A reappraisal of redox melting in the earth's mantle as a function of tectonic setting and time

Journal of Petrology

Volumn 52, Issue 7-8, 2011, Pages 1363-1391

  Foley, Stephen F ^a  

^a JOHANNES GUTENBERG UNIVERSITY   (Germany)

Author keywords

Archean; Craton; Mantle degassing; Recycled crust; Redox melting

Indexed keywords

ASTHENOSPHERE; DIAMOND; FUGACITY; GRAPHITE; HADEAN; HYDROTHERMAL ALTERATION; LAMPROITE; MANTLE PROCESS; MELTING; METHANE; OCEANIC LITHOSPHERE; OXIDATION; OXYGEN; REDOX CONDITIONS; SERPENTINIZATION; TECTONIC SETTING; TIME DEPENDENT BEHAVIOR;

EID: 79961096346     PISSN: 00223530     EISSN: 14602415     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/petrology/egq061     Document Type: Article

References (230)

1. Abbott, D., Burgess, L., Longhi, J. & Smith,W. H. F. (1994). An empirical thermal history of the Earth's upper mantle. Journal of Geophysical Research-Solid Earth 99, 13835-13850.
2. Adam, J., Green,T. H. & Day, R. A. (1992). An experimental study of two garnet pyroxenite xenoliths from the Bullenmerri and Gnotuk Maars of westernVictoria, Australia. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 111, 505-514.
3. Allégre, C. J. & Turcotte, D. L. (1986). Implications of a two-component marble-cake mantle. Nature 323, 123-127.
4. Andersen, T. (1988). Evolution of peralkaline calcite carbonatite magma in the Fen complex, Southeast Norway. Lithos 22, 99-112.
5. Arculus, R. J. (1985). Oxidation status of the mantle: past and present. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 13, 75-95.
6. Arndt, N. T. (1977). Ultrabasic magmas and high-degree melting of the mantle. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 64, 205-221.
7. Arndt, N. T. (1983). Role of a thin, komatiite-rich oceanic crust in the Archean plate-tectonic process. Geology 11, 372-375.
8. Ballhaus, C. (1993). Redox states of lithospheric and asthenospheric upper mantle. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 114, 331-348.
9. 4-bearing upper-mantle sources. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 58, 4931-4940.
10. Ballhaus, C., Berry, R. F. & Green, D. H. (1991). High pressure experimental calibration of the olivine-orthopyroxene-spinel oxygen geobarometer: implications for the oxidation state of the upper mantle. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 107, 27-40.
11. Barth, M. G., Rudnick, R. L., Horn, I., McDonough, W. F., Spicuzza, M. J., Valley, J. W. & Haggerty, S. E. (2001). Geochemistry of xenolithic eclogites from West Africa, Part I: A link between low MgO eclogites and Archean crust formation. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 65, 1499-1527.
12. Bédard, J. H. (2006). A catalytic delamination-driven model for coupled genesis of Archaean crust and sub-continental lithospheric mantle. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 70, 1188-1214.
13. Bekker, A., Holland, H. D., Wang, P. L., Rumble, D., Stein, H. J., Hannah, J. L., Coetzee, L. L. & Beukes, N. J. (2004). Dating the rise of atmospheric oxygen. Nature 427, 117-120.
14. Berry, A. J., Danyushevsky, L. V., O'Neill, H. S. C., Newville, M. & Sutton, S. R. (2008). Oxidation state of iron in komatiitic melt inclusions indicates hot Archaean mantle. Nature 455, 960-963.
15. 3+/∑Fe ratios of MORB glasses and their implications for mantle melting. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 69, 711-725.
16. Bickle, M., Nisbet, E. & Martin, A. (1994). Archean greenstone belts are not oceanic crust. Journal of Geology 102, 121-138.
17. Boyd, F. R. & Gurney, J. J. (1986). Diamonds and the African lithosphere. Science 272, 472-477.
18. Boyet, M. & Carlson, R.W. (2007). A highly depleted moon or a nonmagma ocean origin for the lunar crust? Earth and Planetary Science Letters 262, 505-516.
19. Brandon, A. D. & Draper, D. S. (1996). Constraints on the origin of the oxidation state of mantle overlying subduction zones: An example from Simcoe, Washington, USA. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 60, 1739-1749.
20. 2 solubility and solubility mechanisms in silicate melts at high pressures. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 57, 215-221.
21. Brey, G. P., Bulatov, V. K., Girnis, A. V. & Lahaye, Y. (2008). Experimental melting of carbonated peridotite at 6-10 GPa. Journal of Petrology 49, 797-821.
22. Bryant, J. A., Yogodzinski, G. M. & Churikova, T. G. (2007). Melt-mantle interactions beneath the Kamchatka arc: Evidence from ultramafic xenoliths from Shiveluch volcano. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 8, doi:10.1029/2006GC001443.
23. Bryndzia, L. T. & Wood, B. J. (1990). Oxygen thermobarometry of abyssal spinel peridotites-the redox state and C-O-H volatile composition of the Earth's sub-oceanic upper mantle. American Journal of Science 290, 1093-1116.
24. Bryndzia, L.T.,Wood, B. J. & Dick, H. J. B. (1989).The oxidation state of the Earth's sub-oceanic mantle from oxygen thermobarometry of abyssal spinel peridotites. Nature 341, 526-527.
25. Bulanova, G. P. (1995). The formation of diamond. Journal of Geochemical Exploration 53, 1-23.
26. Burnham, C. W. (1979). The importance of volatile constituents. In: Yoder, H. S. (ed.) The Evolution of the Igneous Rocks. Washington, DC: Princeton University Press, pp. 439-483.
27. Canfield, D. E. (2005). The early history of atmospheric oxygen: Homage to Robert A. Garrels. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 33, 1-36.
28. Canil, D. (1997). Vanadium partitioning and the oxidation state of Archaean komatiite magmas. Nature 389, 842-845.
29. Canil, D. (2002).Vanadium in peridotites, mantle redox and tectonic environments: Archean to present. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 195, 75-90.
30. 2 systems to 12 GPa: Implications for the origin of kimberlite and carbonate stability in the Earth's upper mantle. Journal of Geophysical Research-Solid Earth 95, 15805-15816.
31. Canil, D.,Virgo, D. & Scarfe, C. M. (1990). Oxidation state of mantle xenoliths from British Columbia, Canada. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 104, 453-462.
32. Canil, D., Johnston, S. T. & Mihalynuk, M. (2006). Mantle redox in Cordilleran ophiolites as a record of oxygen fugacity during partial melting and the lifetime of mantle lithosphere. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 248, 106-117.
33. Carmichael, I. S. E. (1991). The redox state of basic and silicic magmas: a reflection of their source regions? Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 106, 129-141.
34. Carmichael, I. S. E. & Nicholls, J. (1967). Iron-titanium oxides and oxygen fugacities in volcanic rocks. Journal of Geophysical Research-Solid Earth 72, 4665-4687.
35. Catling, D. C., Zahnle, K. J. & McKay, C. P. (2001). Biogenic methane, hydrogen escape, and the irreversible oxidation of early Earth. Science 293, 839-843.
36. Cavell, P. A.,Wijbrans, J. R. & Baadsgaard, H. (1992). Archean magmatism in the Kaminak Lake area, District of Keewatin, Northwest territories-ages of the carbonatite-bearing alkaline complex and some host granitoid rocks. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 29, 896-908.
37. Christie, D. M., Carmichael, I. S. E. & Langmuir, C. H. (1986). Oxidation states of mid-ocean ridge basalt glasses. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 79, 397-411.
38. Creighton, S., Stachel,T., Matveev, S., Hofer, H., McCammon, C. & Luth, R. W. (2009). Oxidation of the Kaapvaal lithospheric mantle driven by metasomatism. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 157, 491-504.
39. Creighton, S., Stachel, T., Eichenberg, D. & Luth, R. W. (2010). Oxidation state of the lithospheric mantle beneath Diavik diamond mine, central Slave craton, NWT, Canada. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 159, 645-657.
40. Dahlgren, S. (1994). Late Proterozoic and Carboniferous ultramafic magmatism of carbonatitic affinity in southern Norway. Lithos 31, 141-154.
41. Dasgupta, R. & Hirschmann, M. M. (2006). Melting in the Earth's deep upper mantle caused by carbon dioxide. Nature 440, 659-662.
42. Dasgupta, R., Hirschmann, M. M. & Withers, A. C. (2004). Deep global cycling of carbon constrained by the solidus of anhydrous, carbonated eclogite under upper mantle conditions. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 227, 73-85.
43. 2 incites deep silicate melting and dehydration beneath mid-ocean ridges. Geology 35, 135-138.
44. Delano, J.W. (2001). Redox history of the Earth's interior since similar to 3900 Ma: Implications for prebiotic molecules. Origins of Life and Evolution of the Biosphere 31, 311-341.
45. 2 cause partial melting in the low-velocity layer of the mantle? Geology 4, 69-72.
46. Eggler, D. H. (1983). Upper mantle oxidation state: evidence from olivine-orthopyroxene-ilmenite assemblages. Geophysical Research Letters 10, 365-368.
47. 2. In: Meyer, H. O. A. & Leonardos, O. H. (eds) Diamonds: Characterization, Genesis and Exploration. Brasilia: CPRM, pp. 160-169.
48. Falloon, T. J. & Green, D. H. (1987). Anhydrous partial melting of MORB pyrolite and other peridotite compositions at 10 kbar: implications for the origin of primitive MORB glasses. Mineralogy and Petrology 37, 181-219.
49. Falloon, T. J. & Green, D. H. (1988). Anhydrous partial melting of peridotite from 8 to 35 kb and the petrogenesis of MORB. Journal of Petrology, Special Lithosphere Issue, 379-414.
50. Falloon, T. J., Green, D. H., Hatton, C. J. & Harris, K. L. (1988). Anhydrous partial melting of a fertile and depleted peridotite from 2kb to 30kb and application to basalt petrogenesis. Journal of Petrology 29, 1257-1282.
51. Farquhar, J., Bao, H. M. & Thiemens, M. (2000). Atmospheric influence of Earth's earliest sulfur cycle. Science 289, 756-758.
52. Foley, S. F. (1985). The oxidation state of lamproitic magmas. Tschermaks Mineralogische und Petrographische Mitteilungen 34, 217-238.
53. Foley, S. F. (1988). The genesis of continental basic alkaline magmas: an interpretation in terms of redox melting. Journal of Petrology, Special Lithophere Issue, 139-161.
54. Foley, S. F. (1989a). Experimental constraints on phlogopite chemistry in lamproites. 1. The effect of water activity and oxygen fugacity. European Journal of Mineralogy 1, 411-426.
55. Foley, S. F. (1989b). The genesis of lamproitic magmas in a reduced, flourine-rich mantle. In: Ross, J. (ed.) Kimberlites and Related Rocks. Melbourne: Blackwell, pp. 616-631.
56. Foley, S. (1992a). Petrological characterization of the source components of potassic magmas-geochemical and experimental constraints. Lithos 28, 187-204.
57. Foley, S. (1992b).Vein-plus-wall-rock melting mechanisms in the lithosphere and the origin of potassic alkaline magmas. Lithos 28, 435-453.
58. Foley, S. F. (1993). An experimental study of olivine lamproite: first results from the diamond stability field. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 57, 483-489.
59. Foley, S. F. (1994). Geochemical and experimental studies of the origin of ultrapotassic igneous rocks. Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie, Abhandlungen 167, 1-55.
60. Foley, S. F. (2008). Rejuvenation and erosion of the cratonic lithosphere. Nature Geoscience 1, 503-510.
61. Foley, S. F. (2009). The renaissance of redox melting. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 73, A388.
62. Foley, S. F., Musselwhite, D. S. & Van der Laan, S. R. (1999). Melt compositions from ultramafic vein assemblages in the lithospheric mantle: a comparison of cratonic and non-cratonic settings. In: Gurney, J. J., Gurney, J. L., Pascoe, M. D. & Richardson, S. H. (eds) J. B. Dawson Volume. Cape Town: Red Roof Design, pp. 238-246.
63. Foley, S. F., Petibon, C. M., Jenner, G. A. & Kjarsgaard, B. A. (2001). High U/Th partitioning by clinopyroxene from alkali silicate and carbonatite metasomatism: an origin for Th/U disequilibrium in mantle melts? Terra Nova 13, 104-109.
64. Foley, S. F., Andronikov, A. V. & Melzer, S. (2002a). Petrology of ultramafic lamprophyres from the Beaver Lake area of Eastern Antarctica and their relation to the breakup of Gondwanaland. Mineralogy and Petrology 74, 361-384.
65. Foley, S.,Tiepolo, M. & Vannucci, R. (2002b). Growth of early continental crust controlled by melting of amphibolite in subduction zones. Nature 417, 837-840.
66. Foley, S. F., Buhre, S. & Jacob, D. E. (2003). Evolution of the Archaean crust by delamination and shallow subduction. Nature 421, 249-252.
67. Foley, S. F., Andronikov, A. V., Jacob, D. E. & Melzer, S. (2006). Evidence from Antarctic mantle peridotite xenoliths for changes in mineralogy, geochemistry and geothermal gradients beneath a developing rift. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 70, 3096-3120.
68. 2O at 40 and 60 kbar. Lithos, Proceedings of the 9th International Kimberlite Conference 112S, 274-283.
69. Frost, B. R. (1979). Mineral equilibria involving mixed volatiles in a C-O-H fluid phase: the stabilities of graphite and siderite. American Journal of Science 279, 1035-1059.
70. Frost, D. J. & McCammon, C. A. (2008). The redox state of Earth's mantle. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 36, 389-420.
71. Frost, D. J., Liebske, C., Langenhorst, F., McCammon, C. A., Tronnes, R. G. & Rubie, D. C. (2004). Experimental evidence for the existence of iron-rich metal in the Earth's lower mantle. Nature 428, 409-412.
72. Fujii,T. (1989). Genesis of mid-ocean ridge basalts. In: Saunders, A. D. & Norry, M. J. (eds) Magmatism in the Ocean Basins. Geological Society, London, Special Publications 42, 137-146.
73. Furman, T. & Graham, D. (1999). Erosion of lithospheric mantle beneath the East African Rift system: geochemical evidence from the Kivu volcanic province. Lithos 48, 237-262.
74. Galimov, E. M. (2005). Redox evolution of the Earth caused by a multi-stage formation of its core. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 233, 263-276.
75. Gao, S., Rudnick, R. L.,Yuan, H. L., Lui,Y. S., Xu,W. L., Ling,W. L., Ayers, J.,Wang, X. C. & Wang, Q. H. (2004). Recycling lower continental crust in the North China craton. Nature 432, 892-897.
76. Ghosh, S., Ohtani, E., Litasov, K. D. & Terasaki, H. (2009). Solidus of carbonated peridotite from 10 to 20 GPa and origin of magnesiocarbonatite melt in the Earth's deep mantle. Chemical Geology 262, 17-28.
77. Glaser, S. M., Foley, S. F. & Gunther, D. (1999). Trace element compositions of minerals in garnet and spinel peridotite xenoliths from theVitim volcanic field, Transbaikalia, eastern Siberia. Lithos 48, 263-285.
78. Goldblatt, C., Claire, M. W., Lenton, T. M., Matthews, A. J., Watson, A. J. & Zahnle, K. J. (2009). Nitrogen-enhanced greenhouse warming on early Earth. Nature Geoscience 2, 891-896.
79. Green, D. H. (1970). The origin of basaltic and nephelinitic magmas. Transactions of the Leicester Philosophical and Literary Society 64, 28-54.
80. Green, D. H. (1973). Experimental melting studies on a model upper mantle composition at high pressures under water-saturated and water-undersaturated conditions. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 19, 37-53.
81. Green, D. H. (1990). The role of oxidation-reduction and C-H-O fluids in determining melting conditions and magma compositions in the upper mantle. Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences 99, 153-165.
82. Green, D. H. & Falloon, T. J. (1998). Pyrolite: a Ringwood concept and its current expression. In: Jackson, I. (ed.) The Earth's Mantle. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 311-378.
83. Green, D. H., Falloon, T. J. & Taylor, W. R. (1987). Mantle-derived magmas-roles of variable source peridotite and variable C-H-O fluid compositions. In: Mysen, B. O. (ed.) Magmatic Processes: Physicochemical Principles. Washington, DC: Geochemical Society, pp. 139-154.
84. Green, D. H., Taylor, W. R. & Foley, S. F. (1990). The Earth's upper mantle as a source for volatiles. In: Herbert, H. K. & Ho, S. E. (eds) Stable Isotopes and Fluid Processes in Mineralization. Perth: University ofWestern Australia, pp. 17-34.
85. Green, D. H., Falloon, T. J., Eggins, S. M. & Yaxley, G. M. (2001). Primary magmas and mantle temperatures. European Journal of Mineralogy 13, 437-451.
86. Green, D. H., Hibberson, W. O., Kovaks, I. & Rosenthal, A. (2010). Water and its influence on the lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary. Nature (in press).
87. 2O on mantle wedge melting. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 249, 74-89.
88. 2. Mineralogy and Petrology 39, 163-174.
89. Haggerty, S. E. & Tompkins, L. A. (1983). Redox state of Earth's upper mantle from kimberlitic ilmenites. Nature 303, 295-300.
90. Hammouda, T. (2003). High-pressure melting of carbonated eclogite and experimental constraints on carbon recycling and storage in the mantle. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 214, 357-368.
91. Hawkesworth, C. J. & Kemp, A. I. S. (2006). Evolution of the continental crust. Nature 443, 811-817.
92. Hermann, J. & Spandler, C. J. (2008). Sediment melts at sub-arc depths: An experimental study. Journal of Petrology 49, 717-740.
93. Herzberg, C. & O'Hara, M. J. (1998). Phase equilibrium constraints on the origin of basalts, picrites, and komatiites. Earth-Science Reviews 44, 39-79.
94. Hirschmann,M. M. & Stolper, E. M. (1996). A possible role for garnet pyroxenite in the origin of the 'garnet signature' in MORB. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 124, 185-208.
95. Ionov, D. A. & Wood, B. J. (1992). The oxidation state of subcontinental mantle: oxygen thermobarometry of mantle xenoliths from central Asia. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 111, 179-193.
96. Irving, A. J. (1974). Geochemical and high pressure experimental studies of garnet pyroxenite and pyroxene granulite xenoliths from the Delegate basaltic pipes, Australia. Journal of Petrology 15, 1-40.
97. Ishikawa,T. & Nakamura, E. (1994). Origin of the slab component in arc lavas from across-arc variation of B and Pb isotopes. Nature 370, 205-208.
98. Ishimaru, S., Arai, S. & Shukuno, H. (2009). Metal-saturated peridotite in the mantle wedge inferred from metal-bearing peridotite xenoliths from Avacha volcano, Kamchatka. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 284, 352-360.
99. Jacob, D. E. (2004). Nature and origin of eclogite xenoliths from kimberlites. Lithos 77, 295-316.
100. Jacob, D. E. & Foley, S. F. (1999). Evidence for Archean ocean crust with low high field strength element signature from diamondiferous eclogite xenoliths. Lithos 48, 317-336.
101. Jacob, D. E., Viljoen, K. S., Grassineau, N. & Jagoutz, E. (2000). Remobilization in the cratonic lithosphere recorded in polycrystalline diamond. Science 289, 1182-1185.
102. Jacob, D. E., Kronz, A. & Viljoen, K. S. (2004). Cohenite, native iron and troilite inclusions in garnets from polycrystalline diamond aggregates. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 146, 566-576.
103. Jacob, D. E., Bizimis, M. & Salters,V. J. M. (2005). Lu-Hf and geochemical systematics of recycled ancient oceanic crust: evidence from Roberts Victor eclogites. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 148, 707-720.
104. Janse, A. J. A. & Sheahan, P. A. (1995). Catalog of world wide diamond and kimberlite occurrences-a selective and annotative approach. Journal of Geochemical Exploration 53, 73-111.
105. Jaques, A. L. & Green, D. H. (1980). Anhydrous melting of peridotite at 0-15 kb pressure and the genesis of tholeiitic basalts. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 73, 287-310.
106. Kadik, A. (1988). Effects of melting on the evolution of fluid and redox conditions in the upper mantle. Geochemistry International 25, 76-84.
107. Kadik, A. (1997). Evolution of Earth's redox state during upwelling of carbon-bearing mantle. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors 100, 157-166.
108. Kadik, A. A. (2003). Mantle-derived reduced fluids: Relationship to the chemical differentiation of planetary matter. Geochemistry International 41, 844-855.
109. Kasting, J. F., Eggler, D. H. & Raeburn, S. P. (1993). Mantle redox evolution and the oxidation-state of the Archean atmosphere. Journal of Geology 101, 245-257.
110. Keller, J. (1981). Carbonatitic volcanism in the Kaisertstuhl alkaline complex-evidence for highly fluid carbonatitic melts at the Earth's surface. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 9, 423-431.
111. Keller, R. A.,Taylor, L. A., Snyder, G. A., Sobolev,V. N., Carlson,W. D., Bezborodov, S. M. & Sobolev, N.V. (1999). Detailed pull-apart of a diamondiferous eclogite xenolith: implications for mantle processes during diamond genesis. In: Gurney, J. J., Gurney, J. L., Pascoe, M. D. & Richardson, S. H. (eds) J. B. Dawson Volume. CapeTown: Red Roof Design, pp. 397-402.
112. Kent, R.W., Hardarson, B. S., Saunders, A. D. & Storey, M. (1996). Plateaux ancient and modern: Geochemical and sedimentological perspectives on Archaean oceanic magmatism. Lithos 37, 129-142.
113. Kessel, R., Schmidt, M.W., Ulmer, P. & Pettke,T. (2005).Trace element signature of subduction-zone fluids, melts and supercritical liquids at 120-180 km depth. Nature 437, 724-727.
114. Kinzler, R. J. & Grove, T. L. (1992). Primary magmas of mid-ocean ridge basalts 2. Applications. Journal of Geophysical Research-Solid Earth 97, 6907-6926.
115. 4. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 123, 345-357.
116. Konzett, J., Armstrong, R. A. & Gunther, D. (2000). Modal metasomatism in the Kaapvaal craton lithosphere: constraints on timing and genesis from U-Pb zircon dating of metasomatized peridotites and MARID-type xenoliths. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 139, 704-719.
117. Kump, L. R., Kasting, J. F. & Barley, M. E. (2001). Rise of atmospheric oxygen and the 'upside-down' Archean mantle. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 2, doi:10.1029/2000GC000114.
118. Kushiro, I. (1975). On the nature of silicate melt and its significance in magma genesis; regularities in the shift of the liquidus boundaries involving olivine, pyroxene, and silica minerals. American Journal of Science 275, 411-431.
119. Lazarov, M.,Woodland, A. B. & Brey, G. P. (2009). Thermal state and redox conditions of the Kaapvaal mantle: A study of xenoliths from the Finsch mine, South Africa. Lithos 112, 913-923.
120. Lee, C.T. A. (2006). Geochemical/petrologic constraints on the origin of cratonic mantle. In: Benn, K., Mareschal, J.-C. & Condie, K. C. (eds) Archean Geodynamics and Environments. Washington, DC: American Geophysical Union, pp. 89-114.
121. Lee, C.T. A., Leeman,W. P., Canil, D. & Li, Z. X. A. (2005). Similar V/Sc systematics in MORB and arc basalts: Implications for the oxygen fugacities of their mantle source regions. Journal of Petrology 46, 2313-2336.
122. 2 through time inferred from V/Sc ratios in basalts. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 228, 483-493.
123. Libourel, G., Marty, B. & Humbert, F. (2003). Nitrogen solubility in basaltic melt. Part I. Effect of oxygen fugacity. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 67, 4123-4135.
124. Link, K., Koehn, D., Barth, M. G., Tiberindwa, J., Barifaijo, E., Aanju, K. & Foley, S. F. (2010). Continuous cratonic crust between the Congo and Tanzania Archaean terranes of western Uganda. International Journal of Earth Sciences 99, doi:10.1007/s00531-010-0548-8.
125. Litasov, K. D. & Ohtani, E. (2009a). Phase relations in the peridotite-carbonate-chloride system at 7·0-16·5 GPa and the role of chlorides in the origin of kimberlite and diamond. Chemical Geology 262, 29-41.
126. 2 to the lower mantle depths. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors 177, 46-58.
127. Lloyd, F. E., Arima, M. & Edgar, A. D. (1985). Partial melting of a phlogopite-clinopyroxenite nodule from south-west Uganda: an experimental study bearing on the origin of highly potassic continental rift volcanics. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 91, 321-329.
128. Luhr, J. F. & Aranda-Gomez, J. J. (1997). Mexican peridotite xenoliths and tectonic terranes: Correlations among vent location, texture, temperature, pressure, and oxygen fugacity. Journal of Petrology 38, 1075-1112.
129. Luth, R.,Virgo, D., Boyd, F. & Wood, B. (1990). Ferric iron in mantle derived garnets. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 104, 56-72.
130. Mackwell, S. (2008). Rheological consequences of redox state. In: MacPherson, G. J. (ed.) Oxygen in the Solar System. Mineralogical Society of America and Geochemical Society, Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry 68, 555-569.
131. Malaspina, N., Poli, S. & Fumagalli, P. (2009). The oxidation state of metasomatized mantle wedge: insights from C-O-H-bearing garnet peridotite. Journal of Petrology 50, 1533-1552.
132. Mallmann, G. & O'Neill, H. S. C. (2009). The crystal/melt partitioning of V during mantle melting as a function of oxygen fugacity compared with some other elements (Al, P, Ca, Sc, Ti, Cr, Fe, Ga, Y, Zr and Nb). Journal of Petrology 50, 1765-1794.
133. Martin, H. (1999). Adakitic magmas: modern analogues of Archaean granitoids. Lithos 46, 411-429.
134. Mattioli, G. S. &Wood, B. J. (1986). Upper mantle oxygen fugacity recorded by spinel lherzolites. Nature 322, 626-628.
135. Matveev, S., Ballhaus, C., Fricke, K., Truckenbrodt, J. & Ziegenbein, D. (1997). Volatiles in the Earth's mantle: I. Synthesis of CHO fluids at 1273 K and 2·4 GPa. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 61, 3081-3088.
136. McCammon, C. & Kopylova, M. G. (2004). A redox profile of the Slave mantle and oxygen fugacity control in the cratonic mantle. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 148, 55-68.
137. McCammon, C. A., Griffin, W. L., Shee, S. R. & O'Neill, H. S. C. (2001). Oxidation during metasomatism in ultramafic xenoliths from the Wesselton kimberlite, South Africa: implications for the survival of diamond. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 141, 287-296.
138. McGuire, A.V., Dyar, M. D. & Nielson, J. E. (1991). Metasomatic oxidation of upper mantle peridotite. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 109, 252-264.
139. McInnes, B. I. A., Gregoire, M., Binns, R. A., Herzig, P. M. & Hannington, M. D. (2001). Hydrous metasomatism of oceanic sub-arc mantle, Lihir, Papua New Guinea: petrology and geochemistry of fluid-metasomatised mantle wedge xenoliths. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 188, 169-183.
140. McKenzie, D. & Bickle, M. J. (1988). The volume and composition of melt generated by extension of the lithosphere. Journal of Petrology 29, 625-679.
141. 2O system. Journal of Geophysical Research-Solid Earth 112, doi:10.1029/2005JB004125.
142. Millhollen, G. L., Irving, A. J. & Wyllie, P. J. (1974). Melting interval of peridotite with 5·7 per cent water to 30 kilobars. Journal of Geology 82, 575-587.
143. 2 system. Journal of Petrology 39, 1943-1951.
144. Mysen, B. O. (1987). Magmatic silicate melts: relations between bulk composition, structure and properties. In: Mysen, B. O. (ed.) Magmatic Processes: Physicochemical Principles. Washington, DC: Geochemical Society, pp. 375-399.
145. Mysen, B. O., Virgo, D. & Seifert, F. A. (1982). The structure of silicate melts; implications for chemical and physical properties of natural magma. Reviews of Geophysics and Space Physics 20, 353-383.
146. Mysen, B. O.,Yamashita, S. & Chertkova, N. (2008). Solubility and solution mechanisms of NOH volatiles in silicate melts at high pressure and temperature-amine groups and hydrogen fugacity. American Mineralogist 93, 1770.
147. Mysen, B. O., Fogel, M. L., Morrill, P. L. & Cody, G. D. (2009). Solution behavior of reduced C-O-H volatiles in silicate melts at high pressure and temperature. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 73, 1696-1710.
148. Nasir, S. (1996). Oxygen thermobarometry of the Semail harzburgite massif, Oman and United Arab Emirates. European Journal of Mineralogy 8, 153-163.
149. Nasir, S., Al-Sayigh, A., Alharthy, A. & Al-Lazki, A. (2006). Geochemistry and petrology of Tertiary volcanic rocks and related ultramafic xenoliths from the central and eastern Oman Mountains. Lithos 90, 249-270.
150. Nasir, S., Everard, J. L., McClenaghan, M. P., Bombardieri, D. & Worthing, M. A. (2010). The petrology of high pressure xenoliths and associated Cenozoic basalts from northeastern Tasmania. Lithos 118, 35-49.
151. Neal, C. R., Mahoney, J. J., Kroenke, L. W., Duncan, R. A. & Petterson, M. G. (1997). The Ontong-Java Plateau. In: Mahoney, J. J. & Coffin, M. F. (eds) Large Igneous Provinces. continental, oceanic, and planetary flood volcanism. AGU, Washington: Geophysical Monograph, pp. 183-216.
152. Nisbet, E. G. & Fowler, C. M. R. (1983). Model for Archean plate tectonics. Geology 11, 376-379.
153. Nisbet, E. G., Cheadle, M. J., Arndt, N. T. & Bickle, M. J. (1993). Constraining the potential temperature of the Archean mantle: a review of the evidence from komatiites. Lithos 30, 291-307.
154. Olafsson, M. & Eggler, D. H. (1983). Phase relations of amphibole, amphibole-carbonate, and phlogopite-carbonate peridotite: petrologic constraints on the asthenosphere. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 64, 305-315.
155. O'Neill, H. S. C. & Wall, V. J. (1987). The olivine-orthopyroxene-spinel oxygen geobarometer, the nickel precipitation curve, and the oxygen fugacity of the Earth's upper mantle. Journal of Petrology 28, 1169-1191.
156. 2 greenhouse to compensate for reduced solar luminosity on early Earth. Nature 277, 640-642.
157. Pal'yanov, Y. N., Sokol, A. G., Tomilenko, A. A. & Sobolev, N. V. (2005). Conditions of diamond formation through carbonate-silicate interaction. European Journal of Mineralogy 17, 207-214.
158. Parkinson, I. J. & Arculus, R. J. (1999). The redox state of subduction zones: insights from arc-peridotites. Chemical Geology 160, 409-423.
159. Parkinson, I. J., Arculus, R. J. & Eggins, S.M. (2003). Peridotite xenoliths from Grenada, Lesser Antilles Island Arc. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 146, 241-262.
160. Pavlov, A. A. & Kasting, J. F. (2002). Mass-independent fractionation of sulfur isotopes in Archean sediments: Strong evidence for an anoxic Archean atmosphere. Astrobiology 2, 27-41.
161. Pearson, D. G. (1999). The age of continental roots. Lithos 48, 171-194.
162. Pertermann, M. & Hirschmann, M. M. (2003). Partial melting experiments on a MORB-like pyroxenite between 2 and 3GPa: Constraints on the presence of pyroxenite in basalt source regions from solidus location and melting rate. Journal of Geophysical Research-Solid Earth 108, doi:10.1029/2000JB000118.
163. Plank, T., Cooper, L. B. & Manning, C. E. (2009). Emerging geothermometers for estimating slab surface temperatures. Nature Geoscience 2, 611-615.
164. Platz, T., Foley, S. F. & André, L. (2004). Complex evolution of the Nyiragongo volcanics, Virunga Province. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 136, 269-295.
165. 2O transport and release in subduction zones-experimental constraints on basaltic and andesitic systems. Journal of Geophysical Research-Solid Earth 100, 22299-22314.
166. Poli, S., Franzolin, E., Fumagalli, P. & Crottini, A. (2009). The transport of carbon and hydrogen in subducted oceanic crust: An experimental study to 5 GPa. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 278, 350-360.
167. Prelevic, D., Foley, S. F., Romer, R. & Conticelli, S. (2008). Mediterranean Tertiary lamproites derived from multiple source components in postcollisional geodynamics. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 72, 2125-2156.
168. Qi, Q.,Taylor, L. A. & Zhou, X. M. (1995). Petrology and geochemistry of mantle peridotite xenoliths from SE China. Journal of Petrology 36, 55-79.
169. Rapp, R. P., Watson, E. B. & Miller, C. F. (1991). Partial melting of amphbiolite and eclogite and the origin of Archean trondhjemites and tonalites. Precambrian Research 51, 1-25.
170. Rehfeldt, T., Foley, S. F., Jacob, D. E., Carlson, R. W. & Lowry, D. (2008). Contrasting types of metasomatism in dunite, wehrlite and websterite xenoliths from Kimberley, South Africa. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 72, 5722-5756.
171. Richardson, S. H., Harris, J.W. & Gurney, J. J. (1993). 3 generations of diamonds from old continental mantle. Nature 366, 256-258.
172. Ringwood, A. E. (1982). Phase transformations and differentiation in subducted lithosphere-implications for mantle dynamics, basalt petrogenesis, and crustal evolution. Journal of Geology 90, 611-643.
173. Rogers, N.W., James, D., Kelley, S. P. & De Mulder, M. (1998). The generation of potassic lavas from the eastern Virunga province, Rwanda. Journal of Petrology 39, 1223-1247.
174. Rohrbach, A., Ballhaus, C., Golla-Schindler, U., Ulmer, P., Kamenetsky,V. S. & Kuzmin, D.V. (2007). Metal saturation in the upper mantle. Nature 449, 456-458.
175. Rosenthal, A., Foley, S. F., Pearson, D. G., Nowell, G. M. & Tappe, S. (2009). Magmatic evolution at the propagating tip of a continental rift-a geochemical study of primitive alkaline volcanic rocks of the western branch of the East African Rift. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 284, 236-248.
176. Rudnick, R., McDonough, W. & Orpin, A. (1994). Northern Tanzanian peridotite xenoliths: a comparison with Kaapvaal peridotites and inferences on metasomatic interactions. In: Meyer, H. O. A. & Leonardos, O. H. (eds) Kimberlites, Related Rocks and Mantle Xenoliths. Brasilia: CPRM, pp. 336-353.
177. Rye, R., Kuo, P. H. & Holland, H. D. (1995). Atmospheric carbondioxide concentrations before 2.2 billion years ago. Nature 378, 603-605.
178. Schidlowski, M. (1981). Uraniferous constituents of theWitwatersrand Conglomerates: ore-microscopic observations and implications for theWitwatersrand metallogeny. In: US Geological Survey, Professional Papers 1161, N1-N29.
179. Schleicher, H., Keller, J. & Kramm, U. (1990). Isotope studies on alkaline volcanics and carbonatites from the Kaiserstuhl, Federal Republic of Germany. Lithos 26, 21-35.
180. Schmidt, M.W. & Poli, S. (1998). Experimentally based water budgets for dehydrating slabs and consequences for arc magma generation. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 163, 361-379.
181. Shankland, T. J. & Waff, H. S. (1977). Partial melting and electrical conductivity anomalies in the upper mantle. Journal of Geophysical Research-Solid Earth 82, 5409-5417.
182. 2 levels. Precambrian Research 147, 148-155.
183. Shimizu, N. & Sobolev, N. (1995). Young peridotitic diamonds from the Mir kimberlite pipe. Nature 375, 394-397.
184. Simon, N. S. C., Carlson, R. W., Pearson, D. G. & Davies, G. R. (2007). The origin and evolution of the Kaapvaal cratonic lithospheric mantle. Journal of Petrology 48, 589-625.
185. 2-rich fluids from serpentinization: Geochemical and biotic implications. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 101, 12818-12823.
186. Smart, K. A., Heaman, L. M., Chacko, T., Simonetti, A., Kopylova, M., Mah, D. & Daniels, D. (2009). The origin of high-MgO diamond eclogites from the Jericho Kimberlite, Canada. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 284, 527-537.
187. Sobolev, A. V., Hofmann, A. W., Sobolev, S. V. & Nikogosian, I. K. (2005). An olivine-free mantle source of Hawaiian shield basalts. Nature 434, 590-597.
188. Sobolev, A. V., Hofmann, A. W., Kuzmin, D. V., Yaxley, G. M., Arndt, N. T., Chung, S. L., Danyushevsky, L. V., Elliott, T., Frey, F. A., Garcia, M. O., Gurenko, A. A., Kamenetsky, V. S., Kerr, A. C., Krivolutskaya, N. A., Matvienkov, V. V., Nikogosian, I. K., Rocholl, A., Sigurdsson, I. A., Sushchevskaya, N. M. & Teklay, M. (2007). The amount of recycled crust in sources of mantle-derived melts. Science 316, 412-417.
189. 4 inclusions in orogenic harzburgite: Evidence for reduced slab fluids and implication for redox melting in mantle wedge. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 73, 1737-1754.
190. Stachel, T. & Harris, J.W. (2008). The origin of cratonic diamonds-Constraints from mineral inclusions. Ore Geology Reviews 34, 5-32.
191. Stalder, R., Foley, S. F., Brey, G. P. & Horn, I. (1998). Mineral aqueous fluid partitioning of trace elements at 900-1200°C and 3·0-5·7GPa: New experimental data for garnet, clinopyroxene, and rutile, and implications for mantle metasomatism. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 62, 1781-1801.
192. 2O under upper mantle conditions. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 140, 607-618.
193. Stevenson, D. J. (2001). Mars' core and magnetism. Nature 412, 214-219.
194. Stolper, E. (1982). Water in silicate glasses; an infrared spectroscopic study. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 81, 1-17.
195. Sweeney, R. J. (1994). Carbonatite melt compositions in the Earth's mantle. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 128, 259-270.
196. Takahashi, E. (1986). Melting of a dry peridotite KLB-1 up to 14GPa: Implications on the origin of peridotitic upper mantle. Journal of Geophysical Research-Solid Earth 91, 9367-9382.
197. Tappe, S., Foley, S. F., Jenner, G. A., Heaman, L. M., Kjarsgaard, B. A., Romer, R. L., Stracke, A., Joyce, N. & Hoefs, J. (2006). Genesis of ultramafic lamprophyres and carbonatites at Aillik Bay, Labrador: A consequence of incipient lithospheric thinning beneath the North Atlantic craton. Journal of Petrology 47, 1261-1315.
198. 39Ar age and Sr-Nd-Hf-Pb isotope constraints from alkaline and carbonatite intrusives. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 256, 433-454.
199. Tappe, S., Foley, S. F., Kjarsgaard, B. A., Romer, R. L., Heaman, L. M., Stracke, A. & Jenner, G. A. (2008). Between carbonatite and lamproite-diamondiferous Torngat ultramafic lamprophyres fromed by fluid-fluxed melting of cratonic MARID-type metasomes. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 72, 3258-3286.
200. Taylor, S. R. &McLennan, S.M. (1995).The geochemical evolution of the continental crust. Reviews of Geophysics 33, 241-265.
201. Taylor, W. R. (1985). The role of C-O-H fluids in upper mantle processes-a theroetical, experimental and spectroscopic study, PhD thesis, University of Tasmania, Hobart.
202. Taylor,W. R. & Green, D. H. (1987). The petrogenetic role of methane: effect on liquidus phase relations and the solubility mechanism of reduced C-H volatiles. In: Mysen, B. O. (ed.) Magmatic Processes: Physicochemical Principles. Washington, DC: Geochemical Society, pp. 121-138.
203. Taylor,W. R. & Green, D. H. (1988). Measurement of reduced peridotite-C-O-H solidus and implications for redox melting of the mantle. Nature 332, 349-352.
204. Thibault,Y., Edgar, A. D. & Lloyd, F. E. (1992). Experimental investigation of melts from a carbonated phlogopite lherzolite: implications for metasomatism in the continental lithosphere. American Mineralogist 77, 784-794.
205. Thompson, A. B. (1992).Water in the Earth's upper mantle. Nature 358, 295-302.
206. Tilton, G. R. & Bell, K. (1994). Sr-Nd-Pb isotope relationships in late Archean carbonatites and alkaline complexes-applications to the geochemical evolution of Archean mantle. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 58, 3145-3154.
207. Ulmer, G. C., Grandstaff, D. E., Woermann, E., Gobbels, M., Schonitz, M. &Woodland, A. B. (1998). The redox stability of moissanite (SiC) compared with metal-metal oxide buffers at 1773 K and at pressures up to 90 kbar. Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie, Abhandlungen 172, 279-307.
208. Ulmer, P. & Trommsdorff, V. (1995). Serpentine stability to mantle depths and subduction-related magmatism. Science 268, 858-861.
209. Villeneuve, M. E. & Relf, C. (1998). Tectonic setting of 2·6 Ga carbonatites in the Slave Province, NW Canada. Journal of Petrology 39, 1975-1986.
210. Wadhwa, M. (2008). Redox conditions on small bodies, theMoon and Mars. In: MacPherson, G. J. (ed.) Oxygen in the Solar System. Mineralogical Society of America and Geochemical Society, Reviews of Mineralogy and Geochemistry 68, 493-510.
211. Wallace, M. E. & Green, D. H. (1988). An experimental determination of primary carbonatite magma composition. Nature 335, 343-346.
212. Wang, J., Hattori, K. H., Li, J. P. & Stern, C. R. (2008). Oxidation state of Paleozoic subcontinental lithospheric mantle below the Pali Aike volcanic field in southernmost Patagonia. Lithos 105, 98-110.
213. 2 by slab-melt. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 153, 607-624.
214. White, R. S., McKenzie, D. & O'Nions, R. K. (1992). Oceanic crustal thickness from seismic measurements and rare-earth element inversions. Journal of Geophysical Research 97, 19683-19715.
215. Woermann, E. & Rosenhauer, M. (1985). Fluid phases and the redox state of the Earth's mantle-extrapolations based on experimental, phase-theoretical and petrological data. Fortschritte der Mineralogie 63, 263-349.
216. Wood, B. J. (1991). Oxygen barometry of spinel peridotites. In: Lindsley, D. H. (ed.) Oxide Minerals. Mineralogical Society of America, Reviews in Mineralogy 25, 417-431.
217. Wood, B. J. (1993). Carbon in the core. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 117, 593-607.
218. 57Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy and resultant oxygen fugacities. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 53, 1277-1291.
219. Woodland, A. B. & Koch, M. (2003). Variation in oxygen fugacity with depth in the upper mantle beneath the Kaapvaal craton, Southern Africa. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 214, 295-310.
220. Woodland, A. B. & Peltonen, P. (1999). Ferric iron contents of garnet and clinopyroxene and estimated oxygen fugacities of peridotie xenoliths from the eastern Finland kimberlite province. In: Gurney, J. J., Gurney, J. L., Pascoe, M. D. & Richardson, S. H. (eds) P. H. NixonVolume. CapeTown: Red Roof Design, pp. 904-911.
221. Woodland, A. B., Kornprobst, J. & Wood, B. J. (1992). Oxygen thermobarometry of orogenic lherzolite massifs. Journal of Petrology 33, 203-230.
222. Woodland, A. B., Kornprobst, J., McPherson, E., Bodinier, J. L. & Menzies, M. A. (1996). Metasomatic interactions in the lithospheric mantle: Petrologic evidence from the Lherz massif, French Pyrenees. Chemical Geology 134, 83-112.
223. Woodland, A. B., Kornprobst, J. & Tabit, A. (2006). Ferric iron in orogenic lherzolite massifs and controls of oxygen fugacity in the upper mantle. Lithos 89, 222-241.
224. 2O by carbonates, amphibole, and phlogopite. Journal of Geology 86, 687-713.
225. Wyllie, P. J. (1980). The origin of kimberlite. Journal of Geophysical Research 85, 6902-6910.
226. Wyllie, P. J. (1988). Magma genesis, plate tectonics, and chemical differentiation of the Earth. Reviews of Geophysics 26, 370-404.
227. 2 solubilities in mantle magmas. Geology 4, 21-24.
228. Xu, Y. G. (2001). Thermo-tectonic destruction of the Archaean lithospheric keel beneath the Sino-Korean Craton in China: Evidence, timing and mechanism. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth Part A-Solid Earth and Geodesy 26, 747-757.
229. Yaxley, G. M. & Brey, G. P. (2004). Phase relations of carbonate-bearing eclogite assemblages from 2·5 to 5·5 GPa: implications for petrogenesis of carbonatites. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 146, 606-619.
230. Yaxley, G. M. & Green, D. H. (1994). Experimental demonstration of refractory carbonate-bearing eclogite and siliceous melt in the subduction regime. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 128, 313-325.