ. The cytoskeleton in neurodegenerative diseases. J. Pathol. 204(4), 438-449 (2004). (Pubitemid 39468155)
27. Shahani N, Brandt R. Functions and malfunctions of the Tau proteins. Cell Mol. Life Sci. 59(10), 1668-1680 (2002). (Pubitemid 35346971)
28. Mawal-Dewan M, Henley J, Van de Voorde A, Trojanowski JQ, Lee VM. The phosphorylation state of Tau in the developing rat brain is regulated by phosphoprotein phosphatases. J. Biol. Chem. 269(49), 30981-30987 (1994). (Pubitemid 24377587)
29. Rosner H, Rebhan M, Vacun G, Vanmechelen E. Developmental expression of Tau proteins in the chicken and rat brain: Rapid down-regulation of a paired helical filament epitope in the rat cerebral cortex coincides with the transition from immature to adult Tau isoforms. Int. J. Dev. Neurosci. 13(6), 607-617 (1995).
30. Sunderland T, Linker G, Mirza N et al. Decreased b-amyloid1-42 and increased Tau levels in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with Alzheimer disease. JAMA 289(16), 2094-2103 (2003). (Pubitemid 37430211)
31. Otto M, Wiltfang J, Tumani H et al. Elevated levels of Tau-protein in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Neurosci. Lett. 225(3), 210-212 (1997). (Pubitemid 27191632)
32. Hesse C, Rosengren L, Andreasen N et al. Transient increase in total Tau but not phospho-Tau in human cerebrospinal fluid after acute stroke. Neurosci. Lett. 297(3), 187-190 (2001). (Pubitemid 32011305)
33. Iqbal K, Grundke-Iqbal I, Zaidi T et al. Defective brain microtubule assembly in Alzheimer's disease. Lancet 2(8504), 421-426 (1986). (Pubitemid 16047953)
34. Grundke-Iqbal I, Iqbal K, Tung YC, Quinlan M, Wisniewski HM, Binder LI. Abnormal phosphorylation of the microtubule-associated protein Tau (Tau) in Alzheimer cytoskeletal pathology. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 83(13), 4913-4917 (1986).
35. Hu YY, He SS, Wang X et al. Levels of nonphosphorylated and phosphorylated Tau in cerebrospinal fluid of Alzheimer's disease patients: An ultrasensitive bienzyme-substrate-recycle enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Am. J. Pathol. 160(4), 1269-1278 (2002). (Pubitemid 34411631)
36. Iqbal K, Alonso Adel C, El-Akkad E et al. Significance and mechanism of Alzheimer neurofibrillary degeneration and therapeutic targets to inhibit this lesion. J. Mol. Neurosci. 19(1-2), 95-99 (2002). (Pubitemid 35013340)
37. Lewczuk P, Esselmann H, Bibl M et al. Tau protein phosphorylated at threonine 181 in CSF as a neurochemical biomarker in Alzheimer's disease: Original data and review of the literature. J. Mol. Neurosci. 23(1-2), 115-122 (2004). (Pubitemid 41359194)
38. Vanmechelen E, Van Kerschaver E, Blennow K et al. CSF-phospho-Tau (181P) as a promising marker for discriminating Alzheimer's disease from dementia with lewy bodies. In: Alzheimer's Disease: Advances in Etiology, Pathogenesis and Therapeutics. Iqbal K, Sisodia SS, Winblad B (Eds.) John Wiley and Sons Ltd., Chichester, UK, 285-291 (2001).
39. Parnetti L, Lanari A, Amici S, Gallai V, Vanmechelen E, Hulstaert F. CSF phosphorylated Tau is a possible marker for discriminating Alzheimer's disease from dementia with Lewy bodies. Phospho-Tau International Study Group. Neurol. Sci. 22(1), 77-78 (2001). (Pubitemid 33622091)
40. Itoh N, Arai H, Urakami K et al. Large-scale, multicenter study of cerebrospinal fluid Tau protein phosphorylated at serine 199 for the antemortem diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. Ann. Neurol. 50(2), 150-156 (2001). (Pubitemid 32738138)
41. Hampel H, Buerger K, Kohnken R et al. Tracking of Alzheimer's disease progression with cerebrospinal fluid Tau protein phosphorylated at threonine 231. Ann. Neurol. 49(4), 545-546 (2001). (Pubitemid 32281345)
42. Arai H, Ishiguro K, Ohno H et al. CSF phosphorylated Tau protein and mild cognitive impairment: A prospective study. Exp. Neurol. 166(1), 201-203 (2000).
43. Hampel H, Buerger K, Zinkowski R et al. Measurement of phosphorylated Tau epitopes in the differential diagnosis of Alzheimer disease: A comparative cerebrospinal fluid study. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 61(1), 95-102 (2004). (Pubitemid 38044645)
44. Tumani H, Nolker G, Reiber H. Relevance of cerebrospinal fluid variables for early diagnosis of neuroborreliosis. Neurology 45(9), 1663-1670 (1995).
45. Reiber H, Ungefehr S, Jacobi C. The intrathecal, polyspecific and oligoclonal immune response in multiple sclerosis. Mult. Scler. 4(3), 111-117 (1998). (Pubitemid 28410034)
46. Wang ZF, Li HL, Li XC et al. Effects of endogenous b-amyloid overproduction on Tau phosphorylation in cell culture. J. Neurochem. 98(4), 1167-1175 (2006).
47. Grueninger F, Bohrmann B, Czech C et al. Phosphorylation of Tau at S422 is enhanced by Ab in TauPS2APP triple transgenic mice. Neurobiol. Dis. 37(2), 294-306 (2010).
48. Huang HC, Jiang ZF. Accumulated amyloid-b peptide and hyperphosphorylated Tau protein: Relationship and links in Alzheimer's disease. J. Alzheimers Dis. 16(1), 15-27 (2009).
49. Mudher A, Lovestone S. Alzheimer's disease - do tauists and baptists finally shake hands? Trends Neurosci. 25(1), 22-26 (2002). (Pubitemid 34093781)
50. Lewczuk P, Zimmermann R, Wiltfang J, Kornhuber J. Neurochemical dementia diagnostics: A simple algorithm for interpretation of the CSF biomarkers. J. Neural Transm. 116(9), 1163-1167 (2009). Algorithm to interpret the results of the levels of CSF amyloid-ßpeptides and Tau/phosphorylated Tau proteins in the context of the differential diagnostics.
51. Lewczuk P, Beck G, Ganslandt O et al. International quality control survey of neurochemical dementia diagnostics. Neurosci. Lett. 409(1), 1-4 (2006). (Pubitemid 44740057)
52. Zetterberg H, Wahlund LO, Blennow K. Cerebrospinal fluid markers for prediction of Alzheimer's disease. Neurosci. Lett. 352(1), 67-69 (2003). (Pubitemid 37412328)
53. Hansson O, Zetterberg H, Buchhave P, Londos E, Blennow K, Minthon L. Association between CSF biomarkers and incipient Alzheimer's disease in patients with mild cognitive impairment: A follow-up study. Lancet Neurol. 5(3), 228-234 (2006). Very convincing results of the diagnostic role of neurochemical dementia diagnostics biomarkers in the preclinical stage of AD, and their prognostic role. (Pubitemid 43238346)
54. Lewczuk P, Kornhuber J, Vanderstichele H et al. Multiplexed quantification of dementia biomarkers in the CSF of patients with early dementias and MCI: A multicenter study. Neurobiol. Aging 29(6), 812-818 (2008). Application of a multiplexing technology to measure CSF neurochemical dementia diagnostics biomarkers. (Pubitemid 351601894)
55. van Rossum IA, Vos S, Handels R, Visser PJ. Biomarkers as predictors for conversion from mild cognitive impairment to Alzheimer-type dementia: Implications for trial design. J. Alzheimers Dis. 20(3), 881-891 (2010).
56. Schoonenboom NS, Mulder C, Vanderstichele H et al. Effects of processing and storage conditions on amyloid b (1-42) and Tau concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid: Implications for use in clinical practice. Clin. Chem. 51(1), 189-195 (2005). (Pubitemid 40024030)
57. Jensen M, Hartmann T, Engvall B et al. Quantification of Alzheimer amyloid b peptides ending at residues 40 and 42 by novel ELISA systems. Mol. Med. 6(4), 291-302 (2000).
58. Vanderstichele H, Van Kerschaver E, Hesse C et al. Standardization of measurement of b-amyloid(1-42) in cerebrospinal fluid and plasma. Amyloid 7(4), 245-258 (2000).
59. Lewczuk P, Beck G, Esselmann H et al. Effect of sample collection tubes on cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of Tau proteins and amyloid b peptides. Clin. Chem. 52(2), 332-334 (2006). (Pubitemid 43185505)
60. Zimmermann R, Lelental N, Ganslandt O, Maler JM, Kornhuber J, Lewczuk P. Preanalytical sample handling and sample stability testing for the neurochemical dementia diagnostics. J. Alzheimer Dis. (In Press) (2011). Pitfalls of pre-analytical sample handling and how to avoid them.
61. Pitfalls of pre-analytical sample handling and how to avoid them. 61 Lewczuk P, Kamrowski-Kruck H, Peters O et al. Soluble amyloid precursor proteins in the cerebrospinal fluid as novel potential biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease: A multicenter study. Mol. Psychiatry 15(2), 138-145 (2010).
62. Gabelle A, Roche S, Geny C et al. Correlations between soluble a/b forms of amyloid precursor protein and Ab38, 40, and 42 in human cerebrospinal fluid. Brain Res. 1357, 175-183 (2010).
63. Felgenhauer K, Beuche W. Labordiagnostik Neurologischer Erkrankungen: Liquoranalytik und -Zytologie, Diagnose- und Processmarker. Thieme, Stuttgart, Germany (1999).
64. DeMattos RB, Bales KR, Cummins DJ, Dodart JC, Paul SM, Holtzman DM. Peripheral anti-Ab antibody alters CNS and plasma Ab clearance and decreases brain Ab burden in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 98(15), 8850-8855 (2001). (Pubitemid 32678116)
65. DeMattos RB, Bales KR, Cummins DJ, Paul SM, Holtzman DM. Brain to plasma amyloid-b efflux: A measure of brain amyloid burden in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Science 295(5563), 2264-2267 (2002). (Pubitemid 34258840)
66. Preston SD, Steart PV, Wilkinson A, Nicoll JA, Weller RO. Capillary and arterial cerebral amyloid angiopathy in Alzheimer's disease: Defining the perivascular route for the elimination of amyloid b from the human brain. Neuropathol. Appl. Neurobiol. 29(2), 106-117 (2003). (Pubitemid 36408329)
67. Di Luca M, Pastorino L, Bianchetti A et al. Differential level of platelet amyloid b precursor protein isoforms: An early marker for Alzheimer disease. Arch. Neurol. 55(9), 1195-1200 (1998).
68. Kuo YM, Kokjohn TA, Watson MD et al. Elevated Ab42 in skeletal muscle of Alzheimer disease patients suggests peripheral alterations of AbPP metabolism. Am. J. Pathol. 156(3), 797-805 (2000). (Pubitemid 30626937)
69. van Oijen M, Hofman A, Soares HD, Koudstaal PJ, Breteler MM. Plasma Ab(1-40) and Ab(1-42) and the risk of dementia: A prospective case-cohort study. Lancet Neurol. 5(8), 655-660 (2006). (Pubitemid 44062411)
70. Mayeux R, Honig LS, Tang MX et al. Plasma Ab40 and Ab42 and Alzheimer's disease: Relation to age, mortality, and risk. Neurology 61(9), 1185-1190 (2003). (Pubitemid 37377535)
71. Graff-Radford NR, Crook JE, Lucas J et al. Association of low plasma ab42/ab40 ratios with increased imminent risk for mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer disease. Arch. Neurol. 64(3), 354-362 (2007). (Pubitemid 46425689)
72. Sun X, Steffens DC, Au R et al. Amyloid-associated depression: A prodromal depression of Alzheimer disease? Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 65(5), 542-550 (2008). (Pubitemid 351645050)
73. Ownby RL, Crocco E, Acevedo A, John V, Loewenstein D. Depression and risk for Alzheimer disease: Systematic review, meta-analysis, and metaregression analysis. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 63(5), 530-538 (2006).
74. Lewczuk P, Kornhuber J, Vanmechelen E et al. Amyloid b peptides in plasma in early diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease: A multicenter study with multiplexing. Exp. Neurol. 223(2), 366-370 (2010).
75. Vignali DA. Multiplexed particle-based flow cytometric assays. J. Immunol. Methods 243(1-2), 243-255 (2000).
76. Carson RT, Vignali DA. Simultaneous quantitation of 15 cytokines using a multiplexed flow cytometric assay. J. Immunol. Methods 227(1-2), 41-52 (1999). (Pubitemid 29408703)
77. Olsson A, Vanderstichele H, Andreasen N et al. Simultaneous measurement of b-amyloid(1-42), total Tau, and phosphorylated Tau (Thr181) in cerebrospinal fluid by the xMAP technology. Clin. Chem. 51(2), 336-345 (2005). (Pubitemid 40175803)
78. Richtlinie der Bundesärztekammer zur Qulitätssicherung laboratoriumsmedizinischen Untersuchungen. Deutsches Ärzteblatt 105(7), A341-A355 (2008).
79. Verwey NA, van der Flier WM, Blennow K et al. A worldwide multicentre comparison of assays for cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers in Alzheimer's disease. Ann. Clin. Biochem. 46(Pt 3), 235-240 (2009).
80. Mattsson N, Blennow K, Zetterberg H. Inter-laboratory variation in cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease: United we stand, divided we fall. Clin. Chem. Lab. Med. 48(5), 603-607 (2010).