Phaeochromocytoma: A catecholamine and oxidative stress disorder

Endocrine Regulations

Volumn 45, Issue 2, 2011, Pages 65-90

  Pacak, K ^a  

^a EUNICE KENNEDY SHRIVER NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF CHILD HEALTH AND HUMAN DEVELOPMENT   (United States)

Author keywords

Catecholamines; Glycolysis; Metanephrines; Mitochondria; Oxidative phosphorylation; Paraganglioma; Phaeochromocytoma

Indexed keywords

ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE; ADRENALIN; ALPHA 1 ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR; ALPHA 1 ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; ALPRENOLOL; AMINE OXIDASE (FLAVIN CONTAINING); ARYL SULFOTRANSFERASE; BETA 1 ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR; BETA 2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR; CATECHOL METHYLTRANSFERASE; CATECHOLAMINE; CLONIDINE; DNA; DOPA; GLUCOSE TRANSPORTER 4; GUANABENZ; METADRENALIN; METHYLDOPA; NADOLOL; NORMETADRENALIN; PHENYLETHANOLAMINE N METHYLTRANSFERASE; PROPRANOLOL; PROTEIN KINASE; REDUCED NICOTINAMIDE ADENINE DINUCLEOTIDE; REDUCED NICOTINAMIDE ADENINE DINUCLEOTIDE DEHYDROGENASE (UBIQUINONE); SUCCINATE DEHYDROGENASE; TIMOLOL; TYROSINE 3 MONOOXYGENASE; UNINDEXED DRUG; VANILMANDELIC ACID;

ANAEROBIC GLYCOLYSIS; ARTICLE; BIOINFORMATICS; CARCINOGENESIS; CATECHOLAMINE METABOLISM; CATECHOLAMINE SYNTHESIS; CELL CYCLE REGULATION; CELL HYPOXIA; CELL PROLIFERATION; GENETIC ASSOCIATION; GENETIC SCREENING; HUMAN; HYPOXIA; MICROARRAY ANALYSIS; NONHUMAN; OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PARAGANGLIOMA; PHENOTYPE; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY; PROTEIN DEGRADATION; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; PROTEIN MICROARRAY; PROTEOMICS; TRANSCRIPTOMICS;

ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE; ADRENAL GLAND NEOPLASMS; CATECHOLAMINES; HUMANS; METANEPHRINE; MULTIPLE ENDOCRINE NEOPLASIA TYPE 2A; MUTATION; NEUROFIBROMATOSIS 1; NORMETANEPHRINE; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PARAGANGLIOMA; PARAGANGLIOMA, EXTRA-ADRENAL; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; RECEPTORS, ADRENERGIC; SUCCINATE DEHYDROGENASE; VON HIPPEL-LINDAU DISEASE;

EID: 79961046323     PISSN: 12100668     EISSN: 13360329     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.4149/endo_2011_02_65     Document Type: Article

References (178)

1. Ahlquist RP: A study of the adrenotropic receptors. Am J Physiol 153, 586- 600, 1948.
2. Alcarraz-Vizan G, Boren J, Lee WN, Cascante M: Histone deacetylase inhibition results in a common metabolic profile associated with HT29 differentiation. Metabolomics 6, 229-237, 2010. doi:10.1007/s11306-009-0192-0
3. Allibhai Z, Rodrigues G, Brecevic E, Neumann HP, Winquist E: Malignant pheochromocytoma associated with germline mutation of the SDHB gene. J Urol 172, 1409-1410, 2004. doi:10.1097/01.ju.0000137892.89141.6a
4. Amar L, Bertherat J, Baudin E, Ajzenberg C, et al.: Genetic testing in pheochromocytoma or functional paraganglioma. J Clin Oncol 23, 8812-8818, 2005. doi:10.1200/JCO.2005.03.1484
5. Anderson GH, Jr., Blakeman N, Streeten DH: The effect of age on prevalence of secondary forms of hypertension in 4429 consecutively referred patients. J Hypertens 12, 609-615, 1994. doi:10.1097/00004872-199405000-00015
6. Anton AH, Greer M, Sayre DF, Williams CM: Dihydroxyphenylalanine secretion in a malignant pheochromocytoma. Am J Med 42, 469-475, 1967. doi:10.1016/0002-9343(67)90275-6
7. Arch JR: The beta 3-adrenergic system and beta 3-adrenergic agonists. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2, 385-393, 2001. doi:10.1023/A:1011852500209
8. Arias-Stella J, Valcarcel J: The human carotid body at high altitudes. Pathol Microbiol (Basel) 39, 292-297, 1973.
9. Arias-Stella J: The carotid body at high altitude. Meet Am Ass Pathol Bact Abstract 150, 1969.
10. Arias-Stella J, Bustos F: Chronic hypoxia and chemodectomas in bovines at high altitudes. Arch Pathol Lab Med 100, 636-639, 1976.
11. Armstrong MD, Mc MA, Shaw KN: 3-Methoxy-4-hydroxy-D-mandelic acid, a urinary metabolite of norepinephrine. Biochim Biophys Acta 25, 422-423, 1957. doi:10.1016/0006-3002(57)90491-2
12. Axelrod J: O-Methylaiton of epinephrine and other catechols in vitro and in vivo. Science 126, 400-401, 1957. doi:10.1126/science.126.3270.400
13. Baysal BE, Ferrell RE, Willett-Brozick JE, et al.: Mutations in SDHD, a mitochondrial complex II gene, in hereditary paraganglioma. Science 287, 848-851, 2000. doi:10.1126/science.287.5454.848
14. Baysal BE, Willett-Brozick JE, Lawrence EC, et al.: Prevalence of SDHB, SDHC, and SDHD germline mutations in clinic patients with head and neck paragangliomas. J Med Genet 39, 178-183, 2002. doi:10.1136/jmg.39.3.178
15. Baysal BE: On the association of succinate dehydrogenase mutations with hereditary paraganglioma. Trends Endocrinol Metab 14, 453-459, 2003. doi:10.1016/j.tem.2003.08.004
16. Beaulieu JM, Gainetdinov RR: The physiology, signaling, and pharmacology of dopamine receptors. Pharmacol Rev 63, 182-217, 2011. doi:10.1124/pr.110.002642
17. Beerepoot LV, Witteveen EO, Groenewegen G, et al.: Recombinant human angiostatin by twice-daily subcutaneous injection in advanced cancer: a pharmacokinetic and long-term safety study. Clin Cancer Res 9, 4025-4033, 2003.
18. Benn DE, Gimenez-Roqueplo AP, Reilly JR, et al.: Clinical presentation and penetrance of pheochromocytoma/paraganglioma syndromes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 91, 827-836, 2006. doi:10.1210/jc.2005-1862
19. Briere JJ, Favier J, Benit P, El Ghouzzi V, et al.: Mitochondrial succinate is instrumental for HIF1alpha nuclear translocation in SDHA-mutant fibroblasts under normoxic conditions. Hum Mol Genet 14, 3263-3269, 2005. doi:10.1093/hmg/ddi359
20. Brouwers FM, Lenders JW, Eisenhofer G, Pacak K: Pheochromocytoma as an endocrine emergency. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 4, 121-128, 2003. doi:10.1023/A:1022981801344
21. Brouwers FM, Eisenhofer G, Tao JJ, Kant JA, Adams KT, Linehan WM, Pacak K: High Frequency of SDHB Germline Mutations in Patients with Malignant Catecholamine-Producing Paragangliomas: Implications for Genetic Testing. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 91, 4505-4509, 2006. doi:10.1210/jc.2006-0423
22. Bock P: The Paraganglia. Springer Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg New York 1982.
23. Bravo EL, Tarazi RC, Fouad FM, Vidt DG, Gifford RW, Jr.: Clonidine-suppression test: a useful aid in the diagnosis of pheochromocytoma. N Engl J Med 305, 623-626, 1981 doi:10.1056/NEJM198109103051107
24. Bravo EL, Gifford RW, Jr.: Pheochromocytoma. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 22, 329-341, 1993.
25. Bravo E: Evolving concepts in the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of pheochromocytoma. Endocr Rev 15, 356-368, 1994.
26. Bravo EL, Tagle R: Pheochromocytoma: state-of-the-art and future prospects. Endocr Rev 24, 539-553, 2003. doi:10.1210/er.2002-0013
27. Brouwers FM, Eisenhofer G, Lenders JW, Pacak K: Emergencies caused by pheochromocytoma, neuroblastoma, or ganglioneuroma. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 35, 699-724, 2006. doi:10.1016/j.ecl.2006.09.014
28. Burnichon N, Briere JJ, Libe R, et al.: SDHA is a tumor suppressor gene causing paraganglioma. Hum Mol Genet 19, 3011-3020, 2010. doi:10.1093/hmg/ddq206
29. Cerecer-Gil NY, Figuera LE, Llamas FJ, et al.: Mutation of SDHB is a cause of hypoxia-related high-altitude paraganglioma. Clin Cancer Res 16, 4148-4154, 2010. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-10-0637
30. Cervera AM, Apostolova N, Crespo FL, et al.: Cells silenced for SDHB expression display characteristic features of the tumor phenotype. Cancer Res 68, 4058-4067, 2008. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-07-5580
31. Chang HJ, Lee MR, Hong SH, et al.: Cancer Sci 98, 1184-1191, 2007. doi:10.1111/j.1349-7006.2007.00527.x
32. Chen G, Fillebeen C, Wang J, Pantopoulos K: Overexpression of iron regulatory protein 1 suppresses growth of tumor xenografts. Carcinogenesis 28, 785-791, 2007. doi:10.1093/carcin/bgl210
33. Creese I, Sibley DR, Leff SE: Agonist interactions with dopamine receptors: focus on radioligand-binding studies. Fed Proc 43, 2779-2784, 1984.
34. Crout JR, Sjoerdsma A: Turnover and Metabolism of Catecholamines in Patients with Pheochromocytoma. J Clin Invest 43, 94-102, 1964. doi:10.1172/JCI104898
35. Cuezva JM, Krajewska M, de Heredia ML, et al.: The bioenergetic signature of cancer: a marker of tumor progression. Cancer Res 62, 6674-6681, 2002.
36. Cornog JL, Wilkinson JH, Arvan DA, Freed RM, Sellers AM, Barker C: Extra-adrenal pheochromocytoma. Some electron microscopic and biochemical studies. Am J Med 48, 654-660, 1970. doi:10.1016/0002-9343(70)90018-5
37. Dahia PL, Ross KN, Wright ME, et al.: A HIF1alpha regulatory loop links hypoxia and mitochondrial signals in pheochromocytomas. PLoS Genet 1, 72-80, 2005. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.0010008
38. Davidson DF: Phaeochromocytoma with normal urinary catecholamines: the potential value of urinary free metadrenalines. Ann Clin Biochem 39, 557-566, 2002 doi:10.1258/000456302760413333
39. Edwards C, Heath D, Harris P, et al.: J Pathol 104, 231-238, 1971. doi:10.1002/path.1711040404
40. Eisenhofer G, Pecorella W, Pacak K, Hooper D, Kopin I, Goldstein D: The neuronal and extraneuronal origins of plasma 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol in rats. J Auton Nerv Syst 50, 93-107, 1994. doi:10.1016/0165-1838(94)90127-9
41. Eisenhofer G, Aneman A, Hooper D, Holmes C, Goldstein DS, Friberg P: Production and metabolism of dopamine and norepinephrine in mesenteric organs and liver of swine. Am J Physiol 268, G641-G649, 1995a.
42. Eisenhofer G, Rundqvist B, Aneman A, et al.: Regional release and removal of catecholamines and extraneuronal metabolism to metanephrines. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 80, 3009-3017, 1995b. doi:10.1210/jc.80.10.3009
43. Eisenhofer G, Aneman A, Hooper D, Rundqvist B, Friberg P: Mesenteric organ production, hepatic metabolism, and renal elimination of norepinephrine and its metabolites in humans. J Neurochem 66, 1565-1573, 1996. doi:10.1046/j.1471-4159.1996.66041565.x
44. Eisenhofer G, Aneman A, Friberg P, Hooper D, Fandriks L, Lonroth H, Hunyady B, Mezey E: Substantial production of dopamine in the human gastrointestinal tract. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 82, 3864-3871, 1997. doi:10.1210/jc.82.11.3864
45. Eisenhofer G, Keiser H, Friberg P, et al.: Plasma metanephrines are markers of pheochromocytoma produced by catechol-O-methyltransferase within tumors. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 83, 2175-2185, 1998. doi:10.1210/jc.83.6.2175
46. Eisenhofer G, Lenders J, Linehan W, Walther M, Goldstein D, Keiser H: Plasma normetanephrine and metanephrine for detecting pheochromocytoma in von Hippel-Lindau disease and multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2. N Engl J Med 340, 1872-1879, 1999. doi:10.1056/NEJM199906173402404
47. Eisenhofer G, Huynh TT, Hiroi M, Pacak K: Understanding catecholamine metabolism as a guide to the biochemical diagnosis of pheochromocytoma. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2, 297-311, 2001. doi:10.1023/A:1011572617314
48. Eisenhofer G, Goldstein DS, Walther MM, Friberg P, Lenders JW, Keiser HR, Pacak K: Biochemical diagnosis of pheochromocytoma: how to distinguish true- from false-positive test results. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 88, 2656-2666. 2003. doi:10.1210/jc.2002-030005
49. Eisenhofer G, Goldstein DS, Sullivan P, Csako G, Brouwers FM, Lai EW, Adams KT, Pacak K: Biochemical and clinical manifestations of dopamine-producing paragangliomas: utility of plasma methoxytyramine. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 90, 2086-2075, 2005. doi:10.1210/jc.2004-2025
50. Eisenhofer G, Huynh TT, Elkahloun A, et al.: Differential expression of the regulated catecholamine secretory pathway in different hereditary forms of pheochromocytoma. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 295, E1223-E1233, 2008. doi:10.1152/ajpendo.90591.2008
51. Eisenhofer G, Lenders JW, Timmers H, et al.: Measurements of Plasma Methoxytyramine, Normetanephrine, and Metanephrine as Discriminators of Different Hereditary Forms of Pheochromocytoma. Clin Chem 57, 411-420, 2011a. doi:10.1373/clinchem.2010.153320
52. Eisenhofer G, Pacak K, Huynh TT, et al.: Catecholamine metabolomic and secretory phenotypes in phaeochromocytoma. Endocr Relat Cancer 18, 97-111, 2011b. doi:10.1677/ERC-10-0211
53. Eng C, Kiuru M, Fernandez MJ, Aaltonen LA: A role for mitochondrial enzymes in inherited neoplasia and beyond. Nat Rev Cancer 3, 193-202, 2003. doi:10.1038/nrc1013
54. Ellis S: 1980 Effects on the metabolism. In Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, pt 1, Adrenergic Activators and Inhibitors (Szekeres L, ed), pp.319-349: Springer-Verlag, Berlin 1980.
55. Elliot WJ, Murphy MB: Reduced specificity of the clonidine suppression test in patients with normal plasma catecholamine levels. Am J Med 84, 419-424, 1988. doi:10.1016/0002-9343(88)90261-6
56. Epstein FH, Eckhoff RD: The epidemiology of high blood pressure- geographic distributions and etiologic factors. In: The epidemiology of hypertension (Stamler J, Stamler R, Pullman TN eds.), pp. 155-166. Grune and Stratton 1967.
57. Favier J, Gimenez-Roqueplo AP: Pheochromocytomas: The (pseudo)-hypoxia hypothesis. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 24, 957-968, 2010. doi:10.1016/j.beem.2010.10.004
58. Favier J, Briere JJ, Burnichon N, et al.: The Warburg effect is genetically determined in inherited pheochromocytomas. PLoS One 4, e7094, 2009. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0007094
59. Feldman JM: Phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase activity determines the epinephrine concentration of pheochromocytomas. Res Commun Chem Pathol Pharmacol 34, 389-398, 1981.
60. Finkel T, Holbrook NJ: Oxidants, oxidative stress and the biology of ageing. Nature 408, 239-247, 2000. doi:10.1038/35041687
61. Frankel F: Ein fall von doppelseitigem, vollig latent verlaufenden Nebennieren tumor und gleichzeitiger Nephritis mit Veranderungen am Circulationsapparat und Retinitis. Virchows Arch 103, 244-263, 1886. doi:10.1007/BF01938677
62. Gaal J, Burnichon N, Korpershoek E, et al.: Isocitrate dehydrogenase mutations are rare in pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 95, 1274-1278, 2010. doi:10.1210/jc.2009-2170
63. Galluzzi L, Morselli E, Kepp O, et al. Mitochondrial gateways to cancer. Mol Aspects Med 31, 1-20, 2010. doi:10.1016/j.mam.2009.08.002
64. Gardet V, Gatta B, Simonnet G, Tabarin A, Chene G, Ducassou D, Corcuff JB: 2001 Lessons from an unpleasant surprise: a biochemical strategy for the diagnosis of pheochromocytoma. J Hypertens 19, 1029-1035, 2001. doi:10.1097/00004872-200106000-00006
65. Gerlo E, Sevens C: Urinary and plasma catecholamines and urinary catecholamine metabolites in pheochromocytoma: diagnostic value in 19 cases. Clin Chem 40, 250-256, 1994.
66. Ghayee HK, Havekes B, Corssmit EP, et al.: Mediastinal paragangliomas: association with mutations in the succinate dehydrogenase genes and aggressive behavior. Endocr Relat Cancer 16, 291-299, 2009. doi:10.1677/ERC-08-0214
67. Guller U, Turek J, Eubanks S, Delong ER, Oertli D, Feldman JM: Detecting pheochromocytoma: defining the most sensitive test. Ann Surg 243, 102-107, 2006. doi:10.1097/01.sla.0000193833.51108.24
68. Goldberg LI: The dopamine vascular receptor. Biochem Pharmacol 24,:651-653, 1975. doi:10.1016/0006-2952(75)90239-7
69. Goldenberg M, Pines KL, Baldwin ED: The Hemodynamic response of man to norepinephrine and epinephrine and its relation to the problem of hypertension. Am J Med 5, 792-806, 1948. doi:10.1016/0002-9343(48)90158-2
70. Goldenberg M, Aranow HJ, Smith AA: Pheochromocytoma and essential hypertensive vascular disease. Arch Intern Med 86, 823-836, 1950.
71. Goldstein DS, Stull R, Eisenhofer G, et al.: Plasma 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (dopa) and catecholamines in neuroblastoma or pheochromocytoma. Ann Intern Med 105, 887-888, 1986.
72. Gottlieb E, Tomlinson IP: Mitochondrial tumour suppressors: a genetic and biochemical update. Nat Rev Cancer 5, 857-866, 2005. doi:10.1038/nrc1737
73. Grossman E, Goldstein D, Hoffman A, Keiser H: Glucagon and clonidine testing in the diagnosis of pheochromocytoma. Hypertension 17, 733-741, 1991.
74. Grossman A, Pacak K, Sawka A, et al.: Biochemical diagnosis and localization of pheochromocytoma: can we reach a consensus? Ann N Y Acad Sci 1073, 332-347, 2006. doi:10.1196/annals.1353.038
75. Guzy RD, Sharma B, Bell E, Chandel NS, Schumacker PT: Loss of the SdhB, but Not the SdhA, subunit of complex II triggers reactive oxygen species-dependent hypoxia-inducible factor activation and tumorigenesis. Mol Cell Biol 28, 718-731, 2008. doi:10.1128/MCB.01338-07
76. Hao HX, Khalimonchuk O, Schraders M, et al.: SDH5, a gene required for flavination of succinate dehydrogenase, is mutated in paraganglioma. Science 325, 1139-1142, 2209. doi:10.1126/science.1175689
77. Harguindey S, Arranz JL, Wahl ML, Orive G, Reshkin SJ: Proton transport inhibitors as potentially selective anticancer drugs. Anticancer Res 29, 2127-2136, 2009.
78. Heidegger I, Pircher A, Klocker H, Massoner P: Targeting the insulin-like growth factor network in cancer therapy. Cancer Biol Ther, 11, 701-707, 2011. doi:10.4161/cbt.11.8.14689
79. Hensen EF, van Duinen N, Jansen JC, et al.: High prevalence of founder mutations of the succinate dehydrogenase genes in the Netherlands. Clin Genet, in press, 2011. doi:10.1111/j.1399-0004.2011.01653.x
80. Heutink P, van der Mey AG, Sandkuijl LA, et al.: A gene subject to genomic imprinting and responsible for hereditary paragangliomas maps to chromosome 11q23-qter. Hum Mol Genet 1, 7-10, 1992. doi:10.1093/hmg/1.1.7
81. Himms-Hagen J: Effects of catecholamines on metabolism. In: Catecholamines (Blaschko H, Muschool E eds) Handbuch der experimentellen Pharmakologie, pp. 363-462. Berlin, Springer-Verlag, Berlin 1972.
82. Hoffamn BB, Lefkowitz RJ: Alpha-adrenergic receptor subtypes. N Eng J Med 302, 1390-1396, 1980. doi:10.1056/NEJM198006193022504
83. Holton P: Noradrenaline in tumors of the sdrenal medulla. J Physiol 108, 525-529, 1949.
84. Housley SL, Lindsay RS, Young B, et al.: Renal carcinoma with giant mitochondria associated with germ-line mutation and somatic loss of the succinate dehydrogenase B gene. Histopathology 56, 405-408, 2010. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2559.2010.03482.x
85. Huynh TT, Pacak K, Brouwers FM, et al.: Different expression of catecholamine transporters in phaeochromocytomas from patients with von Hippel-Lindau syndrome and multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2. Eur J Endocrinol 153. 551-563, 2005. doi:10.1530/eje.1.01987
86. Isidoro A, Martinez M, Fernandez PL, et al.: Alteration of the bioenergetic phenotype of mitochondria is a hallmark of breast, gastric, lung and oesophageal cancer. Biochem J 378, 17-20, 2004. doi:10.1042/BJ20031541
87. Ishii N, Fujii M, Hartman PS, et al.: A mutation in succinate dehydrogenase cytochrome b causes oxidative stress and ageing in nematodes. Nature 394, 694-697, 1998. doi:10.1038/29331
88. Jarrott B, Louis WJ: Abnormalities in enzymes involved in catecholamine synthesis and catabolism in phaeochromocytoma. Clin Sci Mol Med 53, 529-535, 1977.
89. John H, Ziegler WH, Hauri D, Jaeger P: Pheochromocytomas: can malignant potential be predicted? Urology 53, 679-683, 1999. doi:10.1016/S0090-4295(98)00612-8
90. Kantorovich V, Pacak K: Pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma. Prog Brain Res 182:343-373, 2010. doi:10.1016/S0079-6123(10)82015-1
91. Kelly HM, Piper MC, Wilder RE: Case of paroxysmal hypertension with paraganglioma of the right suprarenal gland. Mayo Clin Proc 11, 65-70, 1936.
92. Khorram-Manesh A, Ahlman H, Nilsson O, et al.: Long-term outcome of a large series of patients surgically treated for pheochromocytoma. J Intern Med 258, 55-66, 2005. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2796.2005.01504.x
93. Kimura N, Miura Y, Nagatsu I, Nagura H: Catecholamine synthesizing enzymes in 70 cases of functioning and non-functioning phaeochromocytoma and extra-adrenal paraganglioma. Virchows Arch A Pathol Anat Histopathol 421, 25-32, 1992. doi:10.1007/BF01607135
94. King A, Selak MA, Gottlieb E: Succinate dehydrogenase and fumarate hydratase: linking mitochondrial dysfunction and cancer. Oncogene 25, 4675-4682, 2006. doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1209594
95. King KS, Whatley MA, Alexopoulos DK, Reynolds JC, Chen CC, Mattox DE, Jacobs S, Pacak K 2010 The use of functional imaging in a patient with head and neck paragangliomas. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 95:481-482. doi:10.1210/jc.2009-2214
96. Knudson AJ, Strong L: Mutation and cancer: neuroblastoma and pheochromocytoma. Am J Hum Genet 24, 514-532, 1972.
97. Kohn A: Ueber die Nebenniere. Prag Med Wschr 23, 193-195, 1898.
98. Kohn A: Das chromaffine gewebe. Ergebn Anat entwickl-Gesch 12, 253-348, 1902.
99. Kohn A: Die Paraganglien. Arch Mikr Anat 62, 263-365, 1903. doi:10.1007/BF02985550
100. Kohn A: Das chromaffine Gewebe. Allg Wien Med Ztg 48, 503-504, 1903.
101. Labrosse EH, Axelrod J, Kety SS: O-Methylation, the principal route of metabolism of epinephrine in man. Science 128, 593-594, 1958. doi:10.1126/science.128.3324.593
102. Lai EW, Joshi BH, Martiniova L, et al.: Overexpression of interleukin-13 receptor-alpha2 in neuroendocrine malignant pheochromocytoma: a novel target for receptor directed anti-cancer therapy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 94, 2952-2957, 2009. doi:10.1210/jc.2009-0309
103. Langer SZ, Massingham R, Shepperson NB: Presence of postsynaptic alpha 2-adrenoreceptors of predominantly extrasynaptic location in the vascular smooth muscle of the dog hind limb. Clin Sci (Lond) 59 Suppl 6, 225s-228s, 1980.
104. Lee S, Nakamura E, Yang H, Wei W, et al.: Neuronal apoptosis linked to EglN3 prolyl hydroxylase and familial pheochromocytoma genes: developmental culling and cancer. Cancer Cell 8, 155-167, 2005. doi:10.1016/j.ccr.2005.06.015
105. Lefkowitz RJ: Direct binding studies of adrenergic receptors: biochemical, physiologic, and clinical implications. Ann Intern Med 91, 450-458, 1979
106. Lenders JW, Pacak K, Walther MM, et al.: Biochemical diagnosis of pheochromocytoma: which test is best? JAMA 287, 1427-1434, 2002. doi:10.1001/jama.287.11.1427
107. Lenders JW, Eisenhofer G, Mannelli M, Pacak K: Phaeochromocytoma. Lancet 366, 665-675, 2005. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67139-5
108. Lenders JW, Pacak K, Huynh TT, et al.: Low sensitivity of glucagon provocative testing for diagnosis of phaeochromocytoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 95, 238-245, 2010. doi:10.1210/jc.2009-1850
109. Levine AJ, Puzio-Kuter AM:The control of the metabolic switch in cancers by oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes. Science 330, 1340-1344, 2010. doi:10.1126/science.1193494
110. Linehan WM, Srinivasan R, Schmidt LS: The genetic basis of kidney cancer: a metabolic disease. Nat Rev Urol 7, 277-285, 2010. doi:10.1038/nrurol.2010.47
111. Lund A, Moller K: Noradrenalin in blood in pheochromocytoma. Ugeskr Laeger 113, 1068, 1951.
112. Lund A: Adrenaline and noradrenaline in blood and urine in cases of pheochromocytoma. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 4, 263-265, 1952. doi:10.3109/00365515209060670
113. Manger W, Gifford R: Clinical and Experimental Pheochromocytoma. Blackwell Science, Cambridge, Massachusetts. 1996.
114. Manger WM, Gifford RW: Pheochromocytoma. J Clin Hypertens 4, 62-72, 2002. doi:10.1111/j.1524-6175.2002.01452.x
115. Mannelli M, Ercolino T, Giache V, Simi L, Cirami C, Parenti G: Genetic screening for pheochromocytoma: should SDHC gene analysis be included? J Med Genet 44, 586-587, 2007. doi:10.1136/jmg.2007.051045
116. Martiniova L, Perera SM, Brouwers FM, et al.: Increased uptake of [123I]meta-iodobenzylguanidine, [18F]fluorodopamine, and [3H]norepinephrine in mouse pheochromocytoma cells and tumors after treatment with the histone deacetylase inhibitors. Endocr Relat Cancer 18, 143-157, 2011. doi:10.1677/ERC-10-0090
117. Mathupala SP, Ko YH, Pedersen PL: The pivotal roles of mitochondria in cancer: Warburg and beyond and encouraging prospects for effective therapies. Biochim Biophys Acta 1797, 1225-1230, 2010. doi:10.1016/j.bbabio.2010.03.025
118. McBride W, Ferrario C, Lyle PA: Hypertension and medical informatics. J Natl Med Assoc 95, 1048-1056, 2003.
119. McClean DR, Sinclair LM, Yandle TG, Nicholls MG: Malignant phaeochromocytoma with high circulating DOPA, and clonidine- suppressible noradrenaline. Blood Press 4, 215-217, 1995. doi:10.3109/08037059509077597
120. Missale C, Fiorentini C, Collo G, Spano P: The neurobiology of dopamine receptors: evolution from the dual concept to hetrodimer complexes. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 30, 347-354, 2010. doi:10.3109/10799893.2010.506192
121. Moser TL, Stack MS, Asplin I, et al.: Angiostatin binds ATP synthase on the surface of human endothelial cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 96, 2811-2816, 1999. doi:10.1073/pnas.96.6.2811
122. Motulsky HJ, Insel PA: Adrenergic receptors in man: direct identification, physiologic regulation, and clinical alterations. N Engl J Med 307, 18-29, 1982. doi:10.1056/NEJM198207013070104
123. Nagatsu T, Levitt M, Udenfriend S: Tyrosine hydroxylase: The initial step in norepinephrine biosynthesis. J Biol Chem 239, 2910-2917, 1964.
124. Nagatsu T, Mizutani K, Sudo Y, Nagatsu I: Tyrosine hydroxylase in human adrenal glands and human pheochromocytoma. Clin Chim Acta 39, 417-424, 1972. doi:10.1016/0009-8981(72)90061-7
125. Nakada T, Furuta H, Katayama T: Catecholamine metabolism in pheochromocytoma and normal adrenal medullae. J Urol 140, 1348-1351, 1972.
126. Neumann HPH, Bausch B, McWhinney SR, et al.: Germ-line mutations in nonsyndromic pheochromocytoma. New Engl J Med 346, 1459-1466, 2002. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa020152
127. Neumann HP, Pawlu C, Peczkowska M, et al.: Distinct clinical features of paraganglioma syndromes associated with SDHB and SDHD gene mutations. JAMA 292, 943-951, 2004. doi:10.1001/jama.292.8.943
128. Niemann S, Muller U: Mutations in SDHC cause autosomal dominant paraganglioma, type 3. Nat Genet 26, 268-270, 2000. doi:10.1038/81551
129. Omura M, Saito J, Yamaguchi K, Kakuta Y, Nishikawa T: Prospective study on the prevalence of secondary hypertension among hypertensive patients visiting a general outpatient clinic in Japan. Hypertens Res 27, 193-202, 2004. doi:10.1291/hypres.27.193
130. Opocher G, Schiavi F: Genetics of pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 24, 943-956, 2010. doi:10.1016/j.beem.2010.05.001
131. Osamura RY, Onoda N: Immunohistochemical localization of various peptides in the infundibular nuclei of human adult hypothalamus. Tokai J Exp Clin Med 13, 71-78, 1988.
132. Pacak K, Chrousos GP, Koch CA, et al.: Pheochromocytoma: progress in diagnosis, therapy, and genetics. In: Adrenal Disorders (Margioris A, Chrousos GP, eds.), pp. 479-523. Humana Press, Totowa 2001a.
133. Pacak K, Linehan WM, Eisenhofer G, et al.: Recent advances in genetics, diagnosis, localization, and treatment of pheochromocytoma. Ann Intern Med 134, 315-329, 2001b.
134. Pacak K, Fojo T, Goldstein DS, et al.: Radiofrequency ablation: a novel approach for treatment of metastatic pheochromocytoma. J Natl Cancer Inst 93, 648-649, 2001c. doi:10.1093/jnci/93.8.648
135. Pacak K, Keiser H, Eisenhofer G: Pheochromocytoma. In: Textbook of Endocrinology, 5th ed. (De Groot LS, Jameson JL, eds.), pp. 2501-2534. Elsevier Saunders, Philadelphia 2005.
136. Pacak K: Preoperative management of the pheochromocytoma patient. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 92, 4069-4079, 2007. doi:10.1210/jc.2007-1720
137. Page LB: Epidemiologic evidence on the etiology of human hypertension and its possible prevention. Am Heart J 91, 527-534, 1976. doi:10.1016/S0002-8703(76)80337-7
138. Pedersen PL: The cancer cell's "power plants" as promising therapeutic targets: an overview. J Bioenerg Biomembr 39, 1-12, 2007. doi:10.1007/s10863-007-9070-5
139. Pham TH, Moir C, Thompson GB, et al.: Pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma in children: a review of medical and surgical management at a tertiary care center. Pediatrics 118, 1109-1117, 2006. doi:10.1542/peds.2005-2299
140. Pick L: Das Ganglioma embryonale sympathicum (Sympathoma embryonale), eine typisch bosartige Geschwulstform des sympathischen Nervensystems. Klin Wochenschr 49, 16-22, 1912.
141. Plouin PF, Chatellier G, Fofol I, Corvol P: Tumor recurrence and hypertension persistence after successful pheochromocytoma operation. Hypertension 29, 1133-1139, 1997.
142. Pollard PJ, El-Bahrawy M, Poulsom R, et al.: Expression of HIF-1alpha, HIF-2alpha (EPAS1), and their target genes in paraganglioma and pheochromocytoma with VHL and SDH mutations. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 91, 4593-4598, 2006. doi:10.1210/jc.2006-0920
143. Prodanov T, Havekes B, Nathanson KL, Adams KT, Pacak K: Malignant paraganglioma associated with succinate dehydrogenase subunit B in an 8-year-old child: the age of first screening? Pediatr Nephrol 24:1239-1242, 2009. doi:10.1007/s00467-008-1111-8
144. Proye C, Fossati P, Fontaine P, et al.: Dpamine-secreting pheochromocytoma: an unrecognized entity? Classification of pheochromocytomas according to their type of secretion. Surgery 100, 1154-1162, 1986.
145. Raber W, Raffesberg W, Bischof M, et al.: Diagnostic efficacy of unconjugated plasma metanephrines for the detection of pheochromocytoma. Arch Intern Med 160, 2957-2963, 2000. doi:10.1001/archinte.160.19.2957
146. Rao F, Keiser HR, O'Connor DT: Malignant pheochromocytoma. Chromaffin granule transmitters and response to treatment. Hypertension 36, 1045-1052, 2000.
147. Ricketts C, Woodward ER, Killick P, et al.: Germline SDHB mutations and familial renal cell carcinoma. J Natl Cancer Inst 100, 1260-1262, 2008. doi:10.1093/jnci/djn254
148. Rosas AL, Kasperlik-Zaluska AA, Papierska L, et al.: Pheochromocytoma crisis induced by glucocorticoids: a report of four cases and review of the literature. Eur J Endocrinol 158, 423-429, 2008. doi:10.1530/EJE-07-0778
149. Sawka AM, Gafni A, Thabane L, Young WF Jr: The economic implications of three biochemical screening algorithms for pheochromocytoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 89, 2859-2866, 2004. doi:10.1210/jc.2003-031127
150. Schiavi F, Boedeker CC, Bausch B, et al.: Predictors and prevalence of paraganglioma syndrome associated with mutations of the SDHC gene. JAMA 294, 2057-2063, 2005. doi:10.1001/jama.294.16.2057
151. Schlumberger M, Gicquel C, Lumbroso J, et al.: Malignant pheochromocytoma: clinical, biological, histologic and therapeutic data in a series of 20 patients with distant metastases. J Endocrinol Invest 15, 631-642, 1992.
152. Schuttler J, Westhofen P, Kania U, Ihmsen H, Kammerecker S, Hirner A: Quantitative assessment of catecholamine secretion as a rational principle of anesthesia management in pheochromocytoma surgery. Anasthesiol Intensivmed Notfallmed Schmerzther 30, 341-349, 1995.
153. Selak MA, Armour SM, MacKenzie ED, et al.: Succinate links TCA cycle dysfunction to oncogenesis by inhibiting HIF-alpha prolyl hydroxylase. Cancer Cell 7, 77-85, 2005. doi:10.1016/j.ccr.2004.11.022
154. Seyfried TN, Shelton LM: Cancer as a metabolic disease. Nutr Metab (Lond) 7, 7, 2010. doi:10.1186/1743-7075-7-7
155. Shawar L, Svec F: Pheochromocytoma with elevated metanephrines as the only biochemical finding. J La State Med Soc 148, 535-538, 1996.
156. Shen SJ, Cheng HM, Chiu AW, Chou CW, Chen JY: Perioperative hypertensive crisis in clinically silent pheochromocytomas: report of four cases. Chang Gung Med J 28, 44-50, 2005.
157. Shin YK, Yoo BC, Chang HJ, et al.: Down-regulation of mitochondrial F1F0-ATP synthase in human colon cancer cells with induced 5-fluorouracil resistance. Cancer Res 65, 3162-3170, 2005.
158. Sies H: Oxidative stress: from basic research to clinical application. Am J Med 91, 31S-38S, 1991. doi:10.1016/0002-9343(91)90281-2
159. Smith EH, Janknecht R, Maher LJ: Succinate inhibition of alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent enzymes in a yeast model of paraganglioma. Hum Mol Genet 16, 3136-3148, 2007. doi:10.1093/hmg/ddm275
160. Solis DC, Burnichon N, Timmers HJ, et al.: Penetrance and clinical consequences of a gross SDHB deletion in a large family. Clin Genet 75, 354-363, 2009. doi:10.1111/j.1399-0004.2009.01157.x
161. Spitz DR, Sim JE, Ridnour LA, Galoforo SS, Lee YJ: Glucose deprivation-induced oxidative stress in human tumor cells. A fundamental defect in metabolism? Ann N Y Acad Sci 899, 349-362, 2000. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2000.tb06199.x
162. Taylor HC, Mayes D, Anton AH: Clonidine suppression test for pheochromocytoma: examples of misleading results. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 63, 238-242, 1986. doi:10.1210/jcem-63-1-238
163. Timmers HJ, Pacak K, Huynh TT, et al.: Biochemically silent abdominal paragangliomas in patients with mutations in the succinate dehydrogenase subunit B gene. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 93, 4826-4832, 2008. doi:10.1210/jc.2008-1093
164. Timmers HJ, Kozupa A, Eisenhofer G, et al.: Clinical presentations, biochemical phenotypes, and genotype-phenotype correlations in patients with succinate dehydrogenase subunit B-associated pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 92, 779-786, 2007a. doi:10.1210/jc.2006-2315
165. Timmers HJ, Kozupa A, Chen CC, et al.: Superiority of fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography to other functional imaging techniques in the evaluation of metastatic SDHB-associated pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma. J Clin Oncol 25. 2262-2269, 2007b. doi:10.1200/JCO.2006.09.6297
166. Tümer N, Brown JW, Carballeira A, Fishman LM: Tyrosine hydroxylase gene expression in varying forms of human pheochromocytoma. Life Sci 59, 1659-1665, 1996. doi:10.1016/0024-3205(96)00497-3
167. Unger N, Pitt C, Schmidt IL, Walz MK, Schmid KW, Philipp T, Mann K, Petersenn S: Diagnostic value of various biochemical parameters for the diagnosis of pheochromocytoma in patients with adrenal mass. Eur J Endocrinol 154, 409-417, 2006. doi:10.1530/eje.1.02097
168. Van Duinen N, Steenvoorden D, Kema IP, et al.: Increased urinary excretion of 3-methoxytyramine in patients with head and neck paragangliomas. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 95,:209-214, 2010. doi:10.1210/jc.2009-1632
169. Vanharanta S, Buchta M, McWhinney SR, et al.: Early-onset renal cell carcinoma as a novel extraparaganglial component of SDHB-associated heritable paraganglioma. Am J Hum Genet 74, 153-159, 2004. doi:10.1086/381054
170. Vantourout P, Radojkovic C, Lichtenstein L, Pons V, Champagne E, Martinez LO: Ecto-F-ATPase: a moonlighting protein complex and an unexpected apoA-I receptor. World J Gastroenterol 16, 5925-5935, 2010.
171. Warburg O: On the origin of cancer cells. Science 123, 309-314, 1956. doi:10.1126/science.123.3191.309
172. Watanabe H, Burnstock G, Jarrott B, Louis WJ: Mitochondrial abnormalities in human phaeochromocytoma. Cell Tissue Res 172, 281-288, 1976. doi:10.1007/BF00226032
173. Willems JL, Buylaert WA, Lefebvre RA, Bogaert MG: Neuronal dopamine receptors on autonomic ganglia and sympathetic nerves and dopamine receptors in the gastrointestinal system. Pharmacol Rev 37, 165-216, 1985.
174. Willers IM, Cuezva JM: Post-transcriptional regulation of the mitochondrial H(+)-ATP synthase: A key regulator of the metabolic phenotype in cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta, in press, 2010.
175. Wong DL, Siddall BJ, Ebert SN, Bell RA, Her S: Phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase gene expression: synergistic activation by Egr-1, AP-2 and the glucocorticoid receptor. Brain Res Mol Brain Res 61, 154-161, 1998. doi:10.1016/S0169-328X(98)00225-3
176. Wurtman RJ, Axelrod J: Control of enzymatic synthesis of adrenaline in the adrenal medulla by adrenal cortical steroids. J Biol Chem 241, 2301-2305, 1996.
177. Yamaguchi I, Kopin IJ: Differential inhibiton of alpha-1 and alpha-2 adrenoceptor-mediated pressor responses in pithed rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 214, 275-281, 1980.
178. Yonally SK, Capaldi RA: The F(1)F(0) ATP synthase and mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes are present on the plasma membrane of an osteosarcoma cell line: An immunocytochemical study. Mitochondrion 6, 305-314, 2006. doi:10.1016/j.mito.2006.10.001