메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 10, Issue 2, 2011, Pages 254-266

Glial S100B protein modulates mutant ataxin-1 aggregation and toxicity: TRTK12 peptide, a potential candidate for SCA1 therapy

Author keywords

Ataxin 1; Bergmann glia; Cerebellum; Neurodegeneration; Purkinje cells; S100B; Spinocerebellar ataxia 1; Vacuoles

Indexed keywords

ATAXIN 1; GREEN FLUORESCENT PROTEIN; MESSENGER RNA; MUTANT PROTEIN; NEUROPROTECTIVE AGENT; POLYGLUTAMINE; PROTEIN S100B; TRTK12 PEPTIDE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

EID: 79960775251     PISSN: 14734222     EISSN: 14734230     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s12311-011-0262-5     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (29)

References (56)
  • 1
    • 17844392364 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The pathogenesis of spinocerebellar ataxia
    • DOI 10.1080/14734220510007950
    • Koeppen AH. The pathogenesis of spinocerebellar ataxia. Cerebellum. 2005;4:62-73. (Pubitemid 40592813)
    • (2005) Cerebellum , vol.4 , Issue.1 , pp. 62-73
    • Koeppen, A.H.1
  • 2
    • 65849214710 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical, genetic, molecular, and pathophysiological insights into spinocerebellar ataxia type 1
    • Matilla-Dueñas A, Goold R, Giunti P. Clinical, genetic, molecular, and pathophysiological insights into spinocerebellar ataxia type 1. Cerebellum. 2008;7:106-14.
    • (2008) Cerebellum. , vol.7 , pp. 106-114
    • Matilla-Dueñas, A.1    Goold, R.2    Giunti, P.3
  • 3
    • 34547692622 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Trinucleotide repeat disorders
    • DOI 10.1146/annurev.neuro.29.051605.113042
    • Orr HT, Zoghbi HY. Trinucleotide repeat disorders. Annu Rev Neurosci. 2007;30:575-621. (Pubitemid 47218768)
    • (2007) Annual Review of Neuroscience , vol.30 , pp. 575-621
    • Orr, H.T.1    Zoghbi, H.Y.2
  • 5
    • 77957007354 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • SCA1-like disease in mice expressing wild-type ataxin-1 with a serine to aspartic acid replacement at residue 776
    • Duvick L, Barnes J, Ebner B, Agrawal S, Andresen M, Lim J, et al. SCA1-like disease in mice expressing wild-type ataxin-1 with a serine to aspartic acid replacement at residue 776. Neuron. 2010;67:929-35.
    • (2010) Neuron. , vol.67 , pp. 929-935
    • Duvick, L.1    Barnes, J.2    Ebner, B.3    Agrawal, S.4    Andresen, M.5    Lim, J.6
  • 6
    • 0029163222 scopus 로고
    • SCA-1 transgenic mice: A model for neurodegeneration caused by an expanded CAG trinucleotide repeat
    • Burright EN, Clark HB, Servadio A, Matilla T, Feddersen RM, Yunis WS, et al. SCA-1 transgenic mice: a model for neurodegeneration caused by an expanded CAG trinucleotide repeat. Cell. 1995;82:937-48.
    • (1995) Cell. , vol.82 , pp. 937-948
    • Burright, E.N.1    Clark, H.B.2    Servadio, A.3    Matilla, T.4    Feddersen, R.M.5    Yunis, W.S.6
  • 8
    • 67349176321 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Glial S100B positive vacuoles in Purkinje cells: Earliest morphological abnormality in SCA1 transgenic mice
    • Vig PJS, Lopez ME, Wei J, D'Souza DR, Subramony SH, Henegar J, et al. Glial S100B positive vacuoles in Purkinje cells: earliest morphological abnormality in SCA1 transgenic mice. J Neurol Sci [Turk]. 2006;23:166-74.
    • (2006) J Neurol Sci [Turk]. , vol.23 , pp. 166-174
    • Vig, P.J.S.1    Lopez, M.E.2    Wei, J.3    D'souza, D.R.4    Subramony, S.H.5    Henegar, J.6
  • 9
    • 69549088145 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bergmann glial S100B activates myo-inositol monophosphatase 1 and colocalizes to Purkinje cell vacuoles in SCA1 transgenic mice
    • Vig PJ, Shao Q, Subramony SH, Lopez ME, Safaya E. Bergmann glial S100B activates myo-inositol monophosphatase 1 and colocalizes to Purkinje cell vacuoles in SCA1 transgenic mice. Cerebellum. 2009;8:231-44.
    • (2009) Cerebellum. , vol.8 , pp. 231-244
    • Vig, P.J.1    Shao, Q.2    Subramony, S.H.3    Lopez, M.E.4    Safaya, E.5
  • 10
    • 0025939163 scopus 로고
    • Perspectives in S-100 protein biology
    • Donato R. Perspectives in S-100 protein biology. Cell Calcium. 1991;12:713-26.
    • (1991) Cell Calcium. , vol.12 , pp. 713-726
    • Donato, R.1
  • 11
    • 30644464166 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • S100-mediated signal transduction in the nervous system and neurological diseases
    • Zimmer DB, Chaplin J, Baldwin A, Rast M. S100-mediated signal transduction in the nervous system and neurological diseases. Cell Mol Biol. 2005;51:201-14. (Pubitemid 43086295)
    • (2005) Cellular and Molecular Biology , vol.51 , Issue.2 , pp. 201-214
    • Zimmer, D.B.1    Chaplin, J.2    Baldwin, A.3    Rast, M.4
  • 13
    • 0034704068 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Coregulation of neurite outgrowth and cell survival by amphoterin and S100 proteins through receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) activation
    • DOI 10.1074/jbc.M006993200
    • Huttunen HJ, Kuja-Panula J, Sorci G, Agneletti AL, Donato R, Rauvala H, et al. Coregulation of neurite outgrowth and cell survival by amphoterin and S100 proteins through receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) activation. J Biol Chem. 2000;275:40096-105. (Pubitemid 32064635)
    • (2000) Journal of Biological Chemistry , vol.275 , Issue.51 , pp. 40096-40105
    • Huttunen, H.J.1    Kuja-Panula, J.2    Sorci, G.3    Agneletti, A.L.4    Donato, R.5    Rauvala, H.6
  • 15
    • 0024804259 scopus 로고
    • Neurite extension and neuronal survival activities of recombinant S100β proteins that differ in the content and position of cysteine residues
    • Winningham-Major F, Staecker JL, Barges SW, Coats S, VanElkik J. Neurite extension and neuronal survival activities of recombinant S100β proteins that differ in the content and position of cysteine residues. J Cell Biol. 1989;109:3064-71.
    • (1989) J Cell Biol. , vol.109 , pp. 3064-3071
    • Winningham-Major, F.1    Staecker, J.L.2    Barges, S.W.3    Coats, S.4    Van Elkik, J.5
  • 16
    • 0028986275 scopus 로고
    • S100β protects hippocampal neurons from damage induced by glucose deprivation
    • Barger SW, VanEldik LJ, Mattson MP. S100β protects hippocampal neurons from damage induced by glucose deprivation. Brain Res. 1995;677:167-70.
    • (1995) Brain Res. , vol.677 , pp. 167-170
    • Barger, S.W.1    Van Eldik, L.J.2    Mattson, M.P.3
  • 17
    • 0031446195 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Transgenic mice overexpressing the neurotrophic factor S-100β show neuronal cytoskeletal and behavioral signs of altered aging processes: Implications for Alzheimer's disease and Down's syndrome
    • DOI 10.1016/S0006-8993(97)01002-0, PII S0006899397010020
    • Whitaker-Azmitia PM, Vingate M, Borella A, Gerlai R, Roder J, Azmitia EC. Transgenic mice overexpressing the neurotrophic factor S-100β show neuronal cytoskeletal and behavioral signs of altered aging processes: implications for Alzheimer's disease and Down's syndrome. Brain Res. 1997;776:51-60. (Pubitemid 28018457)
    • (1997) Brain Research , vol.776 , Issue.1-2 , pp. 51-60
    • Whitaker-Azmitia, P.M.1    Wingate, M.2    Borella, A.3    Gerlai, R.4    Roder, J.5    Azmitia, E.C.6
  • 20
    • 0032983595 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Functional roles of S100 proteins, calcium-binding proteins of the EF-hand type
    • DOI 10.1016/S0167-4889(99)00058-0, PII S0167488999000580
    • Donato R. Functional roles of S100 proteins, calcium binding proteins of the EF-hand type. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1999;1450: 191-231. (Pubitemid 29295473)
    • (1999) Biochimica et Biophysica Acta - Molecular Cell Research , vol.1450 , Issue.3 , pp. 191-231
    • Donato, R.1
  • 21
    • 0033773676 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A logical sequence search for S100B target proteins
    • McClintock KA, Shaw GS. A logical sequence search for S100B target proteins. Protein Sci. 2000;10:2043-6.
    • (2000) Protein Sci. , vol.10 , pp. 2043-2046
    • McClintock, K.A.1    Shaw, G.S.2
  • 23
    • 0036616280 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cytodifferentiation of Bergmann glia and its relationship with Purkinje cell
    • Yamada K, Watanabe M. Cytodifferentiation of Bergmann glia and its relationship with Purkinje cell. Anat Sci Int. 2002;2:94-108.
    • (2002) Anat Sci Int. , vol.2 , pp. 94-108
    • Yamada, K.1    Watanabe, M.2
  • 24
    • 78049278878 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recent developments in the understanding of astrocyte function in the cerebellum in vivo
    • Hoogland TM, Kuhn B. Recent developments in the understanding of astrocyte function in the cerebellum in vivo. Cerebellum. 2010;9:264-71.
    • (2010) Cerebellum. , vol.9 , pp. 264-271
    • Hoogland, T.M.1    Kuhn, B.2
  • 25
    • 0029956806 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Conditional ablation of cerebellar astrocytes in postnatal transgenic mice
    • Delaney CL, Brenner M, Messing A. Conditional ablation of cerebellar astrocytes in postnatal transgenic mice. J Neurosci. 1996;16:6908-18. (Pubitemid 26359372)
    • (1996) Journal of Neuroscience , vol.16 , Issue.21 , pp. 6908-6918
    • Delaney, C.L.1    Brenner, M.2    Messing, A.3
  • 26
    • 77954887500 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Suppression of the novel ER protein Maxer by mutant ataxin-1 in Bergman glia contributes to non-cellautonomous toxicity
    • Shiwaku H, Yoshimura N, Tamura T, Sone M, Ogishima S, Watase K, et al. Suppression of the novel ER protein Maxer by mutant ataxin-1 in Bergman glia contributes to non-cellautonomous toxicity. EMBO J. 2010;29:2446-60.
    • (2010) EMBO J. , vol.29 , pp. 2446-2460
    • Shiwaku, H.1    Yoshimura, N.2    Tamura, T.3    Sone, M.4    Ogishima, S.5    Watase, K.6
  • 28
    • 0031838352 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chaperone suppression of aggregation and altered subcellular proteasome localization imply protein misfolding in SCA1
    • DOI 10.1038/502
    • Cummings CJ, Mancini MA, Antalffy B, DeFranco DB, Orr HT, Zoghbi HY. Chaperone suppression of aggregation and altered subcellular proteasome localization imply protein misfolding in SCA1. Nat Genet. 1998;19:148-54. (Pubitemid 28248795)
    • (1998) Nature Genetics , vol.19 , Issue.2 , pp. 148-154
    • Cummings, C.J.1    Mancini, M.A.2    Antalffy, B.3    DeFranco, D.B.4    Orr, H.T.5    Zoghbi, H.Y.6
  • 29
    • 0037846441 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Serine 776 of ataxin-1 is critical for polyglutamine-induced disease in SCA1 transgenic mice
    • DOI 10.1016/S0896-6273(03)00258-7
    • Emamian ES, Kaytor MD, Duvick LA, Zu T, Tousey SK, Zoghbi HY, et al. Serine 776 of ataxin-1 is critical for polyglutamine-induced disease in SCA1 transgenic mice. Neuron. 2003;38:375-87. (Pubitemid 36579141)
    • (2003) Neuron , vol.38 , Issue.3 , pp. 375-387
    • Emamian, E.S.1    Kaytor, M.D.2    Duvick, L.A.3    Zu, T.4    Tousey, S.K.5    Zoghbi, H.Y.6    Clark, H.B.7    Orr, H.T.8
  • 31
    • 47949115718 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Novel interaction of the dopamine D2 receptor and the Ca2+ binding protein S100B: Role in D2 receptor function
    • Liu Y, Buck DC, Neve KA. Novel interaction of the dopamine D2 receptor and the Ca2+ binding protein S100B: role in D2 receptor function. Mol Pharmacol. 2008;74:371-8.
    • (2008) Mol Pharmacol. , vol.74 , pp. 371-378
    • Liu, Y.1    Buck, D.C.2    Neve, K.A.3
  • 32
    • 64549111705 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The ataxia protein sacsin is a functional cochaperone that protects against polyglutamine-expanded ataxin-1
    • Parfitt DA, Michael GJ, Vermeulen EG, Prodromou NV, Webb TR, Gallo JM, et al. The ataxia protein sacsin is a functional cochaperone that protects against polyglutamine-expanded ataxin-1. Hum Mol Genet. 2009;18:1556-65.
    • (2009) Hum Mol Genet. , vol.18 , pp. 1556-1565
    • Parfitt, D.A.1    Michael, G.J.2    Vermeulen, E.G.3    Prodromou, N.V.4    Webb, T.R.5    Gallo, J.M.6
  • 33
    • 77954323087 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dopamine D2 receptor signaling modulates mutant ataxin-1 S776 phosphorylation and aggregation
    • Hearst SM, Lopez ME, Shao Q, Liu Y, Vig PJ. Dopamine D2 receptor signaling modulates mutant ataxin-1 S776 phosphorylation and aggregation. J Neurochem. 2010;114:706-16.
    • (2010) J Neurochem. , vol.114 , pp. 706-716
    • Hearst, S.M.1    Lopez, M.E.2    Shao, Q.3    Liu, Y.4    Vig, P.J.5
  • 34
    • 0035710746 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • -δδCT method
    • DOI 10.1006/meth.2001.1262
    • Livak KJ, Schmittgen TD. Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2(-Delta Delta C (T)) method. Methods. 2001;25:402-8. (Pubitemid 34164012)
    • (2001) Methods , vol.25 , Issue.4 , pp. 402-408
    • Livak, K.J.1    Schmittgen, T.D.2
  • 35
    • 33646108126 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intranasal administration of IGF-I improves behavior and Purkinje cell pathology in SCA1 mice
    • Vig PJS, Subramony SH, D'Souza DR, Wei J, Lopez ME. Intranasal administration of IGF-I improves behavior and Purkinje cell pathology in SCA1 mice. Brain Res Bull. 2006;69:573-9.
    • (2006) Brain Res Bull. , vol.69 , pp. 573-579
    • Vig, P.J.S.1    Subramony, S.H.2    D'souza, D.R.3    Wei, J.4    Lopez, M.E.5
  • 37
    • 0032475941 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ataxin-1 nuclear localization and aggregation: Role in polyglutarnine- induced disease in SCA1 transgenic mice
    • DOI 10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81781-X
    • Klement IA, Skinner PJ, Kaytor MD, Yi H, Hersch SM, Clark HB, et al. Ataxin-1 nuclear localization and aggregation: role in polyglutamine-induced disease in SCA1 transgenic mice. Cell. 1998;95:41-53. (Pubitemid 28458023)
    • (1998) Cell , vol.95 , Issue.1 , pp. 41-53
    • Klement, I.A.1    Skinner, P.J.2    Kaytor, M.D.3    Yi, H.4    Hersch, S.M.5    Clark, H.B.6    Zoghbi, H.Y.7    Orr, H.T.8
  • 38
    • 0029043797 scopus 로고
    • Characterization of S-100b binding epitopes. Identification of a novel target, the actin capping protein, CapZ
    • Ivanenkov VV, Jamieson Jr GA, Gruenstein E, Dimlich RV. Characterization of S-100b binding epitopes. Identification of a novel target, the actin capping protein, CapZ. J Biol Chem. 1995;270:14651-8.
    • (1995) J Biol Chem. , vol.270 , pp. 14651-8
    • Ivanenkov, V.V.1    Jamieson Jr., G.A.2    Gruenstein, E.3    Dimlich, R.V.4
  • 41
    • 3242740239 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Delivery of insulin-like growth factor-I to the rat brain and spinal cord along olfactory and trigeminal pathways following intranasal administration
    • DOI 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2004.05.029, PII S0306452204004002
    • Thorne RG, Pronk GJ, Padmanabhan V, Frey 2nd WH. Delivery of insulin-like growth factor-I to the rat brain and spinal cord along olfactory and trigeminal pathways following intranasal administration. Neuroscience. 2004;127:481-96. (Pubitemid 38950662)
    • (2004) Neuroscience , vol.127 , Issue.2 , pp. 481-496
    • Thorne, R.G.1    Pronk, G.J.2    Padmanabhan, V.3    Frey II, W.H.4
  • 42
    • 0017688967 scopus 로고
    • Proliferation of Bergmann-glia in the developing rat cerebellum
    • DOI 10.1007/BF00297482
    • Basco E, Hajos F, Fulop Z. Proliferation of Bergmann-glia in the developing rat cerebellum. Anat Embryol (Berl). 1977;151: 219-22. (Pubitemid 8185631)
    • (1977) Anatomy and Embryology , vol.151 , Issue.2 , pp. 219-222
    • Basco, E.1    Hajos, F.2    Fulop, Z.3
  • 43
    • 0020578624 scopus 로고
    • Spatial and temporal pattern of postnatal proliferation of Bergmann glial cells in rat cerebellum: An autoradiographic study
    • Shiga T, Ichikawa M, Hirata Y. Spatial and temporal pattern of postnatal proliferation of Bergmann glial cells in rat cerebellum: an autoradiographic study. Anat Embryol (Berl). 1983;167:203-11. (Pubitemid 13068180)
    • (1983) Anatomy and Embryology , vol.167 , Issue.2 , pp. 203-211
    • Shiga, T.1    Ichikawa, M.2    Hirata, Y.3
  • 44
    • 0036304110 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of Notch in promoting glial and neural stem cell fates
    • DOI 10.1146/annurev.neuro.25.030702.130823
    • Gaiano N, Fishell G. The role of notch in promoting glial and neural stem cell fates. Annu Rev Neurosci. 2002;25:471-90. (Pubitemid 34748025)
    • (2002) Annual Review of Neuroscience , vol.25 , pp. 471-490
    • Gaiano, N.1    Fishell, G.2
  • 45
    • 34249827565 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • S100B protein is released from rat neonatal neurons, astrocytes, and microglia by in vitro trauma and anti-S100 increases trauma-induced delayed neuronal injury and negates the protective effect of exogenous S100B on neurons
    • DOI 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2007.04515.x
    • Ellis EF, Willoughby KA, Sparks SA, Chen T. S100B protein is released from rat neonatal neurons, astrocytes, and microglia by in vitro trauma and anti-S100 increases trauma-induced delayed neuronal injury and negates the protective effect of exogenous S100B on neurons. J Neurochem. 2007;101:1463-70. (Pubitemid 46848857)
    • (2007) Journal of Neurochemistry , vol.101 , Issue.6 , pp. 1463-1470
    • Ellis, E.F.1    Willoughby, K.A.2    Sparks, S.A.3    Chen, T.4
  • 46
  • 48
    • 0033995175 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Polyglutamine expansion down-regulates specific neuronal genes before pathologic changes in SCA1
    • DOI 10.1038/72101
    • Lin X, Antalffy B, Kang D, Orr HT, Zogbi HY. Polyglutamine expansion down-regulates specific neuronal genes before pathologic changes in SCA1. Nat Neurosci. 2000;3:157-63. (Pubitemid 30126331)
    • (2000) Nature Neuroscience , vol.3 , Issue.2 , pp. 157-163
    • Lin, X.1    Antalffy, B.2    Kang, D.3    Orr, H.T.4    Zoghbi, H.Y.5
  • 49
    • 0034653926 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relationship between ataxin-1 nuclear inclusions and Purkinje cell specific proteins in SCA-1 transgenic mice
    • DOI 10.1016/S0022-510X(00)00262-8, PII S0022510X00002628
    • Vig PJS, Subramony SH, Qin Z, McDaniel DO, Fratkin J. Relationship between ataxin-1 nuclear inclusions and Purkinje cell specific proteins in SCA-1 transgenic mice. J Neurol Sci. 2000;174:100-10. (Pubitemid 30155899)
    • (2000) Journal of the Neurological Sciences , vol.174 , Issue.2 , pp. 100-110
    • Vig, P.J.S.1    Subramony, S.H.2    Qin, Z.3    McDaniel, D.O.4    Fratkin, J.D.5
  • 51
    • 75749099822 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • S100B protein in myoblasts modulates myogenic differentiation via NF-κBdependent inhibition of MyoD expression
    • Tubaro C, Arcuri C, Giambanco I, Donato R. S100B protein in myoblasts modulates myogenic differentiation via NF-κBdependent inhibition of MyoD expression. J Cell Physiol. 2010;223:270-82.
    • (2010) J Cell Physiol. , vol.223 , pp. 270-282
    • Tubaro, C.1    Arcuri, C.2    Giambanco, I.3    Donato, R.4
  • 52
    • 34247859295 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • S100A1 and S100B, transcriptional targets of SOX trio, inhibit terminal differentiation of chondrocytes
    • DOI 10.1038/sj.embor.7400934, PII 7400934
    • Saito T, Ikeda T, Nakamura K, Chung U-I, Kawaguchi H. S100A1 and S100B, transcriptional targets of SOX trio, inhibit terminal differentiation of chondrocytes. EMBO Rep. 2007; 8:504-9. (Pubitemid 46696522)
    • (2007) EMBO Reports , vol.8 , Issue.5 , pp. 504-509
    • Saito, T.1    Ikeda, T.2    Nakamura, K.3    Chung, U.-I.4    Kawaguchi, H.5
  • 53
    • 67649789017 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • S100B protein regulates astrocyte shape and migration via interaction with Src kinase: Implications for astrocyte development, activation and tumor growth
    • Brozzi F, Arcuri C, Giambanco I, Donato R. S100B protein regulates astrocyte shape and migration via interaction with Src kinase: implications for astrocyte development, activation and tumor growth. J Biol Chem. 2009;284:8797-811.
    • (2009) J Biol Chem. , vol.284 , pp. 8797-8811
    • Brozzi, F.1    Arcuri, C.2    Giambanco, I.3    Donato, R.4
  • 55
    • 2542482742 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Regulation of NDR2 protein kinase by multi-site phosphorylation and the S100B calcium-binding protein
    • DOI 10.1074/jbc.M402472200
    • Stegert MR, Tamaskovic R, Bichsel SJ, Hergovich A, Hemmings BA. Regulation of NDR2 protein kinase by multi-site phosphorylation and the S100B calcium-binding protein. J Biol Chem. 2004;279:23806-12. (Pubitemid 38685698)
    • (2004) Journal of Biological Chemistry , vol.279 , Issue.22 , pp. 23806-23812
    • Stegert, M.R.1    Tamaskovic, R.2    Bichsel, S.J.3    Hergovich, A.4    Hemmings, B.A.5


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.