Effects of sensitization on the detection of an instrumental contingency

Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior

Volumn 100, Issue 1, 2011, Pages 48-58

  Phillips, Gavin D ^a   Vugler, Anthony ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF YORK   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Conditioning; Discrimination; Dopamine; Instrumental; Sensitization

Indexed keywords

DEXAMPHETAMINE;

ANIMAL EXPERIMENT; ARTICLE; CONTINGENT VALUATION; CONTROLLED STUDY; DEGRADATION KINETICS; INSTRUMENTAL CONDITIONING; LOCOMOTION; MALE; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PSYCHOMOTOR PERFORMANCE; RAT; REINFORCEMENT; SENSITIZATION; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

AMPHETAMINE; ANIMALS; CONDITIONING, OPERANT; MALE; PSYCHOMOTOR PERFORMANCE; RATS; REINFORCEMENT (PSYCHOLOGY); SELF ADMINISTRATION;

ANIMALIA; RATTUS;

EID: 80051607444     PISSN: 00913057     EISSN: 18735177     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2011.07.009     Document Type: Article

References (132)

1. C.D. Adams, and A. Dickinson Actions and habits: variations in associative representations during instrumental learning N.E. Spear, R.R. Miller, Information processing in animals: memory mechanisms 1981 Erlbaum Hillsdale, New Jersey
2. I. Afanas'ev, B. Ferger, and K. Kuschinsky The associative type of sensitization to d-amphetamine is expressed as an NO-dependent dramatic increase in extracellular dopamine in the nucleus accumbens Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 362 2000 232 237
3. B.W. Balleine, and A. Dickinson Goal-directed instrumental action: contingency and incentive learning and their cortical substrates Neuropharmacology 37 1998 407 419 (Pubitemid 28306930)
4. B. Balleine, and S. Killcross Effects of ibotenic acid lesions of the nucleus accumbens on instrumental action Behav Brain Res 65 1994 181 193
5. K.C. Berridge Reward learning: reinforcement, incentives, and expectations D. Medin, The Psychology of Learning and Motivation 2001 Academic Press New York 223 278
6. K.C. Berridge The debate over dopamine's role in reward: the case for incentive salience Psychopharmacology (Berl) 191 2007 391 431 (Pubitemid 46355895)
7. K.C. Berridge, T.E. Robinson, and J.W. Aldridge Dissecting components of reward: 'liking', 'wanting', and learning Curr Opin Pharmacol 9 2009 65 73
8. D. Bindra A motivational view of learning, performance, and behavior modification Psychol Rev 81 1974 199 213
9. R.A. Boakes Performance on learning to associate a stimulus with positive reinforcement H. Davis, H.M.B. Hurwitz, Operant-Pavlovian interactions 1977 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates New Jersey 67 101
10. C.W. Bradberry, R.L. Barrett-Larimore, P. Jatlow, and S.R. Rubino Impact of self-administered cocaine and cocaine cues on extracellular dopamine in mesolimbic and sensorimotor striatum in rhesus monkeys J Neurosci 20 2000 3874 3883 (Pubitemid 30266248)
11. P.Q. Braga, J.P. Galvanho, E. Bloise, R.J. Carey, and M.P. Carrera The expression of locomotor sensitization to apomorphine is dependent on time interval between injection and testing Pharmacol Biochem Behav 91 2009 278 282
12. C. Calaminus, and W. Hauber Modulation of behavior by expected reward magnitude depends on dopamine in the dorsomedial striatum Neurotox Res 15 2009 97 110
13. M. Carli, T.W. Robbins, J.L. Evenden, and B.J. Everitt Effects of lesions to ascending noradrenergic neurons on performance of a 5-choice serial reaction time task in rats: implications for theories of dorsal bundle noradrenergic function based on selective attention and arousal Behav Brain Res 9 1983 361 380 (Pubitemid 13002330)
14. B.J. Cole, and T.W. Robbins Amphetamine impairs the discriminative performance of rats with dorsal noradrenergic bundle lesions on a 5-choice serial reaction time task: new evidence for central dopaminergic-noradrenergic interactions Psychopharmacology (Berl) 91 1987 458 466 (Pubitemid 17038209)
15. B.J. Cole, and T.W. Robbins Effects of 6-hydroxydopamine lesions of the nucleus accumbens septi on performance of a 5-choice serial reaction time task in rats: implications for theories of selective attention and arousal Behav Brain Res 33 1989 165 179 (Pubitemid 19141065)
16. R.M. Colwill, and D.K. Motzkin Encoding of the unconditioned stimulus in Pavlovian conditioning Anim Learn Behav 22 1994 384 394 (Pubitemid 24332572)
17. R.M. Colwill, and R.A. Rescorla Instrumental responding remains sensitive to reinforcer devaluation after extensive training J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process 11 1985 520 536
18. R.M. Colwill, and R.A. Rescorla Postconditioning devaluation of a reinforcer affects instrumental responding J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process 11 1985 120 132
19. R.M. Colwill, and R.A. Rescorla Associative structures in instrumental learning H. Bower, The psychology of learning and motivation 1986 Academic Press Orlando, FL 55 104
20. R.M. Colwill, and R.A. Rescorla Associations between the discriminative stimulus and the reinforcer in instrumental learning J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process 14 1988 155 164
21. L.H. Corbit, and B.W. Balleine The role of prelimbic cortex in instrumental conditioning Behav Brain Res 146 2003 145 157 (Pubitemid 37476141)
22. L.H. Corbit, J.L. Muir, and B.W. Balleine The role of the nucleus accumbens in instrumental conditioning: evidence of a functional dissociation between accumbens core and shell J Neurosci 21 2001 3251 3260 (Pubitemid 32323507)
23. L.H. Corbit, J.L. Muir, and B.W. Balleine Lesions of mediodorsal thalamus and anterior thalamic nuclei produce dissociable effects on instrumental conditioning in rats Eur J Neurosci 18 2003 1286 1294 (Pubitemid 37115047)
24. J.W. Dalley, K. Laane, D.E. Theobald, H.C. Armstrong, P.R. Corlett, and Y. Chudasama Time-limited modulation of appetitive Pavlovian memory by D1 and NMDA receptors in the nucleus accumbens Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102 2005 6189 6194 (Pubitemid 40594276)
25. M. Darvas, and R.D. Palmiter Restricting dopaminergic signaling to either dorsolateral or medial striatum facilitates cognition J Neurosci 30 2010 1158 1165
26. G. Di Chiara, V. Bassareo, S. Fenu, M.A. De Luca, L. Spina, and C. Cadoni Dopamine and drug addiction: the nucleus accumbens shell connection Neuropharmacology 47 Suppl. 1 2004 227 241 (Pubitemid 39298267)
27. P. Di Ciano, and B.J. Everitt Differential control over drug-seeking behavior by drug-associated conditioned reinforcers and discriminative stimuli predictive of drug availability Behav Neurosci 117 2003 952 960 (Pubitemid 37243778)
28. A. Dickinson Actions and habits: the development of behavioural autonomy Philos Trans R Soc Lond B 308 1985 76 78
29. A. Dickinson Instrumental conditioning N.J. Mackintosh, Animal cognition and learning 1994 Academic Press London
30. A. Dickinson, and C.W. Mulatero Reinforcer specificity of the suppression of instrumental performance on a non-contingent schedule Behav Process 19 1989 167 180 (Pubitemid 19210937)
31. C.L. Duvauchelle, A. Ikegami, S. Asami, J. Robens, K. Kressin, and E. Castaneda Effects of cocaine context on NAcc dopamine and behavioral activity after repeated intravenous cocaine administration Brain Res 862 2000 49 58 (Pubitemid 30229769)
32. D.M. Dwyer, M.J. Dunn, S.E. Rhodes, and A.S. Killcross Lesions of the prelimbic prefrontal cortex prevent response conflict produced by action-outcome associations Q J Exp Psychol (Colchester) 63 2010 417 424
33. B.J. Everitt, and T.W. Robbins Neural systems of reinforcement for drug addiction: from actions to habits to compulsion Nat Neurosci 8 2005 1481 1489 (Pubitemid 41573659)
34. B.J. Everitt, D. Belin, D. Economidou, Y. Pelloux, J.W. Dalley, and T.W. Robbins Review. Neural mechanisms underlying the vulnerability to develop compulsive drug-seeking habits and addiction Philos Trans R Soc Lond 363 2008 3125 3135
35. B.J. Farwell, and J.B. Ayres Stimulus-reinforcer and response-reinforcer relations in the control of conditioned appetitive headpoking ("goal-tracking") in rats Learn Motiv 10 1979 295 312
36. A. Faure, U. Haberland, F. Conde, and N. El Massioui Lesion to the nigrostriatal dopamine system disrupts stimulus-response habit formation J Neurosci 25 2005 2771 2780 (Pubitemid 40389235)
37. M. Fleshler, and H.S. Hoffman A progression for generating variable-interval schedules J Exp Anal Behav 5 1962 529 530
38. S.B. Glickstein, D.A. Desteno, P.R. Hof, and C. Schmauss Mice lacking dopamine D2 and D3 receptors exhibit differential activation of prefrontal cortical neurons during tasks requiring attention Cereb Cortex 15 2005 1016 1024 (Pubitemid 40848070)
39. G. Hall Associative structures in Pavlovian and instrumental conditioning S.S. Stevens, H.E. Pashler, Stevens' Handbook of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Motivation, and Emotion 3 rd ed. 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York
40. C.J. Harmer, and G.D. Phillips Enhanced appetitive conditioning following repeated pretreatment with d-amphetamine Behav Pharmacol 9 1998 299 308 (Pubitemid 28380380)
41. C.J. Harmer, and G.D. Phillips Enhanced conditioned inhibition following repeated pretreatment with d-amphetamine Psychopharmacology 142 1999 120 131 (Pubitemid 29190846)
42. C.J. Harmer, and G.D. Phillips Enhanced dopamine efflux in the amygdala by a predictive, but not a non-predictive, stimulus: facilitation by prior repeated d-amphetamine Neuroscience 90 1999 119 130 (Pubitemid 29096458)
43. C.J. Harmer, P.K. Hitchcott, S.L. Morutto, and G.D. Phillips Repeated d-amphetamine enhances stimulated mesoamygdaloid dopamine transmission Psychopharmacology 132 1997 247 254 (Pubitemid 27351425)
44. P. Holland Amount of training affects associatively-activated event representation Neuropharmacology 37 1998 461 469 (Pubitemid 28306935)
45. P.C. Holland, and R.A. Rescorla The effect of two ways of devaluing the unconditioned stimulus after first- and second-order appetitive conditiioning J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process 1 1975 355 363
46. M.S. Hooks, P. Duffy, C. Striplin, and P.W. Kalivas Behavioral and neurochemical sensitization following cocaine self-administration Psychopharmacology (Berl) 115 1994 265 272 (Pubitemid 24207792)
47. B.A. Horger, K. Shelton, and S. Schenk Preexposure sensitizes rats to the rewarding effects of cocaine Pharmacol Biochem Behav 37 1990 707 711
48. B.A. Horger, M.K. Giles, and S. Schenk Preexposure to amphetamine and nicotine predisposes rats to self-administer a low dose of cocaine Psychopharmacology 107 1992 271 276
49. J.C. Horvitz Dopamine gating of glutamatergic sensorimotor and incentive motivational input signals to the striatum Behav Brain Res 137 2002 65 74 (Pubitemid 35346429)
50. R. Ito, J.W. Dalley, S.R. Howes, T.W. Robbins, and B.J. Everitt Dissociation in conditioned dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens core and shell in response to cocaine cues and during cocaine-seeking behavior in rats J Neurosci 20 2000 7489 7495
51. R. Ito, J.W. Dalley, T.W. Robbins, and B.J. Everitt Dopamine release in the dorsal striatum during cocaine-seeking behavior under the control of a drug-associated cue J Neurosci 22 2002 6247 6253 (Pubitemid 35387665)
52. H.C. Jackson, and D.J. Nutt A single preexposure produces sensitization to the locomotor effects of cocaine in mice Pharmacol Biochem Behav 45 1993 733 735
53. P.W. Kalivas, and N.D. Volkow The neural basis of addiction: a pathology of motivation and choice Am J Psychiatry 162 2005 1403 1413 (Pubitemid 41105554)
54. A.E. Kelley Memory and addiction: shared neural circuitry and molecular mechanisms Neuron 44 2004 161 179 (Pubitemid 39348838)
55. S. Killcross, and E. Coutureau Coordination of actions and habits in the medial prefrontal cortex of rats Cereb Cortex 13 2003 400 408 (Pubitemid 36373685)
56. L. Kokkinidis, and R.M. Zacharko Response sensitization and depression following long-term amphetamine treatment in a self-stimulation paradigm Psychopharmacology (Berl) 68 1980 73 76 (Pubitemid 10107878)
57. J. Konorski Integrative activity of the brain 1967 University of Chicago Press Chicago
58. R. Kuczenski, and N.J. Leith Chronic amphetamine: is dopamine a link in or a mediator of the development of tolerance and reverse tolerance? Pharmacol Biochem Behav 15 1981 405 413 (Pubitemid 11017453)
59. J. Le Magnen Hyperphagie provoquee chez le rat blanc par alteration du mecanisme de satiete peripherique Hyperphagia induced in the white rat by alteration of the peripheral satiety mechanism C R Seances Soc Biol (Paris) 150 1956 32 34
60. N.J. Leith, and R. Kuczenski Two dissociable components of behavioral sensitization following repeated amphetamine administration Psychopharmacology (Berl) 76 1982 310 315 (Pubitemid 12082512)
61. R.C. Lennartz, and N.M. Weinberger Analysis of response systems in Pavlovian conditioning reveals rapidly versus slowly acquired conditioned responses: Support for two factors, implications for behavior and neurobiology Psychobiology 20 1992 93 119
62. B. Lex, and W. Hauber The role of dopamine in the prelimbic cortex and the dorsomedial striatum in instrumental conditioning Cereb Cortex 20 2009 873 883
63. S.K. Lin, W.H. Pan, and P.H. Yeh Prefrontal dopamine efflux during exposure to drug-associated contextual cues in rats with prior repeated methamphetamine Brain Res Bull 71 2007 365 371 (Pubitemid 46038006)
64. N.J. Mackintosh The psychology of animal learning 1974 Academic Press London
65. M. Mintz, and Y. Wang-Ninio Two-stage theory of conditioning: involvement of the cerebellum and the amygdala Brain Res 897 2001 150 156 (Pubitemid 32244362)
66. G.J. Mogenson, D.L. Jones, and C.Y. Yim From motivation to action: functional interface between the limbic system and the motor system Prog Neurobiol 14 1980 69 97 (Pubitemid 10053405)
67. D. Morgan, M.A. Smith, and D.C. Roberts Binge self-administration and deprivation produces sensitization to the reinforcing effects of cocaine in rats Psychopharmacology (Berl) 178 2005 309 316 (Pubitemid 40379226)
68. J.L. Muir, B.J. Everitt, and T.W. Robbins The cerebral cortex of the rat and visual attentional function: dissociable effects of mediofrontal, cingulate, anterior dorsolateral, and parietal cortex lesions on a five-choice serial reaction time task Cereb Cortex 6 1996 470 481
69. F. Naneix, A.R. Marchand, G. Di Scala, J.R. Pape, and E. Coutureau A role for medial prefrontal dopaminergic innervation in instrumental conditioning J Neurosci 29 2009 6599 6606
70. W.J.H. Nauta Reciprocal links of the corpus striatum with the cerebral cortex and limbic system: a common substrate for movement and thought? J. Mueller, Neurology and psychiatry: a meeting of minds 1989 Karger Basel 43 63
71. A. Nelson, and S. Killcross Amphetamine exposure enhances habit formation J Neurosci 26 2006 3805 3812
72. M. O'Neill, and V.J. Brown The effect of striatal dopamine depletion and the adenosine A2A antagonist KW-6002 on reversal learning in rats Neurobiol Learn Mem 88 2007 75 81 (Pubitemid 46809808)
73. F. Passetti, T. Humby, B.J. Everitt, and T.W. Robbins Mixed attentional and executive deficits in medial frontal cortex lesioned rats Psychobiology 28 2000 261 271 (Pubitemid 30480481)
74. P.E. Paulson, and T.E. Robinson Sensitization to systemic amphetamine produces an enhanced locomotor response to a subsequent intra-accumbens amphetamine challenge in rats Psychopharmacology 104 1991 140 141
75. D. Peleg-Raibstein, and J. Feldon Effects of withdrawal from an escalating dose of amphetamine on conditioned fear and dopamine response in the medial prefrontal cortex Behav Brain Res 186 2008 12 22 (Pubitemid 350100897)
76. A.G. Phillips, and P. Di Ciano Behavioral sensitization is induced by intravenous self-administration of cocaine by rats Psychopharmacology (Berl) 124 1996 279 281 (Pubitemid 26130539)
77. G.D. Phillips, and P.K. Hitchcott Blockade of the acquisition, but not expression, of associative learning by pre-session intra-amygdala R(+) 7-OH-DPAT Psychopharmacology (Berl) 203 2009 161 173
78. G.D. Phillips, C.J. Harmer, and P.K. Hitchcott Blockade of sensitization-induced facilitation of appetitive conditioning by post-session intra-amygdala nafadotride Behav Brain Res 134 2002 249 257 (Pubitemid 34912704)
79. G.D. Phillips, E. Setzu, and P.K. Hitchcott Facilitation of appetitive Pavlovian conditioning by d-amphetamine in the shell, but not the core, of the nucleus accumbens Behav Neurosci 117 2003 675 684 (Pubitemid 36935379)
80. G.D. Phillips, E. Setzu, A. Vugler, and P.K. Hitchcott Immunohistochemical assessment of mesotelencephalic dopamine activity during the acquisition and expression of Pavlovian versus instrumental behaviours Neuroscience 117 2003 755 767 (Pubitemid 36263168)
81. G.D. Phillips, E. Setzu, A. Vugler, and P.K. Hitchcott An immunohistochemical examination of the effects of sensitization on the mesotelencephalic dopaminergic response to d-amphetamine Neuroscience 117 2003 741 753 (Pubitemid 36263167)
82. G.D. Phillips, E. Salussolia, and P.K. Hitchcott Role of the mesoamygdaloid dopamine projection in emotional learning Psychopharmacology 210 2010 303 316
83. P.V. Piazza, J.M. Deminiere, M. le Moal, and H. Simon Stress- and pharmacologically-induced behavioral sensitization increases vulnerability to acquisition of amphetamine self-administration Brain Res 514 1990 22 26 (Pubitemid 20147583)
84. P.V. Piazza, F. Rouge Pont, J.M. Deminière, M. Kharoubi, M. Le Moal, and H. Simon Dopaminergic activity is reduced in the prefrontal cortex and increased in the nucleus accumbens of rats predisposed to develop amphetamine self-administration Brain Res 567 1991 169 174
85. D.A. Powell A behavioral stages model of classical (Pavlovian) conditioning: application to cognitive aging Neurosci Biobehav Rev 23 1999 797 816 (Pubitemid 29458888)
86. M.E. Ragozzino The effects of dopamine D-1 receptor blockade in the prelimbic-infralimbic areas on behavioral flexibility Learn Mem 9 2002 18 28 (Pubitemid 34273348)
87. R. Ranaldi, J. Egan, K. Kest, M. Fein, and A.R. Delamater Repeated heroin in rats produces locomotor sensitization and enhances appetitive Pavlovian and instrumental learning involving food reward Pharmacol Biochem Behav 91 2009 351 357
88. R.A. Rescorla Some implications of a cognitive perspective on Pavlovian conditioning S.H. Hulse, H. Fowler, W.K. Honig, Cogntive processes in animal behavior 1978 Erlbaum Hillsdale, N.J. 15 50
89. R.A. Rescorla Aspects of the reinforcer learned in second-order Pavlovian conditioning J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process 5 1979 79 95
90. R.A. Rescorla Pavlovian conditioning. It's not what you think it is Am Psychol 43 1988 151 160
91. R.A. Rescorla Hierarchical associative relations in Pavlovian conditioning and instrumental training Curr Dir Psychol Sci 1 1992 66 70
92. R.A. Rescorla, and R.L. Solomon Two-process learning theory: relationships between Pavlovian conditioning and instrumental learning Psychol Rev 74 1967 151 182
93. R.A. Rescorla, and A.R. Wagner A theory of Pavlovian conditioning: variations in the effectiveness of reinforcement and nonreinforcement A.H. Black, W.F. Prokasy, Classical conditioning 1972 Appleton-Century-Crofts New York 64 99
94. A. Rinaldi, S. Mandillo, A. Oliverio, and A. Mele D1 and D2 receptor antagonist injections in the prefrontal cortex selectively impair spatial learning in mice Neuropsychopharmacology 32 2007 309 319 (Pubitemid 46106938)
95. T.W. Robbins Arousal systems and attentional processes Biol Psychol 45 1997 57 71 (Pubitemid 27110537)
96. T.W. Robbins, and B.J. Everitt Comparative functions of the central noradrenergic, dopaminergic and cholinergic systems Neuropharmacology 26 1987 893 901 (Pubitemid 17131105)
97. T.W. Robbins, and B.J. Everitt Psychopharmacological studies of arousal and attention S.M. Stahl, S.D. Iversen, E.C. Goodman, Cognitive neurochemistry 1987 Oxford University Press Oxford 135 170
98. T.W. Robbins, and B.J. Everitt Functions of dopamine in the dorsal and ventral striatum Semin Neurosci 4 1992 119 128
99. T.W. Robbins, and B.J. Everitt Neurobehavioural mechanisms of reward and motivation Curr Opin Neurobiol 6 1996 228 236 (Pubitemid 26168482)
100. T.W. Robbins, and B.J. Everitt Limbic-striatal memory systems and drug addiction Neurobiol Learn Mem 78 2002 625 636 (Pubitemid 36268683)
101. T.W. Robbins, and B.J. Everitt A role for mesencephalic dopamine in activation: commentary on Berridge (2006) Psychopharmacology (Berl) 191 2007 433 437 (Pubitemid 46355885)
102. T.E. Robinson, and K.C. Berridge Addiction Annu Rev Psychol 54 2003 25 53 (Pubitemid 37417487)
103. T.E. Robinson, and K.C. Berridge Review. The incentive sensitization theory of addiction: some current issues Philos Trans R Soc Lond 363 2008 3137 3146
104. T.E. Robinson, and S.B. Flagel Dissociating the predictive and incentive motivational properties of reward-related cues through the study of individual differences Biol Psychiatry 65 2009 869 873
105. J.D. Salamone Dopamine, effort, and decision making: theoretical comment on Bardgett et al. (2009) Behav Neurosci 123 2009 463 467
106. J.D. Salamone, M. Correa, A. Farrar, and S.M. Mingote Effort-related functions of nucleus accumbens dopamine and associated forebrain circuits Psychopharmacology (Berl) 191 2007 461 482 (Pubitemid 46355902)
107. A.N. Samaha, Y. Li, and T.E. Robinson The rate of intravenous cocaine administration determines susceptibility to sensitization J Neurosci 22 2002 3244 3250 (Pubitemid 35379211)
108. N.A. Schmajuk, and P.C. Holland Occasion setting: theory and data 1998 American Psychological Assocition Washington, D.C.
109. W. Schultz Getting formal with dopamine and reward Neuron 36 2002 241 263 (Pubitemid 35217890)
110. W. Schultz Behavioral dopamine signals Trends Neurosci 30 2007 203 210 (Pubitemid 46654238)
111. W. Schultz, K. Preuschoff, C. Camerer, M. Hsu, C.D. Fiorillo, and P.N. Tobler Explicit neural signals reflecting reward uncertainty Philos Trans R Soc Lond 363 2008 3801 3811
112. M.W. Shiflett, R.A. Brown, and B.W. Balleine Acquisition and performance of goal-directed instrumental actions depends on ERK signaling in distinct regions of dorsal striatum in rats J Neurosci 30 2010 2951 2959
113. J. Stewart, and P. Vezina Microinjections of Sch-23390 into the ventral tegmental area and substantia nigra pars reticulata attenuate the development of sensitization to the locomotor activating effects of systemic amphetamine Brain Res 495 1989 401 406 (Pubitemid 19213579)
114. J.R. Taylor, and T.W. Robbins Enhanced behavioural control by conditioned reinforcers following microinjections of d-amphetamine into the nucleus accumbens Psychopharmacology (Berl) 84 1984 405 412 (Pubitemid 15205970)
115. J.R. Taylor, and T.W. Robbins 6-hydroxydopamine lesions of the nucleus accumbens, but not of the caudate nucleus, attenuate enhanced responding with reward-related stimuli produced by intra-accumbens d-amphetamine Psychopharmacology 90 1986 390 397 (Pubitemid 16022477)
116. P.N. Tobler, A. Dickinson, and W. Schultz Coding of predicted reward omission by dopamine neurons in a conditioned inhibition paradigm J Neurosci 23 2003 10402 10410 (Pubitemid 37444617)
117. E.C. Tolman Cognitive maps in rats and men Psychol Rev 55 1948 189 208
118. P. Vezina Sensitization of midbrain dopamine neuron reactivity and the self-administration of psychomotor stimulant drugs Neurosci Biobehav Rev 27 2004 827 839 (Pubitemid 38199613)
119. P. Vezina, P.W. Kalivas, and J. Stewart Sensitization occurs to the locomotor effects of morphine and the specific mu opioid receptor agonist, DAGO, administered repeatedly to the ventral tegmental area but not to the nucleus accumbens Brain Res 417 1987 51 58 (Pubitemid 18012255)
120. A.R. Wagner Evolution of an elemental theory of Pavlovian conditioning Learn Behav 36 2008 253 265
121. A.R. Wagner, and S.E. Brandon Evolution of a structured connectionist model of Pavlovian conditioning (AESOP) S.B. Klein, R.R. Mowrer, Contemporary learning theories: Pavlovian conditioning and the status of traditional learning theory 1989 Erlbaum Hillsdale, NJ 149 189
122. B.J. Winer Statistical principles in experimental design 1971 McGraw-Hill New York
123. R.A. Wise Catecholamine theories of reward: a critical review Brain Res 152 1978 215 247 (Pubitemid 9003327)
124. R.A. Wise Dopamine and reward: the anhedonia hypothesis 30 years on Neurotox Res 14 2008 169 183
125. W.L. Woolverton, L. Cervo, and C.E. Johanson Effects of repeated methamphetamine administration on methamphetamine self-administration in rhesus monkeys Pharmacol Biochem Behav 21 1984 737 741 (Pubitemid 15203853)
126. C.L. Wyvell, and K.C. Berridge Intra-accumbens amphetamine increases the conditioned incentive salience of sucrose reward: enhancement of reward "wanting" without enhanced "liking" or response reinforcement J Neurosci 20 2000 8122 8130
127. C.L. Wyvell, and K.C. Berridge Incentive sensitization by previous amphetamine exposure: increased cue-triggered "wanting" for sucrose reward J Neurosci 21 2001 7831 7840 (Pubitemid 32904983)
128. J.J. Yap, and K.A. Miczek Social defeat stress, sensitization, and intravenous cocaine self-administration in mice Psychopharmacology (Berl) 192 2007 261 273 (Pubitemid 46669213)
129. H.H. Yin, B.J. Knowlton, and B.W. Balleine Lesions of dorsolateral striatum preserve outcome expectancy but disrupt habit formation in instrumental learning Eur J Neurosci 19 2004 181 189 (Pubitemid 38122084)
130. H.H. Yin, S.B. Ostlund, B.J. Knowlton, and B.W. Balleine The role of the dorsomedial striatum in instrumental conditioning Eur J Neurosci 22 2005 513 523 (Pubitemid 41097624)
131. A. Zapata, V.I. Chefer, R. Ator, T.S. Shippenberg, and B.A. Rocha Behavioural sensitization and enhanced dopamine response in the nucleus accumbens after intravenous cocaine self-administration in mice Eur J Neurosci 17 2003 590 596 (Pubitemid 36255895)
132. W. Zhao, and J.B. Becker Sensitization enhances acquisition of cocaine self-administration in female rats: estradiol further enhances cocaine intake after acquisition Horm Behav 58 2009 8 12