Review paper: Progress in the field of conducting polymers for tissue engineering applications

Journal of Biomaterials Applications

Volumn 26, Issue 1, 2011, Pages 3-84

  Bendrea, Anca Dana ^a   Cianga, Luminita ^a   Cianga, Ioan ^a  

^a PETRU PONI INSTITUTE OF MACROMOLECULAR CHEMISTRY   (Romania)

Author keywords

conducting polymers; nanofibers; polyaniline; polypyrrole; polythiophene; tissue engineering

Indexed keywords

BIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS; CELL RESPONSE; CONJUGATED CONDUCTING POLYMERS; COVALENT GRAFTING; ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY; ELECTRICAL STIMULATIONS; EXTRACELLULAR MATRICES; MECHANICAL ACTUATIONS; MICRO PATTERNING; NANO-METER SCALE; NANOFILAMENTS; PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES; POLY-THIOPHENE; SELF-ASSEMBLING; SURFACE CHARACTERISTICS; SURFACE FREE ENERGY; SYNTHESIS CONDITIONS; TISSUE ENGINEERING APPLICATIONS;

BIOCOMPATIBILITY; CHEMICAL PROPERTIES; CONJUGATED POLYMERS; ELECTRIC CONDUCTIVITY; GROWTH KINETICS; MECHANICAL PROPERTIES; MOLECULAR BIOLOGY; NANOFIBERS; NANOPARTICLES; NANOTUBES; NATURAL POLYMERS; ORGANIC CONDUCTORS; POLYANILINE; POLYPYRROLES; SURFACE TOPOGRAPHY; TISSUE;

TISSUE ENGINEERING;

BIOMATERIAL; POLYMER;

ANIMAL; CHEMISTRY; ELECTRIC CONDUCTIVITY; HUMAN; METABOLISM; REVIEW; TISSUE ENGINEERING;

ANIMALS; BIOCOMPATIBLE MATERIALS; ELECTRIC CONDUCTIVITY; HUMANS; POLYMERS; TISSUE ENGINEERING;

EID: 79960761975     PISSN: 08853282     EISSN: 15308022     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0885328211402704     Document Type: Review

References (185)

1. Lanza, R., Langer R. and Vacanti, J. (eds) (2007). Principles of Tissue Engineering, 3 rd edn, New York, Elsevier Academic Press.
2. Moroni, L., De Wijn, J.R. and Van Blitterswijk, C.A. Integrating Novel Technologies to Fabricate Smart Scaffolds, J. Biomater. Sci. Polym. Ed., 2008: 19: 543-572. (Pubitemid 351535782)
3. Zdrahala, R. and Zdrahala, I. In Vivo Tissue Engineering: Part 1: Concept Genesis and Guidelines for its Realization, J. Biomater. Appl., 1999: 14: 192-209. (Pubitemid 30502261)
4. Jakab, K., Norotte, C., Marga, F., Murphy, K., Vunjak-Novakovic, G. and Forgacs, G. Tissue Engineering by Self-Assembly and Bio-Printing of Living Cells, Biofabrication, 2010: 2: 022001-022015 ( 14 pp).
5. Goldberg, M., Langer, R. and Jia, X. Nanostructured Materials for Applications in Drug Delivery and Tissue Engineering, J. Biomater. Sci. Polym. Ed., 2007: 18: 241-268. (Pubitemid 46403135)
6. Ma, P.X. Biomimetic Materials for Tissue Engineering, Adv. Drug. Deliv. Rev., 2008: 60: 184-198. (Pubitemid 350245692)
7. Mano, J.F., Silva, G.A., Azevedo, H.S., Malafaya, P.B., Sousa, R.A., Silva, S.S., et al. Natural Origin Biodegradable Systems in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine: Present Status and Some Moving Trends, J. R. Soc. Interface., 2008: 4: 999-1030. (Pubitemid 350303872)
8. Rosso, F., Marino, G., Giordano, A., Barbarisi, M., Parmeggiani, D. and Barbarisi, A. Smart Materials as Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering, J. Cell. Phys., 2005: 203: 465-470. (Pubitemid 40629007)
9. Kim, B.S., Park, I.K., Hoshiba, T., Jiang, H.L., Choi, Y.J., Akaike, T., et al. Design of Artificial Extracellular Matrices for Tissue Engineering, Prog. Polym. Sci., 2011: 36: 238-268.
10. Zhang, L. and Webster, T.J. Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials: Promises for Improved Tissue Regeneration, Nano. Today, 2009: 4: 66-80.
11. Yoo, H.S., Kim, T.G. and Park, T.G. Surface-Functionalized Electrospun Nanofibers for Tissue Engineering and Drug Delivery, Adv. Drug. Deliv. Rev., 2009: 61: 1033-1042.
12. Gunn, J. and Zhang, M. Polyblend Nanofibers for Biomedical Applications: Perspectives and Challenges, Trends. Biotechnol., 2010: 28: 189-197.
13. Beachleya, V. and Wena, X. Polymer Nanofibrous Structures: Fabrication, Biofunctionalization and Cell Interactions, Prog. Polym. Sci., 2010: 35: 868-892.
14. Nisbet, D.R., Forsythe, J.S., Finkenlstein, D.I. and Horne, M.K. A Review of the Cellular Response on Electrospun Nanofibers for Tissue Engineering, J. Biomater. Appl., 2009: 24: 7-29.
15. Richardson-Burns, S.M., Hendricks, J.L. and Martin, D.C. Electrochemical Polymerization of Conducting Polymers in Living Neural Tissue, J. Neural. Eng., 2007: 4: 6-13.
16. Guimard, N.K., Gomez, N. and Schmidt, C.E. Conducting Polymers in Biomedical Engineering, Prog. Polym. Sci., 2007: 32: 876-921. (Pubitemid 47198288)
17. Ravichandran, R., Sundarrajan, S., Venugopal, J.R., Mukherjee and Ramakrishna, S. Applications of Conducting Polymers and Their Issues in Biomedical Engineering, J. R. Soc. Interface., 2010: in press. doi: 10.1098/ rsfi.2010.0120.focus.
18. Guiseppi-Elie, A. Electroconductive Hydrogels: Synthesis, Characterization and Biomedical Applications, Biomaterials, 2010: 31: 2701-2716.
19. Cirpan, A., Alkan, S., Toppare, L., Cianga, I. and Yagci, Y. Immobilization of Cholesterol Oxidase in a Conducting Copolymer of Thiophene-3-yl Acetic Acid Cholesteryl Ester with Pyrrole, Des. Monom. Polym., 2003: 6: 237-243.
20. Xia, L., Wei, Z. and Wan, M. Conducting Polymer Nanostructures and their Application in Biosensors, J. Colloid. Interf. Sci., 2010: 341: 1-11.
21. Chirila, T.V., Rakoczy, P.E., Garrett, K.L., Lou, X., Ian, J. and Constable, I.J. The Use of Synthetic Polymers for Delivery of Therapeutic Antisense Oligodeoxynucleotides, Biomaterials, 2002: 23: 321-342. (Pubitemid 33051022)
22. Svirskis, D., Travas-Sejdic, J., Rodgers, A. and Garg, S. Electrochemically Controlled Drug Delivery Based on Intrinsically Conducting Polymers, J. Control. Release, 2010: 146: 6-15.
23. Smela, E. Conjugated Polymer Actuators for Biomedical Applications, Adv. Mater., 2003: 15: 481-494.
24. Klingstedt, T. and Nilsson, K.P. Conjugated Polymers for Enhanced Bioimaging, Biochim. Biophys. Acta., 2011: 1810: 286-296.
25. Lu, X., Zhang, W., Wang, C., Wen, T.C. and Wei, Y. One-Dimensional Conducting Polymer Nanocomposites: Synthesis, Properties and Applications, Prog. Polym. Sci., 2010: doi:10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2010.07.010.
26. Cianga, I., Cianga, L. and Yagci, Y. (2006). New Applications of Living/ Controlled Polymerization Methods for Synthesis of Copolymers with Designed Architectures and Properties. In: Dragan, E.S. (ed.) New trends in nonionic (co)polymers and hybrids, New York, Nova Science Publishers, pp. 1-52.
27. Wegner, G. Nanocomposites of Hairy-Rod Macromolecules: Concepts, Constructs, and Materials, Macromol. Chem. Phys., 2003: 204: 347-357.
28. Colak, D.G., Cianga, I., Yagci, Y., Cirpan, A. and Karasz, F.E. Novel Poly(Phenylene Vinylenes) with Well-Defined Poly(Epsilon-Caprolactone) or Polystyrene As Lateral Substituents: Synthesis and Characterization, Macromolecules, 2007: 40: 5301-5310. (Pubitemid 47210154)
29. Demirel, A.L., Yurteri, S., Cianga, I. and Yagci, Y. Layered Morphology of Poly(Phenylene)S in Thin Films Induced By Substitution of Well-Defined Poly(Epsilon-Caprolactone) Side Chains, Macromolecules, 2005: 38: 6402-6410. (Pubitemid 41130251)
30. Cianga, I. and Yagci, Y. New Polyphenylene-Based Macromolecular Architectures by Using Well Defined Macromonomers Synthesized Via Controlled Polymerization Methods, Prog. Polym. Sci., 2004: 29: 387-399.
31. Uyar, T., Cianga, I., Cianga, L., Besenbacher, F. and Yagci, Y. Self-Aligned and Bundled Electrospun Fibers Prepared from Blends of Polystyrene (Ps) and Poly(Methyl Methacrylate) (PMMA) with A Hairy-Rod Polyphenylene Copolymer, Mater. Lett., 2009: 63: 1638-1641.
32. Soliman, S., Pagliari, S., Rinaldi, A., Forte, G., Fiaccavento, R., Pagliari, F., et al. Multiscale Three-Dimensional Scaffolds for Soft Tissue Engineering Via Multimodal Electrospinning, Acta. Biomater., 2010: 6: 1227-1237.
33. Kamalesh, S., Tan, P., Wang, J., Lee, T., Kang, E.T. and Wang, C.H. Biocompatibility of Electroactive Polymers in Tissues, J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 2000: 52: 467-478.
34. Wang, C.H., Dong, Y.Q., Sengothi, K., Tan, K.L. and Kang, E.T. In Vivo Tissue Response to Polyaniline, Synth. Met., 1999: 102: 1313-1314.
35. MacDiarmid, A.G. and Epstein, A.J. Polyanilines: A Novel Class of Conducting Polymers, Faraday. Discuss. Chem. Soc., 1989: 88: 317-332.
36. Mattioli-Belmonte, M., Giavaresi, G., Biagini, G., Virgili, L., Giacomini, M., Fini, M., et al. Tailoring Biomaterial Compatibility: In Vivo Tissue Response Versus In Vitro Cell Behavior, Int. J. Artif. Organs., 2003: 26: 1077-1085.
37. Guterman, E., Cheng Palouian, S.K., Bide, P., Lelkes, P.I. and Wei, Y. Peptide-Modified Electroactive Polymers for Tissue Engineering Applications, Polym. Prepr. Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Polym. Chem., 2002: 43: 766-767.
38. Bidez, P.R., Li, S., MacDiarmid, A.G., Venancio, E.C., Wei, Y. and Lelkes, P.I. Polyaniline, an Electroactive Polymer, Supports Adhesion and Poroliferation of Cardiac Myoblasts, J. Biomater. Sci. Polym. Ed., 2006: 17: 199-212.
39. Gasparac, R., Kohli, P., Mota, M.O., Trofin, L. and Martin, C.R. Template Synthesis of Nano Test Tubes, Nano. Lett., 2004: 4: 513-516. (Pubitemid 38402643)
40. Ma, N., Dooley, C.J. and Kelley, S.O. RNA-Templated Semiconductor Nanocrystals, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2006: 128: 12598-12599. (Pubitemid 44527709)
41. Krummel, A.T. and Zanni, M.T. Evidence for Coupling Between Nitrile Group Using DNA Templates: A Promising new Method for Monitoring Structures with Infrared Spectroscopy, J. Phys. Chem. B., 2008: 112: 1336-1338. (Pubitemid 351288198)
42. Li, X., Wan, M., Li, X. and Zhao, G. The Role of DNA in Pani-DNA Hybrid Template and Dopant, Polymer, 2009: 50: 4529-4534.
43. Bayer, C.L., Trenchard, I.J. and Peppas, N.A. Analyzing Polyaniline-Poly (2-Acrylamido-2-Methylpropane Sulfonic Acid) Biocompatibility with 3T3 Fibroblasts, J. Biomater. Sci. Polym. Ed., 2010: 21: 623-634.
44. Wei, Y., Lelkes, P.I., MacDiarmid, A.G., Guterman, E., Cheng, S. and Palouian, K. (2004). Electroactive Polymers and Nanostructured Materials for Neural Tissue Engineering. In: Zhou, Q.-F. and Cheng, S.Z.D. (eds.) Contemporary topics in advanced polymer science and technology, Beijing, Peking University Press, pp. 430-436.
45. Li, Z.F. and Ruckenstein, E. Two Liquid Adsorptive Entrapment of a Pluronic Polymer into the Surface of Polyaniline Films, J. Colloid. Interf. Sci., 2003: 264: 370-377. (Pubitemid 36959975)
46. Cheng, D., Xia, H. and Chan, H.S. Synthesis and Characterization of Surface-Functionalized Conducting Polyaniline-Chitosan Nanocomposites, J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol., 2005: 5: 466-473. (Pubitemid 44651176)
47. Wang, H., Ji, L., Li, D. and Wang, J.Y. Characterization of Nanostructure and Cell Compatibility of Polyaniline Films with Different Dopant Acids, J. Phys. Chem. B., 2008: 112: 2671-2677. (Pubitemid 351472976)
48. Whitehead, M.A., Fan, D., Akkaraju, G.R., Canham, L.T. and Coffer, J.L. Accelerated Calcification in Electrically Conductive Polymer Composites Comprised of Poly (ε-Caprolactone), Polyaniline and Bioactive Mesoporous Silicon, J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 2007: 83: 225-234. (Pubitemid 47435666)
49. Oren, R., Sfez, R., Korbakov, N., Shabtai, K., Cohen, A., Erez, H., et al. Electrically Conductive 2D-PAN-Containing Surfaces as a Culturing Substrate for Neurons, J. Biomater. Sci. Polymer. Ed., 2004: 15: 1355-1374. (Pubitemid 39654327)
50. Guo, Y., Li, M., Mylonakis, A., Han, J., MacDiarmid, A.G., Chen, X., et al. Elecroactive Oligoaniline Containing Self-Assembled Monolayers for Tissue Engineering Applications, Biomacromolecules, 2007: 8: 3025-3034. (Pubitemid 350011621)
51. Lu, W., Meng, X.S. and Wang, Z.Y. Electrochemical Behavior of a New Electroactive Polyimide Derived from Aniline Trimer, J. Polym. Sci. Pol. Chem., 1999: 37: 4295-4301. (Pubitemid 30529441)
52. Wang, Z.Y., Yang, C., Gao, J.P., Lin, J., Meng, X.S., Wei, Y., et al. Electroactive Polyimides Derived from Amino-Terminated Aniline Trimer, Macromolecules, 1998: 31: 2702-2704.
53. Rebourt, E., Joule, J.A. and Monkman, A.P. Polyaniline Oligomers: Synthesis and Characterization, Synth. Met., 1997: 84: 65-66.
54. Liu, S., Wang, J., Zhang, D., Zhang, P., Ou, J., Liu, B., et al. Investigation of Cell Biocompatible Behaviors of Polyaniline Film Fabricated Via Electroless Surface Polymerization, Appl. Surf. Sci., 2010: 256: 3427-3431.
55. Cullen, D.K., Patel, A.R., Doorish, J.F., Smith, D.H. and Pfister, B.J. Developing a Tissue-Engineered Neural-Electrical Relay Using Encapsulated Neuronal Constructs on Conducting Polymer Fibers, J. Neural. Eng., 2008: 5: 374-384.
56. Li, M., Guo, Y., Wei, Y., MacDiarmid, A.G. and Lelkes, P.I. Electrospinning Polyaniline-Contained Gelatin Nanofibers for Tissue Engineering Applications, Biomaterials, 2006: 27: 2705-2715. (Pubitemid 43122074)
57. Jeong, S.I., Jun, I.D., Choi, M.J., Nho, Y.C., Lee, Y.M. and Shin, H. Development of Electroactive and Elastic Nanofibers That Contain Polyaniline and Poly (L-Lactide-Co-ε-Caprolactone) for the Control of Cell Adhesion, Macromol. Biosci., 2008: 8: 627-637.
58. Jun, I., Jeong, S. and Shin, H. The Stimulation of Myoblast Differentiation by Electrically Conductive Sub-Micron Fibers, Biomaterials, 2009: 30: 2038-2047.
59. McKeon, K.D., Lewis, A. and Freeman, J.W. Electrospun Poly(D,L-Lactide) and Polyaniline Scaffold Characterization, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2010: 115: 1566-1572.
60. Ghasemi-Mobarakeh, L., Prabhakaran, M.P., Morshed, M., Nasr-Esfahani, M.H. and Ramakrishna, S. Electrical Stimulation of Nerve Cells Using Conductive Nanofibrous Scaffolds for Nerve Tissue Engineering, Tissue. Eng. Pt. A., 2009: 15: 3605-3619.
61. Guo, B., Finne-Wistrand, A. and Albertsson, A.C. Molecular Architecture of Electroactive and Biodegradable Copolymers Composed of Polylactide and Carboxyl-Capped Aniline Trimer, Biomacromolecules, 2010: 11: 855-863.
62. Huang, L., Hu, J., Lang, L., Wang, X., Zhang, P., Jing, X., et al. Synthesis and Characterization of Electroactive and Biodegradable Aba Block Copolymer of Polylactide and Aniline Pentamer, Biomaterials, 2007: 28: 1741-175.
63. Huang, L., Zhuang, X., Hu, J., Lang, L., Zhang, P., Wang, Y., et al. Synthesis of Biodegradable and Electroactive Multiblock Polylactide and Aniline Pentamer Copolymer for Tissue Engineering Applications, Biomacromolecules, 2008: 9: 850-858. (Pubitemid 351560475)
64. Ding, C., Wang, Y. and Zhang, S. Synthesis and Characterization of Degradable Electrically Conducting Copolymer of Aniline Pentamer and Polyglycolide, Eur. Polym. J., 2007: 43: 4244-4252. (Pubitemid 47483725)
65. Hu, J., Huang, L., Zhuang, X., Zhang, P., Lang, L., Chen, X., et al. Electroactive Aniline Pentamer Cross-Linking Chitosan for Stimulation Growth of Electrically Sensitive Cells, Biomacromolecules, 2008: 9: 2637-2644.
66. Zhang, Q.S., Yan, Y.H., Li, S.P. and Feng, T. Synthesis of a Novel Biodegradable and Electroactive Polyphosphazene for Biomedical Applications, Biomed. Mater., 2009: 4: 035008-035017.
67. Zhang, Q., Yan, Y.H., Li, S.P. and Feng, T. The Synthesis and Characterization of a Novel Biodegradable and Electroactive Polyphosphazene for Nerve Regeneration, Mater. Sci. Eng. C-Biomim., 2010: 30: 160-166.
68. Gelmi, A., Higgins, M.J. and Wallace, G.G. Physical Surface and Electromechanical Properties of Doped Polypyrrole Biomaterials, Biomaterials, 2010: 31: 1974-1983.
69. Ateh, D.D., Vadgama, P. and Navasaria, H.A. Polypyrrole-Based Conducting Polymers and Interactions with Biological Tissues, J. R. Soc. Interface., 2006: 3: 741-752. (Pubitemid 44901304)
70. Wong, J.Y., Langer, R. and Ingber, D.E. Electrically Conducting Polymers Can Non-Invasively Control the Shape and Growth of Mammalian Cells, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1994: 91: 3201-3204. (Pubitemid 24130203)
71. Garner, B., Georgevich, A., Hodgson, A.J., Liu, L. and Wallace, G.G. Polypyrrole Heparin Composites as Stimulus-Responsive Substrates for Endothelial Cell Growth, J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 1999: 44: 121-129. (Pubitemid 28566799)
72. De Giglio, E., Sabbatini, L., Colucci, S. and Zambonin, G. Synthesis, Analytical Characterization and Osteoblasts Adhesion Properties on RGD-Grafted Polypyrrole Coatings on Titanium Substrates, J. Biomater. Sci. Polym. Ed., 2000: 11: 1073-1083. (Pubitemid 32058689)
73. Schmidt, C.E., Shastri, V.R., Vacanti, J.P. and Langer, R. Stimulation of Neurite Outgrowth Using an Electrically Conducting Polymer, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1997: 94: 8949-8953.
74. Williams, R.L. and Doherty, P.J. A Preliminary Assessment of Poly(Pyrrole) in Nerve Guide Studies, J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med., 1994: 5: 429-433. (Pubitemid 24338709)
75. Cui, X., Wiler, J., Dzaman, J., Altschuler, M.R.A. and Martin, D.C. In Vivo Studies of Polypyrrole/Peptide Coated Neural Probe, Biomaterials, 2003: 24: 777-787. (Pubitemid 35449830)
76. Jiang, X., Marois, Y., Traore, A., Tessier, D., Dao, L.H., Guidoin, R., et al. Tissue Reaction to Polypyrrole-Coated Polyester Fabrics: An In Vivo Study in Rats, Tissue. Eng., 2002: 8: 635-647. (Pubitemid 34857800)
77. Wang, X., Gu, X., Yuan, C., Chen, S., Zhang, P., Zhang, T., et al. Evaluation of Biocompatibility of Polypyrrole In Vitro and In Vivo. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A, 2004: 68: 411-422. (Pubitemid 38250362)
78. Ramanaviciene, A., Kausaite, A., Tautkus, S. and Ramanavicius, A. Biocompatibility of Polypyrrole Particles: An In Vivo Study in Mice, J. Pharm. Pharmacol., 2007: 59: 311-315. (Pubitemid 46203069)
79. Fonner, J.M., Forciniti, L., Nguyen, H., Byrne, J.D., Kou, Y.F., Syeda-Nawaz J., et al. Biocompatibility Implications of Polypyrrole Synthesis Techniques, Biomed. Mater., 2008: 3: 034124-034136 ( 12 pp).
80. Kotwal, A. and Schmidt, C.E. Electrical Stimulation Alerts Protein Adsorption and Nerve Cell Interactions with Electrically Conducting Biomaterials, Biomaterials, 2001: 22: 1055-1064. (Pubitemid 32229931)
81. George, M., Lyckman, A.W., LaVan, D.A., Hegde, A., Leung, Y., Avasare, R., et al. Fabrication and Biocompatibility of Ppy Implants Suitable for Neural Prosthetics, Biomaterials, 2005: 26: 3511-3519. (Pubitemid 40038145)
82. Castano, H., O'Rear, E.A., McFetridge, P.S. and Sikavitas, V.I. Polypyrrole Thin Films Formed by Admicellar Polymerization Support the Osteogenic Differentiation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells, Macromol. Biosci., 2004: 4: 785-794. (Pubitemid 39257142)
83. Gomez, N., Lee, J.Y., Nickels, J.D. and Schmidt, C.E. Micropatterned Polypyrrole: A Combination of Electrical and Topographical Characteristics for the Stimulation of Cells, Adv. Funct. Mater., 2007: 17: 1645-1653. (Pubitemid 47116537)
84. Lakard, B., Ploux, L., Anselme, K., Lallemand, F., Lakard, S., Nardin, M., et al. Effect of Ultrasounds on the Electrochemical Synthesis of Polypyrrole, Application to the Adhesion and Growth of Biological Cells, Bioelectrochemistry, 2009: 75: 148-157.
85. Zelikin, A.N., Lynn, D.M., Farhadi, J., Martin, I., Shastri, V. and Langer, R. Erodible Conducting Polymers for Potential Biomedical Applications, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl., 2002: 41: 141-144. (Pubitemid 34076126)
86. Xinyan, C., Valerie, A.L., Yehoash, R., James, A.W., Jamille, F.H. and David, J.A. Surface Modification of Neural Recording Electrodes with Conducting Polymer/Biomolecules Blends, J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 2001: 56: 261-272.
87. Thompson, B.C., Moulton, S.E., Ding, J., Richardson, R., Cameron, A., O'Leary, S., et al. Optimising the Incorporation and Release of a Neurotrophic Factor Using Conducting Polypyrrole, J. Control. Release, 2006: 116: 285-294. (Pubitemid 44827404)
88. Sanghvi, A.B., Miller, K.P., Belcher, A.M. and Schmidt, C.E. Biomaterials Functionalization Using a Novel Peptide That Selectively Binds to a Conducting Polymer, Nat. Mater., 2005: 4: 496-502. (Pubitemid 40774056)
89. Stauffer, W.R. and Cui, X.T. Polypyrrole Doped with Two Peptide Sequences from Laminin, Biomaterials, 2006: 27: 2405-2413. (Pubitemid 41821819)
90. Collier, J.H., Camp, J.P., Hudson, T.W. and Schmidt, C.E. Synthesis and Characterization of Polypyrrole-Hyaluronic Acid Composite Biomaterials for Tissue Engineering Applications, J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 2000: 50: 574-584. (Pubitemid 30225384)
91. Moreno, J.S., Panero, S., Artico, M. and Filippini, P. Synthesis and Characterization of New Electroactive Polypyrrole-Chondroitin Sulphate A Substrates, Bioelectrochemistry, 2008: 72: 3-9.
92. Gilmore, K.J., Kita, M., Han, Y., Gelmi, A.G., Higgins, M.J., Moulton, S.E., et al. Skeletal Muscle Cell Proliferation and Differentiation on Polypyrrole Substrates Doped with Extracellular Matrix Components, Biomaterials, 2009: 30: 5292-5304.
93. Ateh, D.D., Vadgama, P. and Navasaria, H.A. Culture of Human Keratinocytes on Polypyrrole Based Conducting Polymer, Tissue. Eng., 2006: 12: 645-655. (Pubitemid 43726510)
94. Garner, B., Hodgson, A.J., Wallace, G.G. and Underwood, P.A. Human Endothelial Cell Attachment to and Growth on Polypyrrole-Heparin In Vitro Nectin Dependent, J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med., 1999: 10: 19-27. (Pubitemid 29043884)
95. Kannan, R.Y., Salacinski, H.J., Vara, D.S., Odlyha, M. and Seifallan, A.M. Review Paper: Principles and Applications of Surface Analytical Techniques at the Vascular Interface, J. Biomater. Appl., 2006: 21: 5-32. (Pubitemid 44111618)
96. Boyle, A., Genie, E. and Fouletier, M. Electrochemical Behavior of Polypyrrole Films Doped with ATP Anion, J. Electroanal. Chem., 1990: 279: 179-186.
97. Pyo, M., Maeder, G., Kennedy, R.T. and Reynolds, J.R. Controlled Release of Biological Molecules From Conducting Polymer Modified Electrodes: The Potential Dependent Release of Adhenosine 5'-Triphosphate From Poly(Pyrrole Adenosine 5'-Triphosphate) Films, J. Electroanal. Chem., 1994: 368: 329-332.
98. Pyo, M. and Reynolds, J.R. Electrochemically Stimulated Adenosine 5'-Triphosphate (ATP) Release Through Redox Switching of Conducting Polypyrrole Films and Bilayers, J. Chem. Mater., 1996: 8: 128-133. (Pubitemid 126485082)
99. Hodgson, A.J., John, M.J., Campbell, T., Georgevich, A., Woodhouse, S., Aoki, T., et al. Integration of Biocomponents with Synthetic Structures: Use of Conducting Polymer Polyelectrolyte Composites, Proc. SPIE. Int. Soc. Opt. Eng., 1996: 2716: 164-176.
100. Evans, A.J., Thompson, B.C., Wallace, G.G., Millard, R., O'Leary, S., Clark, G.M., et al. Promoting Neurite Outgrowth from Spiral Ganglion Neuron Explants Using Polypyrrole/BNDF-Coated Electrodes, J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A, 2009: 91: 241-250.
101. Richardson, R.T., Thompson, B., Moulton, S., Carrie Newbold, C., Lum, M.G., Cameron, A., et al The Effect of Polypyrrole with Incorporated Neurotrophin-3 on the Promotion of Neurite Outgrowth from Auditory Neurons, Biomaterials, 2007: 28: 513-523. (Pubitemid 44602239)
102. Thompson, B., Richardson, R.T., Moulton, S.E., Evans, A.J., O'Leary, S., Clark, G., et al. Conducting Polymers, Dual Neurotrophins and Pulsed Electrical Stimulation - Dramatic Effects on Neurite Outgrowth, J. Control. Release, 2010: 141: 161-167.
103. Kim, D.H., Richardson-Burns, S.M., Hendricks, J.L., Sequera, C. and Martin, D.C. Effect of Immobilized Nerve Growth Factor on Conductive Polymers: Electrical Properties and Cellular Response, Adv. Funct. Mater., 2007: 17: 79-86.
104. Cen, L., Neoh, K.G., Li, Y. and Kang, E.T. Assessment of In Vitro Bioactivity of Hyaluronic Acid and Sulfated Hyaluronic Acid Functionalized Electroactive Polymer, Biomacromolecules, 2004: 5: 2238-2246. (Pubitemid 39585276)
105. Moreno, J.S., Panero, S., Materazzi, S., Martinelli, A., Sabbieti, M.G., Agas, D., et al. Polypyrrole-Polysaccharide Thin Films Characteristics: Electrosynthesis and Biological Properties, J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A, 2009: 88: 832-840.
106. Li, Y., Neoh, K.G., Cen, L. and Kang, E.T. Porous and Electrically Conductive Polypyrrole-Poly(Vinyl Alcohol) Composite and its Applications as a Biomaterial, Langmuir, 2005: 21: 10702-10709. (Pubitemid 41692152)
107. Stenzel, M.H. Formation of Regular Honeycomb-Patterned Porous Film by Self-Organization, Aust. J. Chem., 2002: 55: 239-243. (Pubitemid 40005687)
108. Beattie, D., Wong, K.H., Williams, C., Poole-Warren, L.A., Davis, T.P., Kowollik, C.B., et al. Honeycomb-Structured Porous Films From Polypyrrole-Containing Block Copolymers Prepared Via RAFT Polymerization as a Scaffold for Cell Growth, Biomacromolecules, 2006: 7: 1072-1082. (Pubitemid 43670793)
109. Ouerghi, O., Senillou, A., Renault, N.J., Martelet, C., Ouada, H.B. and Cosnier, S. Gold Electrode Functionalized by Electropolymerization of a Cyano N-Substituted Pyrrole: Application to an Impedimetric Immunosensor, J. Electroanal. Chem., 2001: 501: 62-69. (Pubitemid 32287749)
110. Song, H.K., Toste, B., Ahmann, K., Hoffman-Kim, D. and Palmore, G.T.R. Micropatters of Positive Guidance Cues Anchored to Polypyrrole Doped with Polyglutamic Acid: A New Platform for Characterizing Neurite Extension in Complex Environments, Biomaterials, 2006: 27: 473-484. (Pubitemid 41457250)
111. Gomez, N. and Schmidt, C.E. Nerve Growth Factors-Immobilized Polypyrrole: Bioactive Electrically Conducting Polymer for Enhanced Neurite Extension, J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A, 2007: 81: 135-149. (Pubitemid 46435461)
112. Lee, J.Y., Lee, J.W. and Schmidt, C.E. Neuroactive Conducting Scaffolds: Nerve Growth Factor Conjugation on Active Ester-Functionalized Polypyrrole, J. R. Soc. Interface, 2009: 6: 801-810.
113. Cen, L., Neoh, K.G. and Kang, E.T. Surface Functionalization of Electrically Conductive Polypyrrole Film with Hyaluronic Acid, Langmuir, 2002: 18: 8633-8640. (Pubitemid 35289577)
114. Lee, J.W., Serna, F., Nickels, J. and Schmidt, C.E. Carboxylic Acid-Functionalized Conductive Polypyrrole as a Bioactive Platform for Cell Adhesion, Biomacromolecules, 2006: 7: 1692-1695.
115. Weiss, Z., Mandler, D., Shustak, G. and Domb, A.J. Pyrrole Derivatives for Electrochemical Coating of Metallic Medical Devices, J. Polym. Sci. Pol. Chem., 2004: 42: 1658-1667. (Pubitemid 38395629)
116. Lee, J.W., Serna, F. and Schmidt, C.E. Carboxy-Endcapped Conductive Polypyrrole: Biomimetic Conducting Polymers for Cell Scaffolds and Electrodes, Langmuir, 2006: 22: 9816-9819.
117. Cho, Y. and Borgens, R.B. The Preparation of Polypyrrole Surfaces in the Presence of Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles and Their Biomedical Applications, Nanotechnology, 2010: 21: 205102-205111 ( 9 pp).
118. De Giglio, E., Sabbatini, L. and Zambonin, P.G. Development and Analytical Characterization of Cysteine-Grafted Polypyrrole Films Electrosynthesized on Pt and Ti-Substrates as Precursors of Bioactive Interfaces, J. Biomater. Sci. Polym. Ed., 1999: 10: 845-858. (Pubitemid 29408388)
119. De Giglio, E., Sabbatini, L., Colucci, S. and Zambonin, G. Synthesis, Analytical Characterization, and Osteoblast Adhesion Properties on RGD-Grafted Polypyrrole Coatings on Titanium Substrates, J. Biomater. Sci. Polym. Ed., 2000: 11: 1073-1083. (Pubitemid 32058689)
120. De Giglio, E., Calvano, C.D., Losito, I., Sabbatini, L., Zambonin, P.G., Torrisi, A., et al. Surface (XPS, SIMS) Chemical Investigation on Poly(Pyrrole-3-Acetic Acid) Films Electrosynthesized on Ti and TiAlV Substrates for the Development of New Bioactive Substrates, Surf. Interface. Anal., 2005: 37: 580-586. (Pubitemid 40844444)
121. De Giglio, E., Cometa, S., Calvano, C.D., Losito, I., Sabbatini, L., Zambonin, P.G., et al. A New Titanium Biofunctionalized Interface Based on Poly(Pyrrole-3-Acetic Acid) Coating: Proliferation of Osteoblast-Like Cells and Future Perspectives, J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med., 2007: 18: 1781-1789. (Pubitemid 47224913)
122. Wang, Z., Roberge, C., Wang, Y., Dao, L.H., Guidoin, R. and Zhang, Z.A. Biodegradable Electrical Bioconductor Made of Polypyrrole Nanoparticels/ Poly(D,L-Lactide) Composite: A Preliminary in Vitro Biostability Study, J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A, 2003: 66: 738-746. (Pubitemid 37521397)
123. Shi, G., Rouabhia, M., Wang, Z., Dao, L.H. and Zhang, Z.A. Novel Electrically Conductive and Biodegradable Composite Made of Polypyrrole Nanoparticles and Polylactide, Biomaterials, 2004: 25: 2477-2488. (Pubitemid 38147438)
124. Wang, Z., Roberge, C., Dao, L.H., Wan, Y., Shi, G., Rouabhia, M., et al. In Vivo Evaluation of Novel Electrically Conductive Polypyrrole/ Poly(D,L-Lactide) Composite and Polypyrrole-Coated Poly(D,LLactide-Co-Glycolide) Membranes, J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A, 2004: 70: 28-38. (Pubitemid 38849810)
125. Zhang, Z., Rouabhia, M., Wang, Z., Roberge, C., Shi, G., Roche, P., et al. Electrically Conductive Biodegradable Polymer Composite for Nerve Regeneration: Electricity-Stimulated Neurite Outgrowth and Axon Regeneration, Artif. Organs., 2007: 31: 13-22. (Pubitemid 46011016)
126. Shi, G., Rouabhia, M., Meng, S. and Zhang, Z. Electrical Stimulation Enhances Viability of Human Cutaneous Fibroblasts on Conductive Biodegradable Substrates, J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A, 2008: 84: 1026-1037. (Pubitemid 351295013)
127. Akkouch, A., Shi, G., Zhang, Z. and Rouabhia, M. Bioactivating Electrically Conducting Polypyrrole with Fibronectin and Bovine Serum Albumin, J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A, 2010: 92: 221-231.
128. Meng, S., Rouabhia, M., Shi, G. and Zhang, Z. Heparin Dopant Increases the Electrical Stability, Cell Adhesion, and Growth of Conducting Polypyrrole/Poly(L,L-Lactide) Composites, J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A, 2008: 87: 332-344.
129. Huang, J., Hu, X., Lu, L., Ye, Z., Zhang, Q. and Luo, Z. Electrical Regulation of Schwann Cells Using Conductive Polypyrrole/Chitosan Polymers, J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A, 2010: 93: 164-174.
130. Corey, J.M., Lin, D.Y., Mycek, K.B., Chen, Q., Samuel, S., Feldman, E.L., et al. Aligned Electrospun Nanofibers Specify the Direction of Dorsal Root Ganglia Neurite Growth, J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A, 2007: 83: 636-645. (Pubitemid 350086289)
131. Quigley, A.F., Razal, J.M., Thompson, B.C., Moulton, S.E., Kita, M., Kennedy, E.L., et al. Conducting-Polymer Platform with Biodegradable Fibers for Stimulation and Guidance of Axonal Growth, Adv. Mater., 2009: 21: 4393-4397.
132. Liu, X., Chen, J., Gilmore, K.J., Higgins, M.J. and Wallace, G.G. Guidance of Neurite Outgrowth on Aligned Electrospun Polypyrrole/Poly(Styrene-i- Isobutylene-i-Styrene) Fiber Platforms, J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A, 2010: 94: 1004-1011.
133. Lee, J.Y., Bashur, C.A., Goldstein, A.S. and Schmidt, C.E. Polypyrrole-Coated Electrospun PLGA Nanofibers for Neural Tissue Applications, Biomaterials, 2009: 30: 4325-4335.
134. Xie, J., MacEwan, M.R., Willerth, S.M., Li, X., Moran, D.W., Sakiyama-Elbert, S.E., et al. Conductive Core-Sheath Nanofibers and Their Potential Application in Neural Tissue Engineering, Adv. Funct. Mater., 2009: 19: 2312-2318.
135. Liu, Y., Liu, X., Chen, J., Gilmore, K.J. and Wallace, G.G. 3D Bio-Nanofibrous PPy/SIBS Mats As Platforms for Cell Culturing, Chem. Commun., 2008: 32: 3729-3731.
136. De Giglio, E., Sabbatini, L., Colucci, S. and Zambonin, G. Analytical Characterization of Collagen-and/or Hydroxyapatite-Modified Polypyrrole Films Electrosynthesized on Ti-Substrates for the Development of New Bioactive Surfaces, J. Biomater. Sci. Polym. Ed., 2001: 12: 63-76. (Pubitemid 32331414)
137. Pelto, J., Haomi, S., Puukilainen, E., Whitten, P.G., Spinks, G.M., Bahrami-Samani, M., et al. Electroactivity and Biocompatibility of Polypyrrole Hyaluronic Acid Multi-Walled Nanotube Composite, J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A, 2010: 93: 1056-1067.
138. Chen, G.Z., Shaffer, M.S.P., Coleby, D., Dixon, G., Zhou, W.Z. and Fray, D.J. Carbon Nanotube and Polypyrrole Composites: Coating and Doping, Adv. Mater., 2000: 12: 522-526. (Pubitemid 30588986)
139. Nguyen-Vu, T.D.B., Chen, H., Cassell, A.M., Andrews, R., Meyyappan, M. and Li, J. Vertically Aligned Carbon Nanofiber Arrays: An Advance Toward Electrical-Neural Interfaces, Small, 2006: 2: 89-94. (Pubitemid 43198000)
140. Keefer, E.W., Botterman, B.R., Romero, M.I., Rossi, A.F. and Gross, G.W. Carbon Nanotube Coating Improves Neuronal Recordings, Nat. Nanotechnol., 2008: 3: 434-439. (Pubitemid 351948248)
141. Lu, Y., Li, T., Zhao, X., Li, M., Cao, Y., Yang, H., et al. Electrodeposited Polypyrrole/Carbon Nanotubes Composite Films Electrodes for Neural Interfaces, Biomaterials, 2010: 31: 5169-5181.
142. BrettRunge, M., Dadsetan, M., Baltrusaitis, J., Knight, A.M., Ruesink, T., Lazcano, E.A., et al. The Development of Electrically Conductive Polycaprolactone Fumarate-Polypyrrole Composite Materials for Nerve Regeneration, Biomaterials, 2010: 31: 5916-5926.
143. Wan, Y., Wu, H. and Wen, D. Porous-Conductive Chitosan Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering, I. Preparation and Characterization, Macromol. Biosci., 2004: 4: 882-890. (Pubitemid 39286969)
144. Wan, Y., Yu, A., Wu, H., Wang, Z. and Wen, D. Porous-Conductive Chitosan Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering II. In vitro and In Vivo Degradation, J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med., 2005: 16: 1017-1028. (Pubitemid 43034599)
145. Sumanasinghe, R.D. and King, M.W. New Trends in Biotextilesthe Challenge of Tissue Engineering, J. Tex. App. Tech. Mang., 2003: 3: 1-13.
146. Barbara, J., Marois, Y., Zhang, Z., Roy, R., Sigot-Luizard, M.F., Dugre, F.J., et al. In Vitro Cellular Response to Polypyrrole-Coated Woven Polyester Fabrics: Potential Benefits of Electrical Conductivity, J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 1998: 41: 519-526.
147. Alikacem, N., Marois, Y., Zhang, Z., Jakubiec, B., Roy, R., King, M.W., et al. Tissue Reactions to Polypyrrole-Coated Polyesters: A Magnetic Resonance Relaxometry Study, Artif. Organs., 1999: 23: 910-919. (Pubitemid 29496314)
148. Lian, A., Dao, L.H., Zhang, Z., King, M.W., Laroche, G. and Guidoin, R. Conducting Polypyrrole-Coated Woven Polyester Fabrics for Use as Medical Devices: Chemico-Physical and Electrical Properties, Polym. Polym. Compos., 2000: 8: 1-9.
149. Tessier, D., Dao, L.H., Zhang, Z., King, M.W. and Guidoin, R.
150. Zhang, Z., Roy, R., Dugre, F.J., Tessier, D. and Dao, L.H. In Vitro Biocompatibility Study of Electrically Conductive Polypyrrole Coated Polyester Fabrics, J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 2001: 57: 63-71. (Pubitemid 32661252)
151. Jiang, X., Tessier, D., Dao, L.H. and Zhang, Z. Biostability of Electrically Conductive Polyester Fabrics: An In Vitro Study, J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 2002: 62: 507-513.
152. Jiang, X., Marois, Y., Traore, A., Tessier, D., Dao, L.H. and Guidoin, R. Tissue Reaction to Polypyrrole-Coated Polyester Fabrics: An In Vivo Study in Rats, Tissue. Eng., 2002: 8: 635-647. (Pubitemid 34857800)
153. Durgam, H., Sapp, S., Deister, C., Khaing, Z., Chang, E., Luebben, S., et al. Novel Degradable Copolymers of PPy Support Cell Proliferation and Enhance Neurite Outgrowth with Electrical Stimulation, J. Biomater. Sci. Polym. Ed., 2010: 21: 1265-1282.
154. Beattie, M.S. Inflammation and Apoptosis: Linked Therapeutic Targets in Spinal Cord Injury, Trends. Mol. Med., 2004: 10: 580-583. (Pubitemid 39573147)
155. Khan, W., Kapoor, M. and Kumar, N. Covalent Attachment of Proteins to Functionalized Polypyrrole-Coated Metallic Surfaces for Improved Biocompatibility, Acta. Biomater., 2007: 3: 541-549. (Pubitemid 46865785)
156. Olayo, R., Rios, C., Salgado-Ceballos, H., Cruz, G.J., Morales, J., Olayo, M.G., et al. Tissue Spinal Cord Response in Rats After Implants of Polypyrrole and Polyethylene Glycol Obtained by Plasma, J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med., 2008: 19: 817-826. (Pubitemid 351244021)
157. Yagci, Y. and Toppare, L. Electroactive Macromonomers Based on Pyrrole and Thiophene: A Versatile Route to Conducting Blocks and Graft Polymers, Polym. Int., 2003: 52: 1573-1578. (Pubitemid 37307257)
158. McCullough, L.A. and Matyjaszewski, K. Conjugated Conducting Polymers as Components in Block Copolymer, Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst., 2010: 521: 1-55.
159. Sahmetlioglu, E., Yuruk, H., Toppare, L., Cianga, I. and Yagci, Y. Synthesis and Characterization of Conducting Copolymers of Poly(Vinyl Alcohol) with Thiophene Side-Groups and Pyrrole, Polym. Int., 2004: 53: 2138-2144. (Pubitemid 39605534)
160. Yilmaz, F., Cianga, L., Guner, Y., Topppare, L. and Yagci, Y. Synthesis and Characterization of Alternating Copolymers of Thiophene-Containing N-Phenyl Maleimide and Styrene by Photoinduced Radical Polymerization and Their Use in Electropolymerization, Polymer., 2004: 45: 5765-5774. (Pubitemid 38993449)
161. Kalaycioglu, E., Toppare, L. and Yagci, Y. Synthesis and Characterization of Graft Copolymers of Poly(2-(N-Pyrrolyl)Ethylvinylether) and Polypyrrole, Synthetic. Met., 2000: 108: 1-7. (Pubitemid 30530265)
162. Bae, W.J., Kim, K.H., Jo, W.H. and Park, Y.H. A Water-Soluble and Self-Doped Conducting Polypyrrole Graft Copolymer, Macromolecules, 2005: 38: 1044-1047. (Pubitemid 40308154)
163. Cirpan, A., Alkan, S., Toppare, L., Hepuzer, Y. and Yagci, Y. Conducting Graft Copolymers of Poly(3-Methylthienyl Methacrylate) with Pyrrole and Thiophene, J. Polym. Sci. Pol. Chem., 2002: 40: 4131-4140. (Pubitemid 35393838)
164. Yilmaz, F., Cianga, I., Ito, K., Senyo, T. and Yagci, Y. Synthesis and Characterization of Alpha, Omega-Heterofunctional Poly(Ethylene Oxide) Macromonomers, Macromol. Rapid. Commun., 2003: 24: 316-319.
165. Cianga, L. and Yagci, Y. Synthesis and Characterization of Thiophene-Substituted N-Phenyl Maleimide Polymers by Photoinduced Radical Polymerization, J. Poly. Sci. Pol. Chem., 2002: 40: 995-1004. (Pubitemid 34291899)
166. Sahmetlioglu, E., Yuruk, H., Toppare, L., Cianga, I. and Yagci, Y. Immobilization of Invertase and Glucose Oxidase in Conducting Copolymers of Thiophene Functionalized Poly(Vinyl Alcohol) with Pyrrole, React. Funct. Polym., 2006: 66: 365-371. (Pubitemid 43332804)
167. Yildiz, H.B., Sahmetlioglu, E., Boyukbayram, A.E., Toppare, L. and Yagci, Y. Immobilization of Tyrosinase and Alcohol Oxidase in Conducting Copolymers of Thiophene Functionalized Poly(Vinyl Alcohol) with Pyrrole, Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 2007: 41: 332-337. (Pubitemid 46990536)
168. Lee, J.Y. and Schmidt, C.E. Pyrrole-Hyaluronic Acid Conjugates for Decreasing Cell Binding to Metals and Conducting Polymers, Acta. Biomater., 2010: 6: 4396-4404.
169. McCullogh, R.D. The Chemistry of Conducting Polythiophenes, Adv. Mater., 1998: 10: 93-116.
170. Li, D.F., Wang, H.J., Fu, J.X., Wang, W., Jia, X.S. and Wang, J.Y. Preparation of a Hydrophobic Polythiophene Film to Improve Protein Adsorption and Proliferation of PC12 Cells, J. Phys. Chem. B, 2008: 112: 16290-16299.
171. Breukers, R.D., Gilmore, K.J., Kita, M., Wagner, K.K., Higgins, M.J., Moulton, S.E., et al. Creating Conductive Structures for Cell Growth: Growth and Alignment of Myogenic Cell Types on Polythiophenes, J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A, 2010: 95: 256-268.
172. Rincon, C. and Meredith, J.C. Osteoblast Adhesion and Proliferation on Poly(3-Octylthiophene) Thin Films, Macromol. Biosci., 2010: 10: 258-264.
173. Rincon, C., Chen, C.C. and Meredith, J.C. Effect of Poly (3-Octylthiophene) Doping on the Attachment and Proliferation of Osteoblasts, Macromol. Biosci., 2010: 10: 1536-1543.
174. Waugaman, M., Sannigrahi, B., McGeady, P. and Khan, I.M. Synthesis, Characterization and Biocompatibility Studies of Oligosiloxane Modified Polythiophenes, Eur. Polym. J., 2003: 39: 1405-1412.
175. Rivers, T.J., Hudson, T.W. and Schimdt, C.E. Synthesis of a Novel, Biodegradable Electrically Conducting Polymer for Biomedical Applications, Adv. Funct. Mater., 2002: 12: 33-37. (Pubitemid 34125070)
176. Guimard, N.K.E., Sessler, J.L. and Schimdt, C.E. Toward a Biocompatible and Biodegradable Copolymer Incorporating Electroactive Oligothiophene Units, Macromolecules, 2009: 42: 502-511.
177. delValle, L.J., Aradilla, D., Oliver, R., Sepulcre, F., Gamez, A., Armelin, E., et al. Cellular Adhesion and Proliferation on Poly(3,4- Ethylenedioxythiophene): Benefits in the Electroactivity of the Conducting Polymer, Eur. Polym. J., 2007: 43: 2342-2349.
178. Green, R.A., Lovell, N.H. and Poole-Warren, L.A. Cell Attachment Functionality of Bioactive Conducting Polymers for Neural Interfaces, Biomaterials, 2009: 30: 3637-3644.
179. Green, R.A., Lovell, N.H. and Poole-Warren, L.A. Impact of Co-Incorporating Laminin Peptide Dopants and Neurotrophic Growth Factors on Conducting Polymers Properties, Acta. Biomater., 2010: 6: 63-71.
180. Che, J., Xiao, Y., Zhu, X. and Sun, X. Electro-Synthesized PEDOT/ Glutamate Chemically Modified Electrode: A Combination of Electrical and Biocompatible Features, Polym. Int., 2008: 57: 750-755. (Pubitemid 351523434)
181. Xiao, Y., Li, C.M., Wang, S., Shi, J. and Ooi, C.P. Incorporation of Collagen in Poly(3,4-Ethylenedioxythiophene) for a Bifunctional Film with High Bio-and Electrochemical Activity, J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A, 2010: 92: 766-772.
182. Ner, Y., Invernale, M.A., Grote, J.G., Stuart, J.A. and Sotzing, G.A. Facile Chemical Synthesis of DNA-Doped PEDOT, Synthetic. Met., 2010: 160: 351-353.
183. Abidian, M.R., Corey, J.M., Kipke, D.L. and Martin, D.V. Conducting-Polymer Nanotubes Improve Electrical Properties, Mechanical Adhesion, Neural Attachment and Neurite Outgrowth of Neural Electrodes, Small, 2010: 6: 421-429.
184. Abidian, M.R., Ludwig, K.A., Marzullo, T.C., Martin, D.C. and Kipke, D.R. Interfacing Conducting Polymer Nanotubes with the Central Nervous System: Chronic Neural Recording Using Poly(3,4-Ethylenedioxythiophene) Nanotubes, Adv. Mater., 2009: 21: 3764-3770.
185. Bolin, M.H., Svennersten, K., Wang, X., Chronakis, I.S., Richter-Dahfors, A., Jager, E.W.H., et al. Nanofiber Scaffold Electrodes Based on PEDOT for Cell Stimulation, Sensor. Actuat. B-Chem., 2009: 142: 451-456.