Erosion of lithospheric mantle beneath the East African Rift system: Geochemical evidence from the Kivu volcanic province

Lithos

Volumn 48, Issue 1-4, 1999, Pages 237-262

  Furman, Tanya ^a   Graham, David ^b  

^a PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b OREGON STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Basalt geochemistry; Continental rifting; East African Rift system; Kivu volcanic province; Lithospheric mantle

Indexed keywords

BASALT; GEOCHEMISTRY; LITHOSPHERE; MANTLE; RIFTING;

AFRICA;

EID: 0033402418     PISSN: 00244937     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0024-4937(99)00031-6     Document Type: Article

References (74)

1. Adam, J.D., Green, T.H., Sie, S.H., 1993. Proton microprobe determined partitioning of Rb, Sr, Ba, Y, Zr, Nb and Ta between experimentally produced amphiboles and silicate melts with variable F content. Chem. Geol. 109, 29-49.
2. Auchapt, A., Dupuy, C., Dostal, J., Kanika, M., 1987. Geochemistry and petrogenesis of rift-related volcanic rocks from South Kivu (Zaire). J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 31, 33-46.
3. Baker, B.H., Williams, L.A.J., Miller, J.A., Fitch, F.J., 1971. Sequence and geochronology of the Kenya Rift volcanics. Tectonophysics 11, 191-215.
4. Baker, B.H., Goles, G.G., Leeman, W.P., Linstrom, M.M., 1977. Geochemistry and petrogenesis of a basalt-benmoreite-trachyte suite from the southern part of the Gregory Rift, Kenya. Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 64, 303-332.
5. Bell, K., Blenkinsop, J., 1987. Nd and Sr isotopic compositions of East African carbonatites: implications for mantle heterogeneity. Geology 15, 99-102.
6. Bell, K., Doyle, R.J., 1971. K-Rb relationships in some continental alkaline rocks associated with the East African Rift valley system. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 35, 903-915.
7. Bell, K., Powell, J.L., 1969. Strontium isotopic studies of alkalic rocks: the potassium-rich lavas of Birunga and Toro-Ankole regions, east and central equatorial Africa. J. Petrol. 10, 536-572.
8. Bell, K., Simonetti, A., 1996. Carbonatite magmatism and plume activity: implications from the Nd, Pb and Sr isotope systematics of Oldoinyo Lengai. J. Petrol. 37, 1321-1339.
9. Bellon, H., Pouclet, A., 1980. Datations K-Ar de quelques laves du Rift-ouest de l'Afrique Centrale: implications sur l'évolution magmatique et structurale. Geologische Rundschau 69, 49-62.
10. Boynton, W.V., 1983. Cosmochemistry of the rare earth elements: meteorite studies. In: Henderson, P. (Ed.), Rare Earth Element Geochemistry. Elsevier, New York, pp. 63-114.
11. Class, C., Goldstein, S.L., 1997. Plume-lithosphere interactions in the ocean basins: constraints from the source mineralogy. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 150, 245-260.
12. Class, C., Altherr, R., Volker, F., Eberz, G., McCulloch, M.T., 1994. Geochemistry of Pliocene to Quaternary alkali basalts from the Huri Hills, northern Kenya. Chem. Geol. 113, 1-22.
13. Cohen, R.S., O'Nions, R.K., Dawson, J.B., 1984. Isotope geochemistry of xenoliths from East Africa: implications for development of mantle reservoirs and their interaction. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 68, 209-220.
14. Davies, G.R., Lloyd, F.E., 1989. Pb-Sr-Nd isotope and trace element data bearing on the origin of the potassic subcontinental lithosphere beneath south-west Uganda, Kimberlites and Related Rocks. Geol. Soc. Aust. Spec. Publ., Vol. 14. Blackwell, Perth, pp. 784-794.
15. Davies, G.R., Macdonald, R., 1987. Crustal influences in the petrogenesis of the Naivasha basalt-comendite complex: combined trace element and Sr-Nd-Pb isotope constraints. J. Petrol. 28, 1009-1031.
16. Dawson, J.B., 1994. Quaternary kimberlitic volcanism on the Tanzanian craton. Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 116, 473-485.
17. Dawson, J.B., Smith, J.V., 1988. Metasomatised and veined upper-mantle xenoliths from Pello Hill, Tanzania: evidence for anomalously light mantle beneath the Tanzanian sector of the East African Rift valley. Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 100, 510-527.
18. Dawson, J.B., Smith, J.V., 1992. Olivine-mica pyroxenite xenoliths from northern Tanzania: metasomatic products of upper-mantle peridotite. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 50, 131-142.
19. De Mulder, M., Hertogen, J., Deutsch, S., André, L., 1986. The role of crustal contamination in the potassic suite of the Karisimbi volcano (Virunga African Rift Valley). Chem. Geol. 57, 117-136.
20. Dupuy, C., Liotard, J.M., Dostal, J., 1992. Zr/Hf fractionation in intraplate basaltic rocks: carbonate metasomatism in the mantle source. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 56, 2417-2424.
21. Ebinger, C.J., 1989a. Geometric and kinematic development of border faults and accommodation zones, Kivu-Rusizi Rift, Africa. Tectonics 8, 117-133.
22. Ebinger, C.J., 1989b. Tectonic development of the western branch of the East African Rift system. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 101, 885-903.
23. Ebinger, C.J., Bechtel, T.D., Forsyth, D.W., Bowin, C.O., 1989. Effective elastic plate thickness beneath the East African and Afar Plateaus and dynamic compensation of the uplifts. J. Geophys. Res. 94, 2883-2901.
24. Furman, T., 1995. Melting of metasomatized subcontinental lithosphere: undersaturated mafic lavas from Rungwe, Tanzania. Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 122, 97-115.
25. Furman, T., Graham, D., 1994. Chemical and isotopic variations in volcanic rocks from the Rungwe Province: constraints on the development and scales of source heterogeneity beneath the African Western Rift. Mineral. Mag. 58A, 297-298, V.M. Goldschmidt Conference.
26. Graham, D.W., Humphris, S.E., Jenkins, W.J., Kurz, M.D., 1992. Helium isotope geochemistry of some volcanic rocks from Saint Helena. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 110, 121-131.
27. Graham, D.W., Furman, T.H., Ebinger, C.J., Rogers, N.W., Lupton, J.E., 1995. Helium, lead, strontium and neodymium isotope variations in mafic volcanic rocks from the western branch of the East African Rift system. EOS 76, F686.
28. Graham, D.W., Furman, T.H., Ebinger, C.J., Rogers, N.W., Lupton, J.E., in preparation. Isotope variations in mafic volcanic rocks from the western branch of the East African Rift system: probes of the subcontinental lithospheric mantle.
29. Griffiths, R.W., Campbell, I.H., 1991. Interaction of mantle plume heads with the Earth's surface and onset of small-scale convection. J. Geophys. Res. 96, 18295-18310.
30. Harkin, D.A., 1960. The Rungwe volcanics at the northern end of Lake Nyasa. Geol. Survey Tanganyika Mem. II.
31. Harry, D.L., Leeman, W.P., 1995. Partial melting of melt-metasomatized subcontinental mantle and the magma source potential of the lower lithosphere. J. Geophys. Res. 100, 10255-10269.
32. Hawkesworth, C.J., Kempton, P.D., Rogers, N.W., Ellam, R.M., van Calsteren, P.W., 1990. Continental mantle lithosphere, and shallow level enrichment processes in the Earth's mantle. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 96, 256-268.
33. Hendrie, D.B., Kusznir, N.J., Morley, C.K., Ebinger, C.J., 1994. Cenozoic extension in northern Kenya: a quantitative model of rift basin development in the Turkana region. Tectonophysics 236, 409-438.
34. Henjes-Kunst, F., Altherr, R., 1992. Metamorphic petrology of xenoliths from Kenya and northern Tanzania and implications for geotherms and lithospheric structures. J. Petrol. 33, 1125-1156.
35. Hoernle, K., 1990. The major element, trace element and Sr-Nd-Pb isotopic evolution of Gran Canaria (Canary Islands) magma sources over the past 15 Myr: inferences on the geochemical and structural evolution of the mantle. PhD dissertation, UCSB, 140 pp.
36. Holmes, A., 1940. Basaltic lavas of South Kivu, Belgian Congo. Geol. Mag. 77, 89-101.
37. Holmes, A., 1950. Petrogenesis of katungite and its associates. Am. Mineral. 35, 772-792.
38. Holmes, A., Harwood, H.F., 1937. The petrology of the volcanic area of Bufumbira. Mem. Geol. Surv. Uganda 3, 1-300, Part II.
39. Ionov, D.A., Griffin, W.L., O'Reilly, S.Y., 1997. Volatile-bearing minerals and lithophile trace elements in the upper mantle. Chem. Geol. 141, 153-184.
40. Ionov, D.A., Grégoire, M., Prikhod'ko, V.S., 1999. Feldspar-Tioxide metasomatism in off-cratonic continental and oceanic upper mantle. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 165, 37-44.
41. Kalt, A., Hegner, F., Satir, M., 1997. Nd, Sr and Pb isotopic evidence for diverse lithospheric mantle sources of East African Rift carbonatites. Tectonophysics 278, 31-45.
42. Kampunzu, A.B., Mohr, P., 1991. Magmatic evolution and petrogenesis in the East African Rift system. In: Kampunzu, A.B., Lubala, R.T. (Eds.), Magmatism in Extensional Structural Settings: the Phanerozoic African Plate. Springer, Berlin, pp. 85-136.
43. Kampunzu, A.B., Caron, J.-P., Lubala, R.T., 1986. The East African Rift, magma genesis and athenolithospheric dynamics. Episodes 9, 211-216.
44. KRISP Working Group, 1987. Structure of the Kenya rift from seismic refraction. Nature 325, 239-242.
45. KRISP Working Group, 1991. Large-scale variation in lithospheric structure along and across the Kenya rift. Nature 354, 223-227.
46. Latin, D., Norry, M.J., Tarzey, R.J.E., 1993. Magmatism in the Gregory Rift, East Africa: evidence for melt generation by a plume. J. Petrol. 34, 1007-1027.
47. LaTourette, T., Hervig, R.L., Holloway, J.R., 1995. Trace element partitioning between amphibole, phlogopite, and basanite melt. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 135, 13-30.
48. Lloyd, F.E., Bailey, D.K., 1975. Light element metasomatism of the continental mantle: the evidence and the consequences. Phys. Chem. Earth 9, 389-416.
49. Lloyd, F.E., Huntingdon, A.T., Davies, G.R., Nixon, P.H., 1991. Phanerozoic volcanism of southwest Uganda: a case for regional K and LILE enrichment of the lithosphere beneath a domed and rifted continental plate. In: Kampunzu, A.B., Lubala, R.T. (Eds.), Magmatism in Extensional Structural Settings: the Phanerozoic African Plate. Springer, Berlin, pp. 23-72.
50. Marcelot, G., Dupuy, C., Dostal, J., Rancon, J.P., Pouclet, A., 1989. Geochemistry of mafic volcanic rocks from the Lake Kivu (Zaire and Rwanda) section of the western branch of the African Rift. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 39, 73-88.
51. McDonough, W.F., 1990. Constraints on the composition of the continental lithospheric mantle. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 101, 1-18.
52. McKenzie, D., O'Nions, R.K., 1995. The source regions of ocean island basalts. J. Petrol. 36, 133-159.
53. Menzies, M.A., Murthy, V.R., 1980. Enriched mantle: Nd and Sr isotopes in diopsides from kimberlite nodules. Nature 283, 634-636.
54. Mitchell, R.H., Bell, K., 1976. Rare earth element geochemistry of potassic lavas from the Birunga and Toro-Ankole regions of Uganda, Africa. Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 58, 293.
55. Nelson, D.R., Chivas, A.R., Chappell, B.W., McCulloch, M.T., 1988. Geochemical and isotopic systematics in carbonatites and implications for the evolution of ocean-island sources. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 52, 1-17.
56. Norry, M.J., Truckle, P.M., Lippard, S.J., Hawkesworth, C.J., Weaver, S.D., Marriner, G.F., 1980. Isotopic and trace element evidence from lavas, bearing on mantle heterogeneity beneath Kenya. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London, Ser. A 297, 259-271.
57. Olafsson, M., Eggler, D.H., 1983. Phase relations of amphibole, amphibole-carbonate and phlogopite-carbonate peridotite: petrologic constraints on the asthenosphere. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 64, 305-315.
58. Paslick, C., Halliday, A., James, D., Dawson, J.B., 1995. Enrichment of the continental lithosphere by OIB melts: isotopic evidence from the volcanic province of northern Tanzania. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 130, 109-126.
59. Pasteels, P., Villeneuve, M., De Paepe, P., Klerkx, J., 1989. Timing of the volcanism of the southern Kivu province: implications for the evolution of the western branch of the East African Rift system. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 94, 353-363.
60. Rogers, N.W., De Mulder, M., Hawkesworth, C.J., 1992. An enriched mantle source for potassic basanites: evidence from Karisimbi volcano, Virunga volcanic province, Rwanda. Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 111, 543-556.
61. Rogers, N.W., James, D., Kelley, S.P., DeMulder, M., 1998. The generation of potassic lavas from the eastern Virunga province, Rwanda. J. Petrol, (in press).
62. Rudnick, R.L., McDonough, W.F., Chappell, B.W., 1993. Carbonatite metasomatism in the northern Tanzanian mantle: petrographic and geochemical characteristics. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 114, 463-475.
63. Sato, K., Katsura, T., Ito, E., 1997. Phase relations of natural phlogopite with and without enstatite up to 8 GPa: implications for mantle metasomatism. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 146, 511-526.
64. Simiyu, S.M., Keller, G.R., 1997. An integrated analysis of lithospheric structure across the East African plateau based on gravity anomalies and recent seismic studies. Tectonophysics 278, 291-313.
65. Sun, S.-S., McDonough, W.F., 1989. Chemical and isotopic systematics of oceanic basalts: implications for mantle composition and processes. In: Saunders, A.D., Norry, M.J. (Eds.), Magmatism in the Ocean Basins. Geol. Soc. Lond., pp. 313-345.
66. Upcott, N.M., Mukasa, R.K., Ebinger, C.J., Karner, G.D., 1996. Along-axis segmentation and isostasy in the Western rift, East Africa. J. Geophys. Res. 101, 3247-3268.
67. Vollmer, R., Norry, M.J., 1983. Unusual isotopic variations in Nyiragongo nephelinites. Nature 301, 141-143.
68. Vollmer, R., Nixon, P.H., Condliffe, E., 1985. Petrology and geochemistry of a U and Th enriched nephelinite from Mt. Nyiragongo, Zaire: its bearing on ancient mantle metasomatism. Bull. Geol. Soc. Finland 57, 37-46.
69. Wallace, M.E., Green, D.H., 1988. An experimental determination of primary carbonatite composition. Nature 335, 343-345.
70. Weaver, B.L., 1991. The origin of ocean island basalt endmember compositions: trace element and isotopic constraints. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 104, 381-397.
71. White, R.S., McKenzie, D., 1989. Magmatism at rift zones: the generation of volcanic continental margins and flood basalts. J. Geophys. Res. 94, 7685-7729.
72. Williams, L.A.J., 1972. The Kenya Rift volcanics: a note on volumes and chemical composition. Tectonophysics 15, 83-96.
73. Williams, R.W., Gill, J.B., 1992. Th isotope and U-series disequilibria in some alkali basalts. Geophys. Res. Lett. 19 (2), 139-142.
74. Zindler, A., Hart, S.R., 1986. Chemical geodynamics. Ann. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 14, 493-571.