Herbs for the treatment of insomnia

Biomolecules and Therapeutics

Volumn 19, Issue 3, 2011, Pages 274-281

  Kim, Chung Soo ^a   Han, Jin Yi ^b   Kim, Seunghwan ^c   Hong, Jin Tae ^a   Oh, Ki Wan ^a  

^a College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center ^*  (India)

^b Chungbuk National University   (South Korea)

^c Kyung Hee University   (South Korea)

Author keywords

Alternative; Complementary; Herbal treatments; Insomnia; Medicine; Sleep

Indexed keywords

ANXIOLYTIC AGENT; ARILLUS LONGAN EXTRACT; GINSENG EXTRACT; HERBACEOUS AGENT; HYPERICUM PERFORATUM EXTRACT; HYPNOTIC AGENT; KAVA EXTRACT; PASSIFLORA INCARNATA EXTRACT; PLANT EXTRACT; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; VALERIAN; ZIZYPHI SPINOSAE EXTRACT;

ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE; ANXIETY DISORDER; ARILLUS LONGAN; DAYTIME SOMNOLENCE; DEPRESSION; DIZZINESS; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG MECHANISM; DRUG MEGADOSE; DRUG SAFETY; EXCITABILITY; GASTROINTESTINAL SYMPTOM; HUMAN; HUMULUS LUPULUS; HYPERICUM PERFORATUM; HYPERSENSITIVITY; INSOMNIA; JASMINE; JUJUBE; LAVENDER; MATRICARIA; MELISSA OFFICINALIS; NERVOUSNESS; NONHUMAN; NONREM SLEEP; OAT; PAIN; PASSION FRUIT; PIPER METHYSTICUM; RASH; REM SLEEP; RESTLESSNESS; REVIEW; RHAMNACEAE; SAPINDACEAE; SEDATION; SIDE EFFECT; SLEEP WAKING CYCLE; VALERIANA OFFICINALIS; WOUND HEALING; XEROSTOMIA; ZIZYPHI SPINOSAE;

EID: 79961227544     PISSN: 19769148     EISSN: 20054483     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2011.19.3.274     Document Type: Review

References (100)

1. Abebe, W. (2002) Herbal medication: potential for adverse interactions with analgesic drugs. J. Clin. Pharm. Ther. 27, 391-401.
2. Allison, T. and Goff, W. R. (1972) Electrophysiological studies of the echidna, Tachyglossus aculeatus. 3. Sensory and interhemispheric evoked responses. Arch. Ital. Biol. 110, 195-216.
3. Armitage, R. (1995) The distribution of EEG frequencies in REM and NREM sleep stages in healthy young adults. Sleep. 18, 334-341.
4. Avidan, A. Y. (2005). Sleep disorders in the older patient. Prim. Care 32, 563-586.
5. Awad, R., Levac, D., Cybulska, P., Merali, Z., Trudeau, V. L. and Arnason, J. T. (2007). Effects of traditionally used anxiolytic botanicals on enzymes of the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) system. Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 85, 933-942.
6. Bailes, S., Baltzan, M., Rizzo, D., Fichten, C. S., Grad, R., Wolkove, N., Creti, L., Amsel, R. and Libman, E. (2009) Sleep disorder symptoms are common and unspoken in Canadian general practice. Fam. Pract. 26, 294-300.
7. Balderer, G. and Borbely, A. A. (1985) Effect of valerian on human sleep. Psychopharmacol. (Berl). 87, 406-409.
8. Barnes, J., Anderson, L. A. and Phillipson, J. D. (2001) St John's wort (Hypericum perforatum L.): a review of its chemistry, pharmacology and clinical properties. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 53, 583-600.
9. Benke, D., Barberis, A., Kopp, S., Altmann, K. H., Schubiger, M., Vogt, K. E., Rudolph, U. and Mohler, H. (2009) GABA A receptors as in vivo substrate for the anxiolytic action of valerenic acid, a major constituent of valerian root extracts. Neuropharmacol. 56, 174-181.
10. Bennett, D. A. Jr., Phun, L., Polk, J. F., Voglino, S. A., Zlotnik, V. and Raffa, R. B. (1998) Neuropharmacology of St. John's Wort (Hypericum). Ann. Pharmacother. 32, 1201-1208.
11. Blatter, M., Hoigne, R., Hess, T., Bickel, M. H., Zoppi, M., Fritschy, D. and Maibach, R. (1988) Side-effects of frequently administered hypnotics and sedatives as well as of anxiolytics. Results from a Comprehensive Hospital Drug Monitoring (CHDM) program. Schweiz Med Wochenschr. 118, 1859-1864.
12. Butterweck, V. (2003) Mechanism of action of St John's wort in depression: what is known? CNS Drugs 17, 539-562.
13. Carrasco, M. C., Vallejo, J. R., Pardo-de-Santayana, M., Peral, D., Martin, M. A. and Altimiras, J. (2009) Interactions of Valeriana of ficinalis L. and Passiflora incarnata L. in a patient treated with lorazepam. Phytother. Res. 23, 1795-1796.
14. Cheng, D., Lidgard, R. O., Duffield, P. H., Duffield, A. M. and Brophy, J. J. (1988) Identification by methane chemical ionization gas chromatography/mass spectrometry of the products obtained by steam distillation and aqueous acid extraction of commercial Piper methysticum. Biomed. Environ. Mass Spectrom. 17, 371-376.
15. Cheng, H. M., Chiang, L. C., Jan, Y. M., Chen, G. W. and Li, T. C. (2010) The efficacy and safety of a chinese herbal product (Xiao-Feng-San) for the treatment of refractory atopic dermatitis: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol. 155, 141-148.
16. Cheng, J. T. (2000). Review: drug therapy in Chinese traditional medicine. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 40, 445-450.
17. Choi, H. K., Xin, Z. C., Choi, Y. D., Lee, W. H., Mah, S. Y. and Kim, D. K. (1999) Safety and efficacy study with various doses of SS-cream in patients with premature ejaculation in a double-blind, randomized, placebo controlled clinical study. Int. J. Impot. Res. 11, 261-264.
18. Chung, K. F. and Lee, C. K. (2002) Over-the-counter sleeping pills: a survey of use in Hong Kong and a review of their constituents. Gen. Hosp. Psychiatry. 24, 430-435.
19. Daley, M., Morin, C. M., LeBlanc, M., Gregoire, J. P. and Savard, J. (2009) The economic burden of insomnia: direct and indirect costs for individuals with insomnia syndrome, insomnia symptoms, and good sleepers. Sleep 32, 55-64.
20. Dietz, B. M., Mahady, G. B., Pauli, G. F. and Farnsworth, N. R. (2005) Valerian extract and valerenic acid are partial agonists of the 5-HT5a receptor in vitro. Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res. 138, 191-197.
21. Dijk, D. J. (2010) Sleep variety: physiology, psychology and epidemiology. J. Sleep Res. 19, 381-383.
22. Dinh, L. D., Simmen, U., Bueter, K. B., Bueter, B., Lundstrom, K. and Schaffner, W. (2001) Interaction of various Piper methysticum cultivars with CNS receptors in vitro. Planta. Med. 67, 306-311.
23. Doi, Y., Minowa, M., Okawa, M. and Uchiyama, M. (2000) Prevalence of sleep disturbance and hypnotic medication use in relation to sociodemographic factors in the general Japanese adult population. J. Epidemiol. 10, 79-86.
24. Dugoua, J. J., Mills, E., Perri, D. and Koren, G. (2006) Safety and efficacy of St. John's wort (hypericum) during pregnancy and lactation. Can. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 13, e268-276.
25. Edwards, B. A., O'Driscoll, D. M., Ali, A., Jordan, A. S., Trinder, J. and Malhotra, A. (2010) Aging and sleep: physiology and pathophysiology. Semin. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 31, 618-633.
26. Escourrou, P., Luriau, S., Rehel, M., Nedelcoux, H. and Lanoe, J. L. (2000) Needs and costs of sleep monitoring. Stud. Health Technol. Inform. 78, 69-85.
27. Eytan, A., Haller, D. M., Wolff, H., Cerutti, B., Sebo, P., Bertrand, D. and Niveau, G. (2011) Psychiatric symptoms, psychological distress and somatic comorbidity among remand prisoners in Switzerland. Int. J. Law Psychiatry 34, 13-19.
28. Gale, C. and Oakley-Browne, M. (2004) Generalised anxiety disorder. Clin Evid. 1437-1459.
29. Geier, F. P. and Konstantinowicz, T. (2004) Kava treatment in patients with anxiety. Phytother. Res. 18, 297-300.
30. Gilbert, K. A. and Lydic, R. (1994) Pontine cholinergic reticular mechanisms cause state-dependent changes in the discharge of parabrachial neurons. Am. J. Physiol. 266, R136-R150.
31. Gobbi, M., Moia, M., Pirona, L., Morizzoni, P. and Mennini, T. (2001) In vitro binding studies with two hypericum perforatum extracts
32. hyperforin, hypericin and biapigenin on 5-HT6, 5-HT7, GABA(A)/ benzodiazepine, sigma, NPY-Y1/Y2 receptors and dopamine transporters. Pharmacopsychiatry 34(Suppl 1), S45-48.
33. Gurley, B. J., Swain, A., Hubbard, M. A., Williams, D. K., Barone, G., Hartsfield, F., Tong, Y., Carrier, D. J., Cheboyina, S. and Battu, S. K. (2008) Clinical assessment of CYP2D6-mediated herb-drug inter-actions in humans: effects of milk thistle, black cohosh, goldenseal, kava kava, St. John's wort, and Echinacea. Mol. Nutr. Food Res. 52, 755-763.
34. Harris, C. D. (2005) Neurophysiology of sleep and wakefulness. Respir. Care Clin. N. Am. 11, 567-586.
35. Hartley, D. E., Elsabagh, S. and File, S. E. (2004) Gincosan (a combination of Ginkgo biloba and Panax ginseng): the effects on mood and cognition of 6 and 12 weeks' treatment in post-menopausal women. Nutr. Neurosci. 7, 325-333.
36. Hayaishi, O. (2000) Molecular mechanisms of sleep-wake regulation: a role of prostaglandin D2. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B. Biol. Sci. 355, 275-280.
37. Huang, L., Liu, J., Li, D., Wang, Z., Ye, W., Cai, B., Liu, M. and Li, M. (1991) A study on components and compound prescription of huangqin decoction. Zhongguo. Zhong. Yao. Za. Zhi. 16, 177-181, back cover.
38. Kabalak, A. A., Soyal, O. B., Urfalioglu, A., Saracoglu, F. and Gogus, N. (2004) Menometrorrhagia and tachyarrhythmia after using oral and topical ginseng. J. Womens Health (Larchmt) 13, 830-833
39. Kaku, T., Miyata, T., Uruno, T., Sako, I. and Kinoshita, A. (1975) Chemico-pharmacological studies on saponins of Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer. II. Pharmacological part. Arzneimittelforschung 25, 539-547.
40. Khom, S., Baburin, I., Timin, E., Hohaus, A., Trauner, G., Kopp, B. and Hering, S. (2007) Valerenic acid potentiates and inhibits GABA(A) receptors: molecular mechanism and subunit specificity. Neuro-pharmacol. 53, 178-187.
41. Kimura, T., Saunders, P. A., Kim, H. S., Rheu, H. M., Oh, K. W. and Ho, I. K. (1994) Interactions of ginsenosides with ligand-bindings of GABA(A) and GABA(B) receptors. Gen. Pharmacol. 25, 193-199.
42. Koetter, U., Schrader, E., Kaufeler, R. and Brattstrom, A. (2007) A randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled, prospective clinical study to demonstrate clinical efficacy of a fixed valerian hops extract combination (Ze 91019) in patients suffering from non-organic sleep disorder. Phytother. Res. 21, 847-851.
43. Krenn, L. (2002) Passion Flower (Passiflora incarnata L.) a reliable herbal sedative. Wien. Med. Wochenschr. 152, 404-406.
44. Kubin, A., Wierrani, F., Burner, U., Alth, G. and Grunberger, W. (2005). Hypericin the facts about a controversial agent. Curr. Pharm. Des. 11, 233-253.
45. Kuroda, K., Inoue, N., Ito, Y., Kubota, K., Sugimoto, A., Kakuda, T. and Fushiki, T. (2005) Sedative effects of the jasmine tea odor and (R)-(-)-linalool, one of its major odor components, on autonomic nerve activity and mood states. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 95, 107-114.
46. Langosch, J. M., Zhou, X. Y., Heinen, M., Kupferschmid, S., Chatterjee, S. S., Noldner, M. and Walden, J. (2002) St John's wort (Hypericum perforatum) modulates evoked potentials in guinea pig hippocampal slices via AMPA and GABA receptors. Eur. Neuropsy-chopharmacol. 12, 209-216.
47. Lanquart, J. P., Kerkhofs, M., Stanus, E., Mendlewicz, J. and Linkowski, P. (1996) Sleep EEG analysis by linear prediction: frequency changes of slow-wave activity within NREM and REM sleep episodes in healthy men. Neuropsychobiol. 34, 1-8.
48. Larzelere, M. M. and Wiseman, P. (2002) Anxiety, depression, and insomnia. Prim Care 29, 339-360, vii.
49. Lee, S. P., Honda, K., Rhee, Y. H. and Inoue, S. (1990) Chronic intake of panax ginseng extract stabilizes sleep and wakefulness in food-deprived rats. Neurosci. Lett. 111, 217-221.
50. Lee, S. S., Lin, B. F. and Liu, K. C. (1996) Three triterpene esters from Zizyphus jujuba. Phytochemistry 43, 847-851.
51. Liu, Y. W., Li, J. and Ye, J. H. (2010) Histamine regulates activities of neurons in the ventrolateral preoptic nucleus. J. Physiol. 588, 4103-4116.
52. Ma, Y., Eun, J. S., Cheong, J. H., Rhee, D. K., Hong, J. T. and Oh, K. W. (2008) Korea Red Ginseng Alters Electroencephalogram Spectra of Sleep-Wake Stage in Rats. J. Ginseng Res. 32, 179-281.
53. Ma, Y., Han, H., Eun, J. S., Kim, H. C., Hong, J. T. and Oh, K. W. (2007) Sanjoinine A isolated from Zizyphi Spinosi Semen augments pentobarbital-induced sleeping behaviors through the modification of GABA-ergic systems. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 30, 1748-1753.
54. Ma, Y., Ma, H., Eun, J. S., Nam, S. Y., Kim, Y. B., Hong, J. T., Lee, M. K. and Oh, K. W. (2009) Methanol extract of Longanae Arillus augments pentobarbital-induced sleep behaviors through the modification of GABAergic systems. J. Ethnopharmacol. 122, 245-250.
55. McCarley, R. W. (2007) Neurobiology of REM and NREM sleep. Sleep Med. 8, 302-330.
56. McGinty, D. and Szymusiak, R. (2001) Brain structures and mechanisms involved in the generation of NREM sleep: focus on the pre-optic hypothalamus. Sleep Med. Rev. 5, 323-342.
57. Meier, P. J., Ziegler, W. H. and Neftel, K. (1988) Benzodiazepine practice and problems of its use. Schweiz Med. Wochenschr. 118 381-392.
58. Mendelson, W. B. (2001) Neurotransmitters and sleep. J. Clin. Psychiatry 62(Suppl 10), 5-8.
59. Meolie, A. L., Rosen, C., Kristo, D., Kohrman, M., Gooneratne, N., Aguillard, R. N., Fayle, R., Troell, R., Townsend, D., Claman, D., Hoban, T. and Mahowald, M. (2005) Oral nonprescription treatment for insomnia: an evaluation of products with limited evidence. J. Clin. Sleep Med. 1, 173-187.
60. Monti, J. M. and Jantos, H. (2004) Effects of the 5-HT1A receptor ligands flesinoxan and WAY 100635 given systemically or microinjected into the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus on REM sleep in the rat. Behav. Brain Res. 151, 159-166.
61. Nassiri-Asl, M., Shariati-Rad, S. and Zamansoltani, F. (2007) Anti-convulsant effects of aerial parts of Passiflora incarnata extract in mice: involvement of benzodiazepine and opioid receptors. BMC Complement Altern. Med. 7, 26.
62. Naude, D. F., Stephanie Couchman, I. M. and Maharaj, A. (2010) Chronic primary insomnia: efficacy of homeopathic simillimum. Homeopathy 99, 63-68.
63. Nguyen, T. T., Matsumoto, K., Yamasaki, K., Nguyen, M. D., Nguyen, T. N. and Watanabe, H. (1996) Effects of majonoside-R2 on pentobarbital sleep and gastric lesion in psychologically stressed mice. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 53, 957-963.
64. Ohta, T. (1996) Recent progress in development of psychotropic drugs (5) Hypnotics. Nihon Shinkei Seishin Yakurigaku Zasshi 16, 161-170.
65. Okuyama, E., Ebihara, H., Takeuchi, H. and Yamazaki, M. (1999) Adenosine, the anxiolytic-like principle of the Arillus of Euphoria lon-gana. Planta. Med. 65, 115-119.
66. Pallesen, S., Bjorvatn, B., Nordhus, I. H. and Skjerve, A. (2002) Valerian as a sleeping aid?. Tidsskr. Nor. Laegeforen. 122, 2857-2859.
67. Pearson, N. J., Johnson, L. L. and Nahin, R. L. (2006) Insomnia, trouble sleeping, and complementary and alternative medicine: Analysis of the 2002 national health interview survey data. Arch. Intern. Med. 166, 1775-1782.
68. Perez, N. M. and Benedito, M. A. (1997) Activities of monoamine oxi-dase (MAO) A and B in discrete regions of rat brain after rapid eye movement (REM) sleep deprivation. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 58, 605-608.
69. Ramesh, V., Thakkar, M. M., Strecker, R. E., Basheer, R. and McCarley, R. W. (2004) Wakefulness-inducing effects of histamine in the basal forebrain of freely moving rats. Behav. Brain Res. 152, 271-278.
70. Rangkadilok, N., Worasuttayangkurn, L., Bennett, R. N. and Satayavivad, J. (2005) Identification and quantification of polyphenolic compounds in Longan (Euphoria longana Lam.) fruit. J. Agric. Food Chem. 53, 1387-1392.
71. Rhee, Y. H., Lee, S. P., Honda, K. and Inoue, S. (1990) Panax ginseng extract modulates sleep in unrestrained rats. Psychopharmacol. (Berl). 101, 486-488.
72. Saper, C. B., Chou, T. C. and Scammell, T. E. (2001) The sleep switch: hypothalamic control of sleep and wakefulness. Trends Neurosci. 24, 726-731.
73. Sharpley, A. L., McGavin, C. L., Whale, R. and Cowen, P. J. (1998) Antidepressant-like effect of Hypericum perforatum (St John's wort) on the sleep polysomnogram. Psychopharmacol. (Berl). 139, 286-287.
74. Sherin, J. E., Elmquist, J. K., Torrealba, F. and Saper, C. B. (1998) Innervation of histaminergic tuberomammillary neurons by GABAergic and galaninergic neurons in the ventrolateral preoptic nucleus of the rat. J. Neurosci. 18, 4705-4721.
75. Shinomiya, K., Inoue, T., Utsu, Y., Tokunaga, S., Masuoka, T., Ohmori, A. and Kamei, C. (2005) Hypnotic activities of chamomile and passiflora extracts in sleep-disturbed rats. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 28, 808-810.
76. Shouse, M. N., Staba, R. J., Saquib, S. F. and Farber, P. R. (2000) Monoamines and sleep: microdialysis findings in pons and amygdala. Brain Res. 860, 181-189.
77. Soulimani, R., Younos, C., Jarmouni, S., Bousta, D., Misslin, R. and Mortier, F. (1997) Behavioural effects of Passiflora incarnata L and its indole alkaloid and flavonoid derivatives and maltol in the mouse. J. Ethnopharmacol. 57, 11-20.
78. Stanley, N. (2003) Actigraphy in human psychopharmacology: a review. Hum. Psychopharmacol. 18, 39-49.
79. Steinfels, G. F., Young, G. A. and Khazan, N. (1980) Diurnal variations in REM and NREM sleep EEG power spectra in the rat. Brain Res. 181, 425-432.
80. Steininger, T. L., Alam, M. N., Gong, H., Szymusiak, R. and McGinty, D. (1999) Sleep-waking discharge of neurons in the posterior lateral hypothalamus of the albino rat. Brain Res. 840, 138-147.
81. Suntsova, N., Kumar, S., Guzman-Marin, R., Alam, M. N., Szymusiak, R. and McGinty, D. (2009) A role for the preoptic sleep-promoting system in absence epilepsy. Neurobiol. Dis. 36, 126-141.
82. Szymusiak, R. and McGinty, D. (2008) Hypothalamic regulation of sleep and arousal. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1129, 275-286.
83. Szymusiak, R., Steininger, T., Alam, N. and McGinty, D. (2001) Preoptic area sleep-regulating mechanisms. Arch. Ital. Biol. 139, 77-92.
84. Tadros, M. G., Mohamed, M. R., Youssef, A. M., Sabry, G. M., Sabry, N. A. and Khalifa, A. E. (2009) Involvement of serotoninergic 5-HT1A/2A, alpha-adrenergic and dopaminergic D1 receptors in St. John's wort-induced prepulse inhibition deficit: a possible role of hyperforin. Behav. Brain Res. 199, 334-339.
85. Taibi, D. M., Vitiello, M. V., Barsness, S., Elmer, G. W., Anderson, G. D. and Landis, C. A. (2009) A randomized clinical trial of valerian fails to improve self-reported, polysomnographic, and actigraphic sleep in older women with insomnia. Sleep Med. 10, 319-328.
86. Takagi, K., Saito, H. and Tsuchiya, M. (1972) Pharmacological studies of Panax Ginseng root: pharmacological properties of a crude saponin fraction. Jpn. J. Pharmacol. 22, 339-346.
87. Takahashi, K., Kayama, Y., Lin, J. S. and Sakai, K. (2010) Locus coe-ruleus neuronal activity during the sleep-waking cycle in mice. Neurosci. 169, 1115-1126.
88. Teufel-Mayer, R. and Gleitz, J. (1997) Effects of long-term administration of hypericum extracts on the affinity and density of the central serotonergic 5-HT1 A and 5-HT2 A receptors. Pharmacopsychiatry 30 Suppl 2, 113-116.
89. Trauner, G., Khom, S., Baburin, I., Benedek, B., Hering, S. and Kopp, B. (2008) Modulation of GABAA receptors by valerian extracts is related to the content of valerenic acid. Planta. Med. 74, 19-24.
90. Vazquez, I. and Aguera-Ortiz, L. F. (2002) Herbal products and serious side effects: a case of ginseng-induced manic episode. Acta. Psychiatr. Scand. 105, 76-77; discussion 77-78.
91. Wang, W. K., Hsu, T. L., Huang, Z. Y. and Wang, Y. Y. (1995) Collective effect of a Chinese formula a study of xiao-jian-zhong-tang. Am. J. Chin. Med. 23, 299-304.
92. Wheatley, D. (2001a) Kava and valerian in the treatment of stress-induced insomnia. Phytother. Res. 15, 549-551.
93. Wheatley, D. (2001b) Stress-induced insomnia treated with kava and valerian: singly and in combination. Hum. Psychopharmacol. 16, 353-356.
94. Wheatley, D. (2005) Medicinal plants for insomnia: a review of their pharmacology, efficacy and tolerability. J. Psychopharmacol. 19, 414-421.
95. Wu, T. Y., Chen, C. P. and Jinn, T. R. (2010) Alzheimer's disease: aging, insomnia and epigenetics. Taiwan J. Obstet. Gynecol. 49, 468-472.
96. Xuan, T. D., Fukuta, M., Wei, A. C., Elzaawely, A. A., Khanh, T. D. and Tawata, S. (2008) Efficacy of extracting solvents to chemical components of kava (Piper methysticum) roots. J. Nat. Med. 62, 188-194.
97. Yang, S. L., Nam, S. Y., Han, J. Y., Kim, J. C., Lee, K., Hong, J. T., Oh, K. W. and Eun, J. S. (2010) Alterations and spontaneous sleep architecture and cortical electroencephalogram power spectra by red ginseng extract via GABAAergic systems. J. Ginseng Res. 34, 304-313.
98. Yi, P. L., Lin, C. P., Tsai, C. H., Lin, J. G. and Chang, F. C. (2007) The involvement of serotonin receptors in suanzaorentang-induced sleep alteration. J. Biomed. Sci. 14, 829-840.
99. Yoo, D. Y., Choi, J. H., Kim, W., Yoo, K. Y., Lee, C. H., Yoon, Y. S., Won, M. H. and Hwang, I. K. (2011) Effects of Melissa officinalis L. (lemon balm) extract on neurogenesis associated with serum corticosterone and GABA in the mouse dentate gyrus. Neurochem. Res. 36, 250-257.
100. Yuan, C. S., Dey, L., Wang, A., Mehendale, S., Xie, J. T., Aung, H. H. and Ang-Lee, M. K. (2002) Kavalactones and dihydrokavain modulate GABAergic activity in a rat gastric-brainstem preparation. Planta. Med. 68, 1092