Emergencies Caused by Pheochromocytoma, Neuroblastoma, or Ganglioneuroma

Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America

Volumn 35, Issue 4, 2006, Pages 699-724

  Brouwers, Frederieke M ^a   Eisenhofer, Graeme ^b   Lenders, Jacques W M ^c   Pacak, Karel ^a  

^a EUNICE KENNEDY SHRIVER NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF CHILD HEALTH AND HUMAN DEVELOPMENT   (United States)

^b NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS AND STROKE   (United States)

^c RADBOUD UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALPHA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; ANESTHETIC AGENT; ANTIEMETIC AGENT; ATENOLOL; BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKING AGENT; CONTRAST MEDIUM; CORTICOSTEROID; CORTICOTROPIN; DEXAMETHASONE; EPHEDRINE; ESMOLOL; HISTAMINE; IMIPRAMINE; IOHEXOL; LABETALOL; LIDOCAINE; METHYLDOPA; METOCLOPRAMIDE; NITROPRUSSIDE SODIUM; PHENOTHIAZINE; PHENOXYBENZAMINE; PHENTOLAMINE; PROPRANOLOL; RETINOID; TRICYCLIC ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENT; VASOPRESSIN;

ANESTHESIA INDUCTION; CARDIOMYOPATHY; CLINICAL FEATURE; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; GANGLIONEUROMA; GASTROINTESTINAL DISEASE; HEART ARRHYTHMIA; HEART INFARCTION; HEART MUSCLE ISCHEMIA; HUMAN; HYPERTENSIVE CRISIS; HYPOTENSION; KIDNEY DISEASE; LUNG EDEMA; MORBIDITY; MORTALITY; MULTIPLE ORGAN FAILURE; MYOCARDITIS; NEUROBLASTOMA; NEUROLOGIC DISEASE; PERIPHERAL ISCHEMIA; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROGNOSIS; REVIEW; SHOCK; SYMPTOMATOLOGY; TACHYCARDIA;

ADRENAL GLAND NEOPLASMS; EMERGENCIES; GANGLIONEUROMA; HUMANS; NEUROBLASTOMA; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA;

EID: 33751379755     PISSN: 08898529     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.ecl.2006.09.014     Document Type: Review

References (230)

1. Manger W.M., Gifford Jr. R.W., and Hoffman B.B. Pheochromocytoma: a clinical and experimental overview. Curr Probl Cancer 9 (1985) 1-89
2. Lenders J.W., Eisenhofer G., Mannelli M., et al. Phaeochromocytoma. Lancet 366 (2005) 665-675
3. Bryant J., Farmer J., Kessler L.J., et al. Pheochromocytoma: the expanding genetic differential diagnosis. J Natl Cancer Inst 95 (2003) 1196-1204
4. Newell K.A., Prinz R.A., Pickleman J., et al. Pheochromocytoma multisystem crisis: a surgical emergency. Arch Surg 123 (1988) 956-959
5. Gordon D.L., Atamian S.D., Brooks M.H., et al. Fever in pheochromocytoma. Arch Intern Med 152 (1992) 1269-1272
6. Moran M.E., Rosenberg D.J., and Zornow D.H. Pheochromocytoma multisystem crisis. Urology 67 4 (2006) 846e19-20
7. Herbland A., Bui N., Rullier A., et al. Multiple organ failure as initial presentation of pheochromytoma. Am J Emerg Med 23 (2005) 565-566
8. De Wilde D., Velkeniers B., Huyghens L., et al. The paradox of hypotension and pheochromocytoma: a case report. Eur J Emerg Med 11 (2004) 237-239
9. Caputo C., Fishbane S., Shapiro L., et al. Pheochromocytoma multisystem crisis in a patient with multiple endocrine neoplasia type IIB and pyelonephritis. Am J Kidney Dis 39 (2002) E23
10. Kizer J.R., Koniaris L.S., Edelman J.D., et al. Pheochromocytoma crisis, cardiomyopathy, and hemodynamic collapse. Chest 118 (2000) 1221-1223
11. Kolhe N., Stoves J., Richardson D., et al. Hypertension due to phaeochromocytoma-an unusual cause of multiorgan failure. Nephrol Dial Transplant 16 (2001) 2100-2104
12. Fred H.L., Allred D.P., Garber H.E., et al. Pheochromocytoma masquerading as overwhelming infection. Am Heart J 73 (1967) 149-154
13. Ford J., Rosenberg F., and Chan N. Pheochromocytoma manifesting with shock presents a clinical paradox: a case report. CMAJ 157 (1997) 923-925
14. Mok C.C., Ip T.P., and So C.C. Phaeochromocytoma with adult respiratory distress syndrome mimicking septicaemic shock. Med J Aust 166 (1997) 634-635
15. Kang J.M., Lee W.J., Kim W.B., et al. Systemic inflammatory syndrome and hepatic inflammatory cell infiltration caused by an interleukin-6 producing pheochromocytoma. Endocr J 52 (2005) 193-198
16. Ulchaker J.C., Goldfarb D.A., Bravo E.L., et al. Successful outcomes in pheochromocytoma surgery in the modern era. J Urol 161 (1999) 764-767
17. Kobayashi T., Iwai A., Takahashi R., et al. Spontaneous rupture of adrenal pheochromocytoma: review and analysis of prognostic factors. J Surg Oncol 90 (2005) 31-35
18. Manger W.M., and Gifford Jr. R.W. Pheochromocytoma: current diagnosis and management. Cleve Clin J Med 60 (1993) 365-378
19. Mukherjee J.J., Peppercorn P.D., Reznek R.H., et al. Pheochromocytoma: effect of nonionic contrast medium in CT on circulating catecholamine levels. Radiology 202 (1997) 227-231
20. Bravo E.L., and Gifford Jr. R.W. Pheochromocytoma. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 22 (1993) 329-341
21. Pacak K., Chrousos G.P., Koch C.A., et al. Pheochromocytoma: progress in diagnosis, therapy and genetics. In: Margioris A.N., and Chrousos G.P. (Eds). Adrenal disorders (2001), Humana Press, Totowa (NJ) 379-413
22. Ferguson K.L. Imipramine-provoked paradoxical pheochromocytoma crisis: a case of cardiogenic shock. Am J Emerg Med 12 (1994) 190-192
23. Brown K., Ratner M., and Stoll M. Pheochromocytoma unmasked by imipramine in an 8-year-old girl. Pediatr Emerg Care 19 (2003) 174-177
24. Maxwell P.H., Buckley C., Gleadle J.M., et al. Nasty shock after an anti-emetic. Nephrol Dial Transplant 16 (2001) 1069-1072
25. Leow M.K., and Loh K.C. Accidental provocation of phaeochromocytoma: the forgotten hazard of metoclopramide?. Singapore Med J 46 (2005) 557-560
26. Takagi S., Miyazaki S., Fujii T., et al. Dexamethasone-induced cardiogenic shock rescued by percutaneous cardiopulmonary support (PCPS) in a patient with pheochromocytoma. Jpn Circ J 64 (2000) 785-788
27. Ueda T., Oka N., Matsumoto A., et al. Pheochromocytoma presenting as recurrent hypotension and syncope. Intern Med 44 (2005) 222-227
28. Bergland B.E. Pheochromocytoma presenting as shock. Am J Emerg Med 7 (1989) 44-48
29. Richmond J., Frazer S.C., and Millar D.R. Paroxysmal hypotension due to an adrenaline-secreting phaeochromocytoma. Lancet 2 (1961) 904-906
30. Hamrin B. Sustained hypotension and shock due to an adrenaline-secreting phaeochromocytoma. Lancet 2 (1962) 123-125
31. de Leeuw P.W., Waltman F.L., and Birkenhager W.H. Noncardiogenic pulmonary edema as the sole manifestation of pheochromocytoma. Hypertension 8 (1986) 810-812
32. Ramsay I.D., and Langlands J.H.M. Phaeochromocytoma. Lancet 2 (1962) 126-128
33. Augoustides J.G., Abrams M., Berkowitz D., et al. Vasopressin for hemodynamic rescue in catecholamine-resistant vasoplegic shock after resection of massive pheochromocytoma. Anesthesiology 101 (2004) 1022-1024
34. Sode J., Getzen L.C., and Osborne D.P. Cardiac arrhythmias and cardiomyopathy associated with pheochromocytomas: report of three cases. Am J Surg 114 (1967) 927-931
35. Lydakis C., Hollinrake K., and Lip G.Y.H. An unusual cause of palpitations requiring atrioventricular node ablation and pacemaker therapy. Blood Press 6 (1997) 368-371
36. Tzemos N., McNeill G.P., Jung R.T., et al. Post exertional broad complex tachycardia in a normotensive patient: a rare presentation of phaeochromocytoma. Scott Med J 46 (2001) 14-15
37. Petit T., de Lagausie P., Maintenant J., et al. Thoracic pheochromocytoma revealed by ventricular tachycardia: clinical case and review of the literature. Eur J Pediatr Surg 10 (2000) 142-144
38. Michaels R.D., Hays J.H., O'Brian J.T., et al. Pheochromocytoma associated ventricular tachycardia blocked with atenolol. J Endocrinol Invest 13 (1990) 943-947
39. Brilakis E.S., Young Jr. W.F., Wilson J.W., et al. Reversible catecholamine-induced cardiomyopathy in a heart transplant candidate without persistent or paroxysmal hypertension. J Heart Lung Transplant 18 (1999) 376-380
40. Shimizu K., Miura Y., Meguro Y., et al. QT prolongation with torsade de pointes in pheochromocytoma. Am Heart J 124 (1992) 235-239
41. Gurlek A., and Erol C. Pheochromocytoma with asymmetric septal hypertrophy and Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. Int J Cardiol 32 (1991) 403-405
42. Hicks R.J., Wood B., Kalff V., et al. Normalization of left ventricular ejection fraction following resection of pheochromocytoma in a patient with dilated cardiomyopathy. Clin Nucl Med 16 (1991) 413-416
43. Cohen C.D., and Dent D.M. Phaeochromocytoma and acute cardiovascular death (with special reference to myocardial infarction). Postgrad Med J 60 (1984) 111-115
44. Gill P.S. Acute heart failure in the parturient-do not forget phaeochromocytoma. Anaesth Intensive Care 28 (2000) 322-324
45. Nicholas E., Deutschman C.S., Allo M., et al. Use of esmolol in the intraoperative management of pheochromocytoma. Anesth Analg 67 (1988) 1114-1117
46. Manger W.M., and Gifford R.W. Pheochromocytoma. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 4 (2002) 62-72
47. Zweiker R., Tiemann M., Eber B., et al. Bradydysrhythmia-related presyncope secondary to pheochromocytoma. J Intern Med 242 (1997) 249-253
48. Forde T.P., Yormak S.S., and Killip III T. Reflex bradycardia and nodal escape rhythm in pheochromocytoma. Am Heart J 76 (1968) 388-392
49. Hamada N., Akamatsu A., and Joh T. A case of pheochromocytoma complicated with acute renal failure and cardiomyopathy. Jpn Circ J 57 (1993) 84-90
50. Grossman E., Knecht A., Holtzman E., et al. Uncommon presentation of pheochromocytoma: case studies. Angiology 36 (1985) 759-765
51. Serfas D., Shoback D.M., and Lorell B.H. Phaeochromocytoma and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: apparent suppression of symptoms and noradrenaline secretion by calcium-channel blockade. Lancet 2 (1983) 711-713
52. Schaffer M.S., Zuberbuhler P., Wilson G., et al. Catecholamine cardiomyopathy: an unusual presentation of pheochromocytoma in children. J Pediatr 99 (1981) 276-279
53. Lam J.B., Shub C., and Sheps S.G. Reversible dilatation of hypertrophied left ventricle in pheochromocytoma: serial two-dimensional echocardiographic observations. Am Heart J 109 (1985) 613-615
54. Shapiro L.M., Trethowan N., and Singh S.P. Normotensive cardiomyopathy and malignant hypertension in phaeochromocytoma. Postgrad Med J 58 (1982) 110-111
55. Velasquez G., D'Souza V.J., Hackshaw B.T., et al. Phaeochromocytoma and cardiomyopathy. Br J Radiol 57 (1984) 89-92
56. Jacob J.L., da Silveira L.C., de Freitas C.G., et al. Pheochromocytoma with echocardiographic features of obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: a case report. Angiology 45 (1994) 985-989
57. Huddle K.R., Kalliatakis B., and Skoularigis J. Pheochromocytoma associated with clinical and echocardiographic features simulating hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy. Chest 109 (1996) 1394-1397
58. Sardesai S.H., Mourant A.J., Sivathandon Y., et al. Phaeochromocytoma and catecholamine induced cardiomyopathy presenting as heart failure. Br Heart J 63 (1990) 234-237
59. Quigg R.J., and Om A. Reversal of severe cardiac systolic dysfunction caused by pheochromocytoma in a heart transplant candidate. J Heart Lung Transplant 13 (1994) 525-532
60. Wood R., Commerford P.J., Rose A.G., et al. Reversible catecholamine-induced cardiomyopathy. Am Heart J 121 (1991) 610-613
61. Imperato-McGinley J., Gautier T., Ehlers K., et al. Reversibility of catecholamine-induced dilated cardiomyopathy in a child with a pheochromocytoma. N Engl J Med 316 (1987) 793-797
62. Mishra A.K., Agarwal G., Kapoor A., et al. Catecholamine cardiomyopathy in bilateral malignant pheochromocytoma: successful reversal after surgery. Int J Cardiol 76 (2000) 89-90
63. Gordon R.Y., Fallon J.T., and Baran D.A. Case report: a 32-year-old woman with familial paragangliomas and acute cardiomyopathy. Transplant Proc 36 (2004) 2819-2822
64. Kaye J., Edlin S., Thompson I., et al. Pheochromocytoma presenting as life-threatening pulmonary edema. Endocrine 15 (2001) 203-204
65. Salathe M., Weiss P., and Ritz R. Rapid reversal of heart failure in a patient with phaeochromocytoma and catecholamine-induced cardiomyopathy who was treated with captopril. Br Heart J 68 (1992) 527-528
66. Ganguly P.K., Beamish R.E., and Dhalla N.S. Catecholamine cardiotoxicity in pheochromocytoma. Am Heart J 117 (1989) 1399-1400
67. Olson S.W., Deal L.E., and Piesman M. Epinephrine-secreting pheochromocytoma presenting with cardiogenic shock and profound hypocalcemia. Ann Intern Med 140 (2004) 849-851
68. Murai K., Hirota K., Niskikimi T., et al. Pheochromocytoma with electrocardiographic change mimicking angina pectoris, and cyclic change in direct arterial pressure-a case report. Angiology 42 (1991) 157-161
69. Mirza A. Myocardial infarction resulting from nonatherosclerotic coronary artery diseases. Am J Emerg Med 21 (2003) 578-584
70. Darze E.S., and Von Sohsten R.L. Pheochromocytoma-induced segmental myocardial dysfunction mimicking an acute myocardial infarction in a patient with normal coronary arteries. Arq Bras Cardiol 82 (2004) 178-180 175-7
71. Yoshinaga K., Torii H., and Tahara M. A serial echocardiographic observation of acute heart injury associated with pheochromocytoma crisis. Int J Cardiol 66 (1998) 199-202
72. Liao W.B., Liu C.F., Chiang C.W., et al. Cardiovascular manifestations of pheochromocytoma. Am J Emerg Med 18 (2000) 622-625
73. Stenstrom G., and Swedberg K. QRS amplitudes, QTc intervals and ECG abnormalities in pheochromocytoma patients before, during and after treatment. Acta Med Scand 224 (1988) 231-235
74. Januszewicz W., and Wocial B. Clinical and biochemical aspects of pheochromocytoma: report of 110 cases. Cardiology 72 (1985) 131-136
75. Radtke W.E., Kazmier F.J., Rutherford B.D., et al. Cardiovascular complications of pheochromocytoma crisis. Am J Cardiol 35 (1975) 701-705
76. Krane N.K. Clinically unsuspected pheochromocytomas: experience at Henry Ford Hospital and a review of the literature. Arch Intern Med 146 (1986) 54-57
77. Tack C.J., and Lenders J.W. Pheochromocytoma as a cause of blue toes. Arch Intern Med 153 (1993) 2061
78. Scharf Y., Nahir M., Plavnic Y., et al. Intermittent claudication with pheochromocytoma. JAMA 215 (1971) 1323-1324
79. Dagartzikas M.I., Sprague K., Carter G., et al. Cerebrovascular event, dilated cardiomyopathy, and pheochromocytoma. Pediatr Emerg Care 18 (2002) 33-35
80. Triplett J.C., and Atuk N.O. Dissecting aortic aneurysm associated with pheochromocytoma. South Med J 68 (1975) 748-753
81. Cabot. Case 27022. N Engl J Med 224 (1941) 77-79
82. Ehata T., Karasawa F., Watanabe K., et al. Unsuspected pheochromocytoma with abdominal aortic aneurysm-a case report. Acta Anaesthesiol Sin 37 (1999) 27-28
83. Naeije R., Yernault J.C., Goldstein M., et al. Acute pulmonary oedema in a patient with phaeochromocytoma. Intensive Care Med 4 (1978) 165-167
84. Takeshita T., Shima H., Oishi S., et al. Noncardiogenic pulmonary edema as the first manifestation of pheochromocytoma: a case report. Radiat Med 23 (2005) 133-138
85. Sukoh N., Hizawa N., Yamamoto H., et al. Increased neutrophils in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids from a patient with pulmonary edema associated with pheochromocytoma. Intern Med 43 (2004) 1194-1197
86. Fahmy N., Assaad M., Bathija P., et al. Postoperative acute pulmonary edema: a rare presentation of pheochromocytoma. Clin Nephrol 48 (1997) 122-124
87. Baxter M.A., Hunter P., Thompson G.R., et al. Phaeochromocytomas as a cause of hypotension. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 37 (1992) 304-306
88. Hendrickson R.J., Katzman P.J., Queiroz R., et al. Management of massive retroperitoneal hemorrhage from an adrenal tumor. Endocr J 48 (2001) 691-696
89. Hatada T., Nakai T., Aoki I., et al. Acute abdominal symptoms caused by hemorrhagic necrosis of a pheochromocytoma: report of a case. Surg Today 24 (1994) 363-367
90. Park J.H., Kang K.P., Lee S.J., et al. A case of a ruptured pheochromocytoma with an intratumoral aneurysm managed by coil embolization. Endocr J 50 (2003) 653-656
91. Van Eeckhout P., Shungu H., Descamps F.X., et al. Acute watery diarrhea as the initial presenting feature of a pheochromocytoma in an 84-year-old female patient. Horm Res 52 (1999) 101-106
92. Khafagi F.A., Lloyd H.M., and Gough I.R. Intestinal pseudo-obstruction in pheochromocytoma. Aust N Z J Med 17 (1987) 246-248
93. Turner C.E. Gastrointestinal pseudo-obstruction due to pheochromocytoma. Am J Gastroenterol 78 (1983) 214-217
94. Bernstein A., Wright A.C., and Spencer D. Phaeochromocytoma as a cause of gastrointestinal distension. Postgrad Med J 43 (1967) 180-183
95. Noguchi M., Taniya T., Ueno K., et al. A case of pheochromocytoma with severe paralytic ileus. Jpn J Surg 20 (1990) 448-452
96. Sawaki D., Otani Y., Sekita G., et al. Pheochromocytoma complicated with refractory paralytic ileus dramatically improved with intravenous administration of alpha-adrenergic receptor antagonist, phentolamine. J Clin Gastroenterol 37 (2003) 194
97. Lee P.H., Blute Jr. R., and Malhotra R. A clinically "silent" pheochromocytoma with spontaneous hemorrhage. J Urol 138 (1987) 1429-1432
98. Rosati L.A., and Augur Jr. N.A. Ischemic enterocolitis in pheochromocytoma. Gastroenterology 60 (1971) 581-585
99. Fee H.J., Fonkalsrud E.W., Ament M.E., et al. Enterocolitis with peritonitis in a child with pheochromocytoma. Ann Surg 185 (1977) 448-450
100. Mazaki T., Hara J., Watanabe Y., et al. Pheochromocytoma presenting as an abdominal emergency: association with perforation of the colon. Digestion 65 (2002) 61-66
101. Mullen J.P., Cartwright R.C., Tisherman S.E., et al. Pathogenesis and pharmacologic management of pseudo-obstruction of the bowel in pheochromocytoma. Am J Med Sci 290 (1985) 155-158
102. Mishra A.K., Agarwal G., Agarwal A., et al. Cystic phaeochromocytoma presenting as an acute abdomen with shock. Eur J Surg 167 (2001) 863-865
103. Cho Y.U., Kim J.Y., Choi S.K., et al. A case of hemorrhagic gallbladder paraganglioma causing acute cholecystitis. Yonsei Med J 42 (2001) 352-356
104. Dugal Perrier N.A., van Heerden J.A., Wilson D.J., et al. Malignant pheochromocytoma masquerading as acute pancreatitis-a rare but potentially lethal occurrence. Mayo Clin Proc 69 (1994) 366-370
105. Shemin D., Cohn P.S., and Zipin S.B. Pheochromocytoma presenting as rhabdomyolysis and acute myoglobinuric renal failure. Arch Intern Med 150 (1990) 2384-2385
106. Gillett M.J., Arenson R.V., Yew M.K., et al. Diagnostic challenges associated with a complex case of cystic phaeochromocytoma presenting with malignant hypertension, microangiopathic haemolysis and acute renal failure. Nephrol Dial Transplant 20 (2005) 1014
107. Winter C., Schmidt-Mutter C., Cuny R., et al. Fatal form of phaeochromocytoma presenting as acute pyelonephritis. Eur J Anaesthesiol 18 (2001) 548-553
108. Evans J.P., Bambach C.P., Andrew S., et al. MEN type 2a presenting as an intra-abdominal emergency. Aust N Z J Surg 67 (1997) 824-826
109. Takabatake T., Kawabata M., Ohta H., et al. Acute renal failure and transient, massive proteinuria in a case of pheochromocytoma. Clin Nephrol 24 (1985) 47-49
110. Scully R.E., Mark E.J., and McNeely B.U. Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital. Weekly clinicopathological exercises. Case 6-1986. A 34-year-old man with hypertension and episodes of flushing, nausea, and vomiting. N Engl J Med 314 (1986) 431-439
111. Raman G.V. Phaeochromocytoma presenting with cardiogenic shock and acute renal failure. J Hum Hypertens 1 (1987) 237-238
112. Crowe A.V., Jones N.F., and Carr P. Five ways to be fooled by phaeochromocytoma-renal and urological complications. Nephrol Dial Transplant 12 (1997) 337-340
113. Kuzmanovska D., Sahpazova E., Kocova M., et al. Phaeochromocytoma associated with reversible renal artery stenosis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 16 (2001) 2092-2094
114. Hill J.B., and Schwartzman R.J. Cerebral infarction and disseminated intravascular coagulation with pheochromocytoma. Arch Neurol 38 (1981) 395
115. Moritani H., Sakamoto M., Yoshida Y., et al. Pheochromocytoma of the urinary bladder revealed with cerebral hemorrhage. Intern Med 40 (2001) 638-642
116. Chuang H.L., Hsu W.H., Hsueh C., et al. Spontaneous intracranial hemorrhage caused by pheochromocytoma in a child. Pediatr Neurosurg 36 (2002) 48-51
117. Goswami R., Tandon N., Singh B., et al. Adrenal tumour, congestive heart failure and hemiparesis in an 18-year-old male: a clinical-pathological conference. Int J Cardiol 49 (1995) 233-238
118. Beatty O.L., Russell C.F., Kennedy L., et al. Phaeochromocytoma in Northern Ireland: a 21 year review. Eur J Surg 162 (1996) 695-702
119. Favia G., Lumachi F., Polistina F., et al. Pheochromocytoma, a rare cause of hypertension: long-term follow-up of 55 surgically treated patients. World J Surg 22 (1998) 689-693
120. Plouin P.F., Duclos J.M., Soppelsa F., et al. Factors associated with perioperative morbidity and mortality in patients with pheochromocytoma: analysis of 165 operations at a single center. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86 (2001) 1480-1486
121. Fox J.M., and Manninen P.H. The anaesthetic management of a patient with a phaeochromocytoma and acute stroke. Can J Anaesth 38 (1991) 775-779
122. Wilkenfeld C., Cohen M., Lansman S.L., et al. Heart transplantation for end-stage cardiomyopathy caused by an occult pheochromocytoma. J Heart Lung Transplant 11 (1992) 363-366
123. Thomas J.E., Rooke E.D., and Kvale W.F. The neurologist's experience with pheochromocytoma: a review of 100 cases. JAMA 197 (1966) 754-758
124. Leiba A., Bar-Dayan Y., Leker R.R., et al. Seizures as a presenting symptom of phaeochromocytoma in a young soldier. J Hum Hypertens 17 (2003) 73-75
125. Reichardt P., Apel T.W., Domula M., et al. Recurrent polytopic chromaffin paragangliomas in a 9-year-old boy resulting from a novel germline mutation in the von Hippel-Lindau gene. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 24 (2002) 145-148
126. Pacak K., Linehan W.M., Eisenhofer G., et al. Recent advances in genetics, diagnosis, localization, and treatment of pheochromocytoma. Ann Intern Med 134 (2001) 315-329
127. Kantorovich V., and Pacak K. A new concept of unopposed beta-adrenergic overstimulation in a patient with pheochromocytoma. Ann Intern Med 142 (2005) 1026-1028
128. Proye C., Thevenin D., Cecat P., et al. Exclusive use of calcium channel blockers in preoperative and intraoperative control of pheochromocytomas: hemodynamics and free catecholamine assays in ten consecutive patients. Surgery 106 (1989) 1149-1154
129. Roizen M.F., Schreider B.D., and Hassan S.Z. Anesthesia for patients with pheochromocytoma. Anesthesiol Clin North America 5 (1987) 269-275
130. Harper M.A., Murnaghan G.A., Kennedy L., et al. Phaeochromocytoma in pregnancy: five cases and a review of the literature. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 96 (1989) 594-606
131. Oishi S., and Sato T. Pheochromocytoma in pregnancy: a review of the Japanese literature. Endocr J 41 (1994) 219-225
132. Schenker J.G., and Chowers I. Pheochromocytoma and pregnancy: review of 89 cases. Obstet Gynecol Surv 26 (1971) 739-747
133. Brunt L.M. Phaeochromocytoma in pregnancy. Br J Surg 88 (2001) 481-483
134. Molitch M.E. Endocrine emergencies in pregnancy. Baillieres Clin Endocrinol Metab 6 (1992) 167-191
135. Ahlawat S.K., Jain S., Kumari S., et al. Pheochromocytoma associated with pregnancy: case report and review of the literature. Obstet Gynecol Surv 54 (1999) 728-737
136. Dugas G., Fuller J., Singh S., et al. Pheochromocytoma and pregnancy: a case report and review of anesthetic management. Can J Anaesth 51 (2004) 134-138
137. Gurney J.G., Ross J.A., Wall D.A., et al. Infant cancer in the US: histology-specific incidence and trends, 1973 to 1992. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 19 (1997) 428-432
138. Maris J.M. The biologic basis for neuroblastoma heterogeneity and risk stratification. Curr Opin Pediatr 17 (2005) 7-13
139. Brodeur G.M. Neuroblastoma: biological insights into a clinical enigma. Nat Rev Cancer 3 (2003) 203-216
140. Brodeur G.M., and Maris J.M. Neuroblastoma. In: Pizzo P.A., and Poplack D.G. (Eds). Principles and practice of pediatric oncology. 5th edition (2006), Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia 895-939
141. Brossard J., Bernstein M.L., and Lemieux B. Neuroblastoma: an enigmatic disease. Br Med Bull 52 (1996) 787-801
142. Castleberry R.P. Biology and treatment of neuroblastoma. Pediatr Clin North Am 44 (1997) 919-937
143. Haase G.M., Perez C., and Atkinson J.B. Current aspects of biology, risk assessment, and treatment of neuroblastoma. Semin Surg Oncol 16 (1999) 91-104
144. Rudnick E., Khakoo Y., Antunes N.L., et al. Opsoclonus-myoclonus-ataxia syndrome in neuroblastoma: clinical outcome and antineuronal antibodies-a report from the Children's Cancer Group Study. Med Pediatr Oncol 36 (2001) 612-622
145. Brodeur G.M., Seeger R.C., Barrett A., et al. International criteria for diagnosis, staging, and response to treatment in patients with neuroblastoma. J Clin Oncol 6 (1988) 1874-1881
146. Brodeur G.M., Pritchard J., Berthold F., et al. Revisions of the international criteria for neuroblastoma diagnosis, staging, and response to treatment. J Clin Oncol 11 (1993) 1466-1477
147. Evans A.E., Baum E., and Chard R. Do infants with stage IV-S neuroblastoma need treatment?. Arch Dis Child 56 (1981) 271-274
148. Evans A.E., Chatten J., D'Angio G.J., et al. A review of 17 IV-S neuroblastoma patients at the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia. Cancer 45 (1980) 833-839
149. Attiyeh E.F., London W.B., Mosse Y.P., et al. Chromosome 1p and 11q deletions and outcome in neuroblastoma. N Engl J Med 353 (2005) 2243-2253
150. Kushner B.H. Neuroblastoma: a disease requiring a multitude of imaging studies. J Nucl Med 45 (2004) 1172-1188
151. El-Hayek M., Trad O., Hardy D., et al. The triad of seizures, hypertension, and neuroblastoma: the first described case. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 26 (2004) 523-525
152. Chauty A., Raimondo G., Vergeron H., et al. Discovery of a neuroblastoma producing cardiogenic shock in a 2-month-old child. Arch Pediatr 9 (2002) 602-605
153. Sendo D., Katsuura M., Akiba K., et al. Severe hypertension and cardiac failure associated with neuroblastoma: a case report. J Pediatr Surg 31 (1996) 1688-1690
154. Kedar A., Glassman M., Voorhess M.L., et al. Severe hypertension in a child with ganglioneuroblastoma. Cancer 47 (1981) 2077-2080
155. Steinmetz J.C. Neonatal hypertension and cardiomegaly associated with a congenital neuroblastoma. Pediatr Pathol 9 (1989) 577-582
156. Lindner W., Behnisch W., Kunz U., et al. Congenital neuroblastoma mimicking early onset sepsis. Eur J Pediatr 160 (2001) 436-438
157. Russo C., Cohn S.L., Petruzzi M.J., et al. Long-term neurologic outcome in children with opsoclonus-myoclonus associated with neuroblastoma: a report from the Pediatric Oncology Group. Med Pediatr Oncol 28 (1997) 284-288
158. Yeung W.L., Li C.K., Nelson E.A., et al. Unusual neurological presentation of neuroblastoma. Hong Kong Med J 9 (2003) 142-144
159. Scott J.X., Moses P.D., Somashekar H.R., et al. Paraneoplastic papilloedema in a child with neuroblastoma. Indian J Cancer 42 (2005) 102-103
160. Tatli B., Saribeyoglu E.T., Aydinli N., et al. Neuroblastoma: an unusual presentation with bilateral ptosis. Pediatr Neurol 30 (2004) 284-286
161. Lee E.W., and Applebaum H. Abdominal expansion as a bridging technique in stage IV-S neuroblastoma with massive hepatomegaly. J Pediatr Surg 29 (1994) 1470-1471
162. Christiansen G.M., and Pulley S.A. Two cases of neuroblastoma presenting to the emergency department. J Emerg Med 17 (1999) 265-268
163. Nejat F., Zabihyan Sigarchi S., and IzadYar M. Congenital dumbbell neuroblastoma mimicking birth trauma. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 76 (2005) 143-144
164. McGirt M.J., Cowan Jr. J.A., Gala V., et al. Surgical reversal of prolonged blindness from a metastatic neuroblastoma. Childs Nerv Syst 21 (2005) 583-586
165. D'Amico M.A., Weiner M., Ruzal-Shapiro C., et al. Protein-losing enteropathy: an unusual presentation of neuroblastoma. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 42 (2003) 371-373
166. Gerdes J.S., and Katz A.J. Neuroblastoma appearing as protein-losing enteropathy. Am J Dis Child 136 (1982) 1024-1025
167. Shimada H., Ambros I.M., Dehner L.P., et al. The International Neuroblastoma Pathology Classification (the Shimada system). Cancer 86 (1999) 364-372
168. Shimada H., Ambros I.M., Dehner L.P., et al. Terminology and morphologic criteria of neuroblastic tumors: recommendations by the International Neuroblastoma Pathology Committee. Cancer 86 (1999) 349-363
169. Stowens D. Neuroblastoma and related tumors. Arch Pathol 63 (1957) 451-453
170. Radin R., David C.L., Goldfarb H., et al. Adrenal and extra-adrenal retroperitoneal ganglioneuroma: imaging findings in 13 adults. Radiology 202 (1997) 703-707
171. Carpenter W.B., and Kernohan J.W. Retroperitoneal ganglioneuromas and neurofibromas: a clinicopathological study. Cancer 16 (1963) 788-797
172. Geoerger B., Hero B., Harms D., et al. Metabolic activity and clinical features of primary ganglioneuromas. Cancer 91 (2001) 1905-1913
173. Hamilton J.P., and Koop C.E. Ganglioneuromas in children. Surg Gynecol Obstet 121 (1965) 803-812
174. Lucas K., Gula M.J., Knisely A.S., et al. Catecholamine metabolites in ganglioneuroma. Med Pediatr Oncol 22 (1994) 240-243
175. Hansen L.P., Lund H.T., Fahrenkrug J., et al. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP)-producing ganglioneuroma in a child with chronic diarrhea. Acta Paediatr Scand 69 (1980) 419-424
176. Scheibel E., Rechnitzer C., Fahrenkrug J., et al. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) in children with neural crest tumours. Acta Paediatr Scand 71 (1982) 721-725
177. Koch C.A., Brouwers F.M., Rosenblatt K., et al. Adrenal ganglioneuroma in a patient presenting with severe hypertension and diarrhea. Endocr Relat Cancer 10 (2003) 99-107
178. Wadhwa N.K., Gupta M., Afolabi A., et al. Membranous glomerulonephritis in a patient with an adrenal ganglioneuroma. Am J Kidney Dis 44 (2004) 363-368
179. Lenders J.W., Pacak K., Walther M.M., et al. Biochemical diagnosis of pheochromocytoma: which test is best?. JAMA 287 (2002) 1427-1434
180. Spencer E., Pycock C., and Lytle J. Phaeochromocytoma presenting as acute circulatory collapse and abdominal pain. Intensive Care Med 19 (1993) 356-357
181. Preuss J., Woenckhaus C., Schwesinger G., et al. Non-diagnosed pheochromocytoma as a cause of sudden death in a 49-year-old man: a case report with medico-legal implications. Forensic Sci Int 156 (2006) 223-228
182. Jones S.E., Redfern N., Shaw I.H., et al. Exaggerated cardiovascular response to anaesthesia-a case for investigation. Anaesthesia 54 (1999) 882-884
183. Diamond J.A. Pheochromocytoma in a symptomatic patient with severe hypertension upon anesthesia induction. Am J Hypertens 14 (2001) 729-730
184. Myklejord D.J. Undiagnosed pheochromocytoma: the anesthesiologist nightmare. Clin Med Res 2 (2004) 59-62
185. Achong M.R., and Keane P.M. Pheochromocytoma unmasked by desipramine therapy. Ann Intern Med 94 (1981) 358-359
186. Montminy M., and Teres D. Shock after phenothiazine administration in a pregnant patient with a pheochromocytoma: a case report and literature review. J Reprod Med 28 (1983) 159-162
187. Raisanen J., Shapiro B., Glazer G.M., et al. Plasma catecholamines in pheochromocytoma: effect of urographic contrast media. AJR Am J Roentgenol 143 (1984) 43-46
188. Korzets A., Floro S., Ori Y., et al. Clomipramine-induced pheochromocytoma crisis: a near fatal complication of a tricyclic antidepressant. J Clin Psychopharmacol 17 (1997) 428-430
189. Pineda Pompa L.R., Barrera-Ramirez C.F., Martinez-Valdez J., et al. Pheochromocytoma-induced acute pulmonary edema and reversible catecholamine cardiomyopathy mimicking acute myocardial infarction. Rev Port Cardiol 23 (2004) 561-568
190. Brown H., Goldberg P.A., Selter J.G., et al. Hemorrhagic pheochromocytoma associated with systemic corticosteroid therapy and presenting as myocardial infarction with severe hypertension. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 90 (2005) 563-569
191. Delaney J.P., and Paritzky A.Z. Necrosis of a pheochromocytoma with shock. N Engl J Med 280 (1969) 1394-1395
192. Mohamed H.A., Aldakar M.O., and Habib N. Cardiogenic shock due to acute hemorrhagic necrosis of a pheochromocytoma: a case report and review of the literature. Can J Cardiol 19 (2003) 573-576
193. Guzik P., Wykretowicz A., Wesseling I.K., et al. Adrenal pheochromocytoma associated with dramatic cyclic hemodynamic fluctuations. Int J Cardiol 103 (2005) 351-353
194. Schifferdecker B., Kodali D., Hausner E., et al. Adrenergic shock-an overlooked clinical entity?. Cardiol Rev 13 (2005) 69-72
195. Zangrillo A., Valentini G., Casati A., et al. Myocardial infarction and death after caesarean section in a woman with protein S deficiency and undiagnosed phaeochromocytoma. Eur J Anaesthesiol 16 (1999) 268-270
196. Biccard B.M., and Gopalan P.D. Phaeochromocytoma and acute myocardial infarction. Anaesth Intensive Care 30 (2002) 74-76
197. Dinckal M.H., Davutoglu V., Soydinc S., et al. Phaeochromocytoma-induced myocarditis mimicking acute myocardial infarction. Int J Clin Pract 57 (2003) 842-843
198. Katechis D., Makaryus A.N., Spatz A., et al. Acute myocardial infarction in a patient with pheochromocytoma and neurofibromatosis. J Invasive Cardiol 17 (2005) 331-333
199. Gatzoulis K.A., Tolis G., Theopistou A., et al. Cardiomyopathy due to a pheochromocytoma: a reversible entity. Acta Cardiol 53 (1998) 227-229
200. Mootha V.K., Feldman J., Mannting F., et al. Pheochromocytoma-induced cardiomyopathy. Circulation 102 (2000) E11-E13
201. Dalby M.C., Burke M., Radley-Smith R., et al. Pheochromocytoma presenting after cardiac transplantation for dilated cardiomyopathy. J Heart Lung Transplant 20 (2001) 773-775
202. Attar M.N., Moulik P.K., Salem G.D., et al. Phaeochromocytoma presenting as dilated cardiomyopathy. Int J Clin Pract 57 (2003) 547-548
203. Vahdat A., Vahdat O., and Chandraratna P.A. Pheochromocytoma presenting as reversible acute cardiomyopathy. Int J Cardiol 108 (2006) 395-396
204. Baratella M.C., Menti L., Angelini A., et al. An unusual case of myocarditis. Int J Cardiol 65 (1998) 305-310
205. Magalhaes L.C., Darze E.S., Ximenes A., et al. Acute myocarditis secondary to pheochromocytoma. Arq Bras Cardiol 83 (2004) 346-348 343-5
206. Stevenson S., Ramani V., and Nasim A. Extra-adrenal pheochromocytoma: an unusual cause of deep vein thrombosis. J Vasc Surg 42 (2005) 570-572
207. Munk Z., Tolis G., Jones W., et al. Pheochromocytoma presenting with pulmonary edema and hyperamylasemia. Can Med Assoc J 116 (1977) 357-359
208. Joshi R., and Manni A. Pheochromocytoma manifested as noncardiogenic pulmonary edema. South Med J 86 (1993) 826-828
209. Okada Y., Suchi M., Takeyama H., et al. Noncardiogenic pulmonary edema as the chief manifestation of a pheochromocytoma: a case report of MEN 2A with pedigree analysis of the RET proto-oncogene. Tohoku J Exp Med 188 (1999) 177-187
210. Bos J.C., Toorians A.W., van Mourik J.C., et al. Emergency resection of an extra-adrenal phaeochromocytoma: wrong or right? A case report and a review of literature. Neth J Med 61 (2003) 258-265
211. Baguet J.P., Hammer L., Mazzuco T.L., et al. Circumstances of discovery of phaeochromocytoma: a retrospective study of 41 consecutive patients. Eur J Endocrinol 150 (2004) 681-686
212. Grinda J.M., Bricourt M.O., Salvi S., et al. Unusual cardiogenic shock due to pheochromocytoma: recovery after bridge-to-bridge (extracorporeal life support and DeBakey ventricular assist device) and right surrenalectomy. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 131 (2006) 913-914
213. O'Hickey S., Hilton A.M., and Whittaker J.S. Phaeochromocytoma associated with adult respiratory distress syndrome. Thorax 42 (1987) 157-158
214. Chan M.K., Tse H.W., and Mok F.P. Ruptured phaeochromocytoma-a lesson in acute abdomen. Hong Kong Med J 9 (2003) 221-223
215. Orikasa K., Namima T., Ohnuma T., et al. Spontaneous rupture of adrenal pheochromocytoma with capsular invasion. Int J Urol 11 (2004) 1013-1015
216. Cruz S.R., and Colwell J.A. Pheochromocytoma and ileus. JAMA 219 (1972) 1050-1051
217. Blecha M., Galanopolous C., Dharkar D., et al. Massive organ of Zuckerkandl inducing small bowel obstruction. J Am Coll Surg 201 (2005) 480-481
218. Carr N.D., Hulme A., Sheron N., et al. Intestinal ischaemia associated with phaeochromocytoma. Postgrad Med J 65 (1989) 594-596
219. Hashimoto Y., Motoyoshi S., Maruyama H., et al. The treatment of pheochromocytoma associated with pseudo-obstruction and perforation of the colon, hepatic failure, and DIC. Jpn J Med 29 (1990) 341-346
220. Karri V., Khan S.L., and Wilson Y. Bowel perforation as a presenting feature of pheochromocytoma: case report and literature review. Endocr Pract 11 (2005) 385-388
221. Salehi A., Legome E.L., Eichhorn K., et al. Pheochromocytoma and bowel ischemia. J Emerg Med 15 (1997) 35-38
222. Sohn C.I., Kim J.J., Lim Y.H., et al. A case of ischemic colitis associated with pheochromocytoma. Am J Gastroenterol 93 (1998) 124-126
223. Morris K., and McDevitt B. Phaeochromocytoma presenting as a case of mesenteric vascular occlusion. Ir Med J 78 (1985) 356-357
224. Greaves D.J., and Barrow P.M. Emergency resection of phaeochromocytoma presenting with hyperamylasaemia and pulmonary oedema after abdominal trauma. Anaesthesia 44 (1989) 841-842
225. Sweeney A.T., Malabanan A.O., Blake M.A., et al. Megacolon as the presenting feature in pheochromocytoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 85 (2000) 3968-3972
226. Onozawa M., Fukuhara T., Minoguchi M., et al. Hypokalemic rhabdomyolysis due to WDHA syndrome caused by VIP-producing composite pheochromocytoma: a case in neurofibromatosis type 1. Jpn J Clin Oncol 35 (2005) 559-563
227. Smith J.C., Meehan C., Lyons P., et al. A man presenting with limb weakness and electrolyte imbalance. Postgrad Med J 75 (1999) 691-693
228. Dewan M., Rasshid M., Elmalik E.M., et al. Lessons to be learned: a case study approach. Paraganglioma of the urinary bladder. J R Soc Health 121 (2001) 193-198
229. Ishii C., lnoue K., Negishi K., et al. Diabetic ketoacidosis in a case of pheochromocytoma. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 54 (2001) 137-142
230. Bornemann M., Hill S.C., and Kidd II G.S. Lactic acidosis in pheochromocytoma. Ann Intern Med 105 (1986) 880-882