The Costs and Benefits of Sexism: Resistance to Influence During Relationship Conflict

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

Volumn 101, Issue 2, 2011, Pages 271-290

  Overall, Nickola C ^a   Sibley, Chris G ^a   Tan, Rosabel ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF AUCKLAND   (New Zealand)

Author keywords

Ambivalent sexism; Influence resistance; Influence strategies; Relationship conflict

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ARTICLE; ATTITUDE; BENEFICENCE; CONFLICT; FEMALE; HOSTILITY; HUMAN; HUMAN RELATION; INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION; MALE; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; SEXUALITY; SOCIAL BEHAVIOR; SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY;

ADULT; ATTITUDE; BENEFICENCE; COMMUNICATION; CONFLICT (PSYCHOLOGY); FEMALE; HOSTILITY; HUMANS; INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS; MALE; MEN; PREJUDICE; SEXUAL PARTNERS; SOCIAL BEHAVIOR; WOMEN; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 79960823702     PISSN: 00223514     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/a0022727     Document Type: Article

References (68)

1. Abrams D., Viki G.T., Masser B., Bohner G. Perceptions of stranger and acquaintance rape: The role of benevolent and hostile sexism in victim blame and rape proclivity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2003, 84:111-125. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.84.1.111.
2. Allen C.T., Swan S.C., Raghavan C. Gender symmetry, sexism, and intimate partner violence. Journal of Interpersonal Violence 2009, 24:1816-1834. doi: 10.1177/0886260508325496.
3. Barreto M., Ellemers N., Piebinga L., Moya M. How nice of us and how dumb of me: The effect of exposure to benevolent sexism on women's task and relational self-descriptions. Sex Roles 2010, 62:532-544. doi: 10.1007/s11199-009-9699-0.
4. Bentler P.M. EQS Structural Equations Program manual 1995, Multivariate Software, Encino, CA.
5. Bradbury T.N., Karney B.R. Understanding and altering the longitudinal course of marriage. Journal of Marriage and the Family 2004, 66:862-879. doi: 10.1111/j.0022-2445.2004.00059.x.
6. Campbell L., Simpson J.A., Kashy D.A., Fletcher G.J.O. Ideal standards, the self, and flexibility of ideals in close relationships. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 2001, 27:447-462. doi: 10.1177/0146167201274006.
7. Canevello A., Crocker J. Creating good relationships: Responsiveness, relationship quality, and interpersonal goals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2010, 99:78-106. doi: 10.1037/a0018186.
8. Chen Z., Fiske S.T., Lee T.L. Ambivalent sexism and power-related gender-role ideology in marriage. Sex Roles 2009, 60:765-778. doi: 10.1007/s11199-009-9585-9.
9. Dardenne B., Dumont M., Bollier T. Insidious dangers of benevolent sexism: Consequences for women's performance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2007, 93:764-779. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.93.5.764.
10. Denton W.H., Burleson B.R. The Initiator Style Questionnaire: A scale to assess initiator tendency in couples. Personal Relationships 2007, 14:245-268. doi: 10.1111/j.1475-6811.2007.00153.x.
11. Dindia K., Allen M. Sex differences in self-disclosure: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin 1992, 112:106-124. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.112.1.106.
12. Downey G., Frietas A.L., Michaelis B., Khouri H. The self-fulfilling prophecy in close relationships: Rejection sensitivity and rejection by romantic partners. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1998, 75:545-560. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.75.2.545.
13. Durán M., Moya M., Megías J.L., Viki G.T. Social perception of rape victims in dating and married relationships: The role of perpetrator's benevolent sexism. Sex Roles 2010, 62:505-519. doi: 10.1007/s11199-009-9676-7.
14. Eastwick P.W., Eagly A.H., Glick P., Johannesen-Schmidt M.C., Fiske S.T., Blum A.M.B., Volpato C. Is traditional gender ideology associated with sex-typed mate preferences? A test in nine nations. Sex Roles 2006, 54:603-614. doi: 10.1007/s11199-006-9027-x.
15. Eldridge K.A., Christensen A. Demand-withdraw communication during couple conflict: A review and analysis. Understanding marriage: Developments in the study of couple interaction 2002, 289-322. Cambridge University Press, New York, NY, doi: 10.1017/CBO9780511500077.016. P. Noller, J.A. Feeney (Eds.).
16. Epstein N., Eidelson R.J. Unrealistic beliefs of clinical couples: Their relationship to expectations, goals, and satisfaction. The American Journal of Family Therapy 1981, 9:13-22. doi: 10.1080/01926188108250420.
17. Expósito F., Herrera M.C., Moya M., Glick P. Don't rock the boat: Women's benevolent sexism predicts fears of marital violence. Psychology of Women Quarterly 2010, 34:36-42. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-6402.2009.01539.x.
18. Falbo T., Peplau L.A. Power strategies in intimate relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1980, 38:618-628. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.38.4.618.
19. Fletcher G.J.O., Simpson J.A., Thomas G. The measurement of perceived relationship quality components: A confirmatory factor analytic approach. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 2000, 26:340-354. doi: 10.1177/0146167200265007.
20. Foran H.M., Smith Slep A.M. Validation of a self-report measure of unrealistic relationship expectations. Psychological Assessment 2007, 19:382-396. doi: 10.1037/1040-3590.19.4.382.
21. Forbes G.B., Adams-Curtis L.E., White K.B. First- and second-generation measures of sexism, rape myths and related beliefs, and hostility toward women: Their interrelationships and association with college students' experiences with dating aggression and sexual coercion. Violence Against Women 2004, 10:236-261. doi: 10.1177/1077801203256002.
22. Forbes G.B., Jobe R.L., White K.B., Bloesch E., Adams-Curtis L.E. Perceptions of dating violence following a sexual or nonsexual betrayal of trust: Effects of gender, sexism, acceptance of rape myths, and vengeance motivation. Sex Roles 2005, 52:165-173. doi: 10.1007/s11199-005-1292-6.
23. Glick P., Diebold J., Bailey-Werner B., Zhu L. The two faces of Adam: Ambivalent sexism and polarized attitudes towards women. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 1997, 23:1323-1334. doi: 10.1177/01461672972312009.
24. Glick P., Fiske S.T. The Ambivalent Sexism Inventory: Differentiating hostile and benevolent sexism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1996, 70:491-512. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.70.3.491.
25. Glick P., Fiske S.T., Masser B., Manganelli A.M., Huang L., Castro Y.R., Wells R. Bad but bold: Ambivalent attitudes toward men predict gender inequality in 16 nations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2004, 86:713-728. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.86.5.713.
26. Glick P., Fiske S.T., Mladinic A., Saiz J.L., Abrams D., Masser B., López W.L. Beyond prejudice as simple antipathy: Hostile and benevolent sexism across cultures. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2000, 79:763-775. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.79.5.763.
27. Glick P., Sakalli-Ugurlu N., Ferreira M.C., De Souza M.A. Ambivalent sexism and attitudes toward wife abuse in Turkey and Brazil. Psychology of Women Quarterly 2002, 26:292-297. doi: 10.1111/1471-6402.t01-1-00068.
28. Gottman J.M. Psychology and the study of marital processes. Annual Review of Psychology 1998, 49:169-197. doi: 10.1146/annurev.psych.49.1.169.
29. Heavey C.L., Layne C., Christensen A. Gender and conflict structure in marital interaction: A replication and extension. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 1993, 61:16-27. doi: 10.1037/0022-006X.61.1.16.
30. Heyman R.E. Observation of couple conflicts: Clinical assessment applications, stubborn truths, and shaky foundations. Psychological Assessment 2001, 13:5-35. doi: 10.1037/1040-3590.13.1.5.
31. Heyman R.E., Hunt A.N. Replication in observational couples research: A commentary. Journal of Marriage and the Family 2007, 69:81-85. doi: 10.1111/j.1741-3737.2006.00345.x.
32. Howard J.A., Blumstein P., Schwartz P. Sex, power, and influence tactics in intimate relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1986, 51:102-109. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.51.1.102.
33. Jackman M.R. The velvet glove: Paternalism and conflict in gender, class, and race relations 1994, University of California Press, Berkley, CA.
34. Jacobson N., Margolin G. Marital therapy 1979, Brunner/Mazel, New York, NY.
35. Karney B.R., Bradbury T.N. The longitudinal course of marital quality and stability: A review of theory, method, and research. Psychological Bulletin 1995, 118:3-34. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.118.1.3.
36. Kenny D.A., Kashy D.A., Cook W.L. Dyadic data analysis 2006, Guilford Press, New York, NY.
37. Klinetob N.A., Smith D.A. Demand-withdraw communication in marital interaction: Tests of interpersonal contingency and gender role hypotheses. Journal of Marriage and the Family 1996, 58:945-957. doi: 10.2307/353982.
38. Kluwer E.S., Heesink J.A., Van De Vliert E. The marital dynamics of conflict over the division of labor. Journal of Marriage and the Family 1997, 59:635-653. doi: 10.2307/353951.
39. Lee T.L., Fiske S.T., Glick P., Chen Z. Ambivalent sexism in close relationships: (Hostile) power and (benevolent) romance shape relationship ideals. Sex Roles 2010, 62:583-601. doi: 10.1007/s11199-010-9770-x.
40. MacKinnon D.P., Krull J.L., Lockwood C.M. Equivalence of the mediation, confounding, and suppression effect. Prevention Science 2000, 1:173-181.
41. Mason A., Blankenship V. Power and affiliation motivation, stress, and abuse in intimate relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1987, 52:203-210. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.52.1.203.
42. McNulty J.K., Karney B.R. Positive expectations in the early years of marriage: Should couples expect the best or brace for the worst?. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2004, 86:729-743. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.86.5.729.
43. McNulty J.K., Russell V.M. When " negative" behaviors are positive: A contextual analysis of the long-term effects of interpersonal communication. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2010, 98:587-604. doi: 10.1037/a0017479.
44. Metis S., Cupach W.R. The influence of relationship beliefs and problem-solving responses on satisfaction in romantic relationships. Human Communication Research 1990, 17:170-185. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-2958.1990.tb00230.x.
45. Moya M., Glick P., Expósito F., de Lemus S., Hart J. It's for your own good: Benevolent sexism and women's reactions to protectively justified restrictions. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 2007, 33:1421-1434.
46. Murray S.L., Holmes J.G., Collins N.L. Optimizing assurance: The risk regulation system in relationships. Psychological Bulletin 2006, 132:641-666. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.132.5.641.
47. Obeid N., Chang D.F., Ginges J. Beliefs about wife beating: An exploratory study with Lebanese students. Violence Against Women 2010, 16:691-712. doi: 10.1177/1077801210370465.
48. Oriña M.M., Wood W., Simpson J.A. Strategies of influence in close relationships. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 2002, 38:459-472. doi: 10.1016/S0022-1031(02)00015-X.
49. Overall N.C., Fletcher G.J.O., Simpson J.A. Regulation processes in close relationships: The role of ideal standards. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2006, 91:662-685. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.91.4.662.
50. Overall N.C., Fletcher G.J.O., Simpson J.A., Sibley C.G. Regulating partners in intimate relationships: The costs and benefits of different communication strategies. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2009, 96:620-639. doi: 10.1037/a0012961.
51. Overall N.C., Sibley C.G. Attachment and dependence regulation within daily interactions with romantic partners. Personal Relationships 2009, 16:239-261. doi: 10.1111/j.1475-6811.2009.01221.x.
52. Rehman U.S., Holtzworth-Munroe A. A cross-cultural analysis of the demand-withdraw marital interaction: Observing couples from a developing country. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2006, 74:755-766. doi: 10.1037/0022-006X.74.4.755.
53. Rudman L.A., Heppen J.B. Implicit romantic fantasies and women's interest in personal power: A glass slipper effect?. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 2003, 29:1357-1370. doi: 10.1177/0146167203256906.
54. Ryan E.B., Hummert M.L., Boich L.H. Communication predicaments of aging: Patronizing behavior toward older adults. Journal of Language and Social Psychology 1995, 14:144-166. doi: 10.1177/0261927X95141008.
55. Sagrestano L.M., Heavey C.L., Christensen A. Perceived power and physical violence in marital conflict. Journal of Social Issues 1999, 55:65-79. doi: 10.1111/0022-4537.00105.
56. Sakall N. Beliefs about wife beating among Turkish college students: The effects of patriarchy, sexism, and sex differences. Sex Roles 2001, 44:599-610. doi: 10.1023/A:1012295109711.
57. Sibley, C. G., & Overall, N. C. (in press). A dual-process motivational model of ambivalent sexism and gender differences in romantic partner preferences. Psychology of Women Quarterly.
58. Sibley C.G., Overall N.C., Duckitt J. When women become more hostilely sexist toward their gender: The system-justifying effect of benevolent sexism. Sex Roles 2007, 57:743-754. doi: 10.1007/s11199-007-9306-1.
59. Sibley C.G., Perry R. An opposing process model of benevolent sexism. Sex Roles 2010, 62:438-452. doi: 10.1007/s11199-009-9705-6.
60. Sibley C.G., Wilson M.S. Differentiating hostile and benevolent sexist attitudes toward positive and negative sexual female subtypes. Sex Roles 2004, 51:687-696. doi: 10.1007/s11199-004-0718-x.
61. Simpson J.A., Rholes W.S., Phillips D. Conflict in close relationships: An attachment perspective. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1996, 71:899-914. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.71.5.899.
62. Stets J.E. Status and identity in marital interaction. Social Psychology Quarterly 1997, 60:185-217. doi: 10.2307/2787082.
63. Storaasli R.D., Markman H.J. Relationship problems in the early stages of marriage: A longitudinal investigation. Journal of Family Psychology 1990, 4:80-98. doi: 10.1037/0893-3200.4.1.80.
64. Human Development Report 2007/2008 2007/2008, United Nations Development Programme, Palgrave Macmillan, New York, NY.
65. Viki G.T., Abrams A. But she was unfaithful: Benevolent sexism and reactions to rape victims who violate traditional gender role expectations. Sex Roles 2002, 47:289-293. doi: 10.1023/A:1021342912248.
66. Welsh D.P., Dickson J.W. Video-recall procedures for examining subjective understanding in observational data. Journal of Family Psychology 2005, 19:62-71. doi: 10.1037/0893-3200.19.1.62.
67. Wieselquist J., Rusbult C.E., Foster C.A., Agnew C.R. Commitment, pro-relationship behavior, and trust in close relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1999, 77:942-966. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.77.5.942.
68. Yamawaki N., Ostenson J., Brown C.R. The functions of gender role traditionality, ambivalent sexism, injury, and frequency of assault on domestic violence perception. Violence Against Women 2009, 15:1126-1142. doi: 10.1177/1077801209340758.