Transition to adulthood in Europe

Annual Review of Sociology

Volumn 37, Issue , 2011, Pages 481-503

  Buchmann, Marlis C ^a,b   Kriesi, Irene ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ZURICH   (Switzerland)

^b UNIVERSITY OF ZURICH   (Switzerland)

Author keywords

Cross national differences; Family formation; Postponement; School to work transitions; Sequencing; Timing; Transition markers

Indexed keywords

EID: 79960446154     PISSN: 03600572     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1146/annurev-soc-081309-150212     Document Type: Review

References (181)

1. Aassve A, Billari FC, Mazzuco S, Ongaro F. 2002. Leaving home: a comparative analysis of ECHP data. J. Eur. Soc. Policy 12(4):259-75 (Pubitemid 35400205)
2. Aassve A, Billari FC, Piccarreta R. 2007. Strings of adulthood: a sequence analysis of young British womens work-family trajectories. Eur. J. Popul. 23:369-88 (Pubitemid 47505673)
3. Abbott A, Tsay A. 2000. Sequence analysis and optimal matching methods in sociology: review and prospect. Sociol. Methods Res. 29(1):3-33
4. Aisenbrey S, Fasang AE. 2010. New life for old ideas: the "second wave" of sequence analysis bringing the "course" back into the life course. Sociol. Methods Res. 38(3):420-62
5. Allmendinger J. 1989. Educational systems and labor market outcomes. Eur. Sociol. Rev. 5(3):231-50
6. Andersson G, Philipov D. 2002. Life-table representations of family dynamics in Sweden, Hungary, and 14 other FFS countries: a project of descriptions of demographic behavior. Demogr. Res. 7(4):67-144
7. Arnett JJ. 2000. Emerging adulthood: a theory of development from the late teens through the twenties. Am. Psychol. 55:469-80
8. Baizan P, Aassave A, Billari FC. 2004. The interrelations between cohabitation, marriage and first birth in Germany and Sweden. Popul. Environ. 25(6):531-61 (Pubitemid 41461853)
9. Baranowska A, Gebel M. 2010. The determinants of youth temporary employment in the enlarged Europe: do labour market institutions matter? Eur. Soc. 12(3):367-90
10. Beck U. 1992. Risk Society. Newbury Park, CA: Sage
11. Bernardi F, Gangl M, Van de Werfhorst HG. 2004. The from-school-to-work dynamics. Timing of work and quality of work in Italy, the Netherlands and the United-States, 1980-1998. Work. Pap. 2004/201, Cent. Adv. Study Soc. Sci., Madrid, Spain. http://www.march.es/ceacs/publicaciones/working/archivos/2004- 201.pdf
12. Bernardi F, Nazio T. 2005. Globalization and the transition to adulthood in Italy. See Blossfeld et al. 2005, pp. 349-74
13. Bernhardt E, Goldscheider F. 2006. Gender equality, parenthood attitudes, and first births in Sweden. Vienna Yearb. Popul. Res. 2006:19-39
14. Berthoud R, Robson K. 2001. The outcomes of teenage motherhood in Europe. Innocenti Work. Pap. 86, Inst. Soc. Econ. Res., Univ. Essex, UK
15. Billari FC. 2004. Becoming an adult in Europe: a macro (/micro)-demographic perspective. Demogr. Res. 3(2):15-43
16. Billari FC, Kohler H-P. 2004. Patterns of low and lowest-low fertility in Europe. Popul. Stud. 58(2):161-76 (Pubitemid 38861343)
17. Billari FC, Liefbroer AC, Philipov D. 2006. The postponement of childbearing in Europe: driving forces and implications. Vienna Yearb. Popul. Res. 2006:1-17
18. Billari FC, Philipov D. 2004a. Education and the transition to motherhood: a comparative analysis ofWestern Europe. Eur. Demogr. Work. Pap. 3, Vienna Inst. Demogr.
19. Billari FC, Philipov D. 2004b. Womens education and entry into a first union. A simultaneous-hazard comparative analysis of Central and Eastern Europe. Vienna Yearb. Popul. Res. 2004:91-110
20. Billari FC, Philipov D, Baizan P. 2001. Leaving home in Europe: the experience of cohorts born around 1960. Int. J. Popul. Geogr. 7(5):339-56 (Pubitemid 34054556)
21. Billari FC, Piccarreta R. 2001. Life courses as sequences: an experiment in clustering via monothetic divisive algorithms. In Advances in Classification and Data Analysis, ed. S Borra, V Rocci, M Schader, pp. 351-58. New York: Springer
22. Billari FC, Wilson C. 2001. Convergence towards diversity? Cohort dynamics in the transition to adulthood in contemporary Western Europe.MPIDR Work. Pap.WP 2001-039, Max-Planck Inst. Demogr. Res., Rostock, Ger. http://www.demogr.mpg.de/papers/working/wp-2001-039.pdf
23. Blanchflower DA, Freeman RB. 2000. The declining economic status of young workers in OECD countries. In Youth Employment and Joblessness in Advanced Countries, ed. DA Blanchflower, RB Freeman, pp. 19-56. Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press
24. Blossfeld H-P. 1989. Kohortendifferenzierung und Karriereprozess. Eine Längsschnittstudie über die Veränderung der Bildungs-und Berufschancen im Lebenslauf. Frankfurt/New York: Campus
25. Blossfeld H-P. 1995a. Changes in the process of family formation and womens growing economic independence: a comparison of nine countries. See Blossfeld 1995b, pp. 3-32
26. Blossfeld H-P, ed. 1995b. TheNew Role of Women. Family Formation inModern Societies.Boulder, CO: Westview
27. Blossfeld H-P, Klijzing E, Mills M, Kurz K, eds. 2005. Globalization, Uncertainty and Youth in Society. London/New York: Routledge
28. Boh K. 1989. European family life patterns-a reappraisal. In Changing Patterns of European Family Life: A Comparative Analysis of 14 European Countries, ed. K Bohl, M Bak, C Clason, M Pankratova, J Qvortrup, et al., pp. 265-98. London/New York: Routledge
29. Breen R. 2005. Explaining cross-national variation in youth unemployment. Market and institutional factors. Eur. Sociol. Rev. 21(2):125-34 (Pubitemid 41238602)
30. Breen R, Buchmann M. 2002. Institutional variation and the position of young people: a comparative perspective. Ann. Am. Acad. Polit. Soc. Sci. 580(March):288-305 (Pubitemid 36688708)
31. Brückner H, Mayer KU. 2005. De-standardization of the life course: what it might mean? And if it means anything, whether it actually took place? See Macmillan 2005a, pp. 27-53
32. Brüderl J. 2004. Die Pluralisierung partnerschaftlicher Lebensformen in Westdeutschland und Europa. Aus Polit. Zeitgesch. B 19:3-10
33. Brüderl J, Scherer S. 2006. Methoden zur Analyse von Sequenzdaten. Kölner Z. Soziol. Sozialpsychol. Sonderheft 44:330-47
34. Brzinsky-Fay C. 2007. Lost in transition? Labour market entry sequences of school leavers in Europe. Eur. Sociol. Rev. 23(4):409-22
35. Brzinsky-Fay C. 2008. Get the balance right: risk and flexibility in school-to-work transition sequences. In Innovating European Labour Markets. Dynamics and Perspectives, ed. P Ester, R Muffels, J Schippers, T Wilthagen, pp. 275-96. Cheltenham, UK/Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar
36. Buchmann M. 1989. The Script of Life in Modern Society. Entry into Adulthood in a Changing World. Chicago/London: Univ. Chicago Press
37. Buchmann M. 2011. School-to-work transition. In Encyclopedia of Adolescence, ed. B Brown, M Prinstein. Amsterdam: Elsevier. In press
38. Bynner J. 2005. Rethinking the youth phase of the life-course: the case for emerging adulthood? J. Youth Stud. 8(4):367-84 (Pubitemid 41831785)
39. Cherlin AJ, Scabini E, Rossi G. 1997. Still in the nest. Delayed home leaving in Europe and the United States. J. Fam. Issues 18(6):572-75
40. Clausen JS. 1991. Adolescent competence and the shaping of the life course. Am. J. Sociol. 96(4):805-42
41. Cook TD, Furstenberg FF. 2002. Explaining aspects of the transition to adulthood in Italy, Sweden, Germany, and the United States: a cross-disciplinary, case synthesis approach. Ann. Am. Acad. Polit. Soc. Sci. 580(March):257-87 (Pubitemid 36688707)
42. Corijn M, Klijzing E. 2001. Transitions to Adulthood in Europe. Dordrecht: Kluwer Acad.
43. de Graaf PM, Kalmijn M. 2006. Change and stability in the social determinants of divorce: a comparison of marriage cohorts in the Netherlands. Eur. Sociol. Rev. 22(5):561-72 (Pubitemid 44853616)
44. Diewald M, Mayer KU. 2009. The sociology of the life course and life span psychology: integrated paradigm or complementing pathways? Adv. Life Course Res. 14(1-2):5-14
45. Dommermuth L. 2008. Wege ins Erwachsenenalter in Europa: Italien, Westdeutschland und Schweden im Vergleich. Opladen: Verlag Sozial.
46. Easterlin RA. 1980. Birth Cohort and Fortune: The Impact of Numbers of PersonalWealth. NewYork: BasicBooks
47. Elder GH Jr. 1985. Perspectives on the life course. In Life Course Dynamics. Trajectories and Transitions, 1968-1980, ed. GH Elder Jr, pp. 23-49. Ithaca, NY/London: Cornell Univ. Press
48. Elder GHJr, Kirkpatrick Johnson M, Crosnoe R. 2004. The emergence and development of life course theory. See Mortimer & Shanahan 2004, pp. 3-19
49. Elder GH Jr, Shanahan MJ. 2006. The life course and human development. In Handbook of Child Psychology, ed.WDamon, RM Lerner, pp. 665-715. New York: Wiley
50. Elzinga CH. 2010. Complexity of categorical time series. Sociol. Methods Res. 38(3):463-81
51. Elzinga CH, Liefbroer AC. 2007. De-standardization of family-life trajectories of young adults: a crossnational comparison using sequence analysis. Eur. J. Popul. 23:225-50 (Pubitemid 47505668)
52. Esping-Andersen G. 1990. The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press
53. Fenger HJM. 2007. Welfare regimes in Central and Eastern Europe: incorporating post-communist countries in a welfare regime typology. Contemp. Issues Ideas Soc. Sci. 3(2):1-30
54. Ferrera M. 1996. The southern model of welfare in Social Europe. J. Eur. Soc. Policy 6(Febr.):17-37
55. Frejka T. 2008. Overview chapter 5: determinants of family formation and childbearing during the societal transition in Central and Eastern Europe. Demogr. Res. Spec. Collect. 7 19(7):139-70
56. Frejka T, Sardon J-P. 2006. First birth trends in developed countries: persisting parenthood postponement. Demogr. Res. 15:147-80
57. Furstenberg FF. 2008. The intersections of social class and the transition to adulthood. New Dir. Child Adolesc. Dev. 119:1-10
58. Furstenberg FF, Rumbaut RG, Settersten RA Jr. 2005. On the frontier of adulthood: emerging themes and new directions. In On the Frontier of Adulthood. Theory, Research and Public Policy, ed. RA Settersten Jr
59. FF Furstenberg, RG Rumbaut, pp. 3-25. Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press
60. Fussell E. 2005. Measuring the early adult life course in Mexico: an application of the entropy index. See Macmillan 2005a, pp. 91-124
61. Fussell E, Gauthier AH. 2005. American womens transition to adulthood in comparative perspective. In On the Frontier of Adulthood. Theory, Research and Public Policy, ed. RA Settersten Jr, FF Furstenberg, RG Rumbaut, pp. 76-109. Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press
62. Fussell E, Gauthier AH, Ann E. 2007. Heterogeneity in the transition to adulthood: the cases of Australia, Canada, and the United States. Eur. J. Popul. 23:389-414 (Pubitemid 47505674)
63. GanglM. 2002. Changing labour markets and early career outcomes: labour market entry in Europe over the past decade. Work Employ. Soc. 16(1):67-90
64. Gangl M. 2003a. Returns to education in context: individual education and transition outcomes in European labour markets. See Müller & Gangl 2003b, pp. 156-85
65. Gangl M 2003b. The structure of labour market entry in Europe: a typological analysis. SeeMüller & Gangl 2003 107-28
66. Gangl M, Müller W, Raffe D. 2003. Conclusions: explaining cross-national differences in school-to-work transitions. See Müller & Gangl 2003b, pp. 277-305
67. Gauthier AH. 2007a. Becoming a young adult: an international perspective on the transitions to adulthood. Eur. J. Popul. 23:217-23 (Pubitemid 47505667)
68. Gauthier AH. 2007b. The impact of family policies on fertility in industrialized countries: a review of the literature. Popul. Res. Policy Rev. 26:323-46 (Pubitemid 47322179)
69. George LK. 1993. Sociological perspectives on life transitions. Annu. Rev. Sociol. 19:353-73
70. Giddens A. 1990. The Consequences of Modernity. Stanford, CA: Stanford Univ. Press
71. Hajnal J. 1965. European marriage patterns in perspective. In Population in History. Essays in Historical Demography, ed. D Glass, D Eversley, pp. 101-43. London: Edward Arnold
72. Hannan DF, Smyth E, McCoy S. 1999. A Comparative Analysis of Transitions from Education toWork in Europe (CATEWE): a conceptual framework/demographic and economic changes. Work. Pap. 118, Econ. Soc. Res. Inst., Dublin
73. Härkönen J, Dronkers J. 2010. Parental divorce and union formation: a comparison of 18 countries. Presented at Eur. Popul. Conf., Vienna, Sept. 1-4
74. Heckhausen J. 2002. Developmental regulation of life-course transitions: a control theory approach. In Paths to Successful Development. Personality in the Life Course, ed. L Pulkkinen, A Caspi, pp. 257-80. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press
75. Heinz WR, ed. 1991. Theoretical Advances in Life Course Research.Weinheim: Dtsch. Stud. Verlag
76. Heinz WR. 1999. Introduction: transitions to employment in a cross-national perspective. In From Education to Work: Cross-National Perspectives, ed. WR Heinz, pp. 1-21. New York: Cambridge Univ. Press
77. Hillmert S. 2002. Labour market integration and institutions: an Anglo-German comparison. Work Employ. Soc. 16(4):675-701 (Pubitemid 36047122)
78. Hoem JM. 2008. Overview chapter 8: the impact of public policies on European fertility. Demogr. Res. Spec. Collect. 7 19:249-60
79. Hoem JM, Kostova D, Jasilioniene A,Muresan C. 2009. Traces of the second demographic transition in four selected countries in Central and Eastern Europe: union formation as a demographic manifestation. Eur. J. Popul. 25:239-55
80. Hogan DP. 1976. The variable order of events in the life course. Am. Sociol. Rev. 43(4):573-86
81. Hogan DP, Astone NM. 1986. The transition to adulthood. Annu. Rev. Sociol. 12:109-30
82. Holdsworth C. 2000. Leaving home in Britain and Spain. Eur. Sociol. Rev. 16(2):201-22
83. Iacovou M. 2002. Regional differences in the transition to adulthood. Ann. Am. Acad. Polit. Soc. Sci. 580(March):40-69
84. Iacovou M. 2004. Patterns of family living. In Social Europe. Living Standards andWelfare States, ed.RBerthoud, M Iacovou, pp. 21-45. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar
85. Iannelli C. 2003. Parental education and young peoples educational and labour market outcomes: a comparison across Europe. In School-to-Work Transitions in Europe: Analyses of the EU LFS 2000 Ad Hoc Module, ed.
86. I Kogan,WMüller, pp. 27-53. Mannheim, Ger.: Mannheimer Zent. Eur. Soz.
87. Iannelli C, Smyth E. 2008. Mapping gender and social background differences in education and youth transitions across Europe. J. Youth Stud. 11(2):213-32
88. Iannelli C, Soro-Bonmatí A. 2003. Transition pathways in Italy and Spain: different patterns, similar vulnerability? See Müller & Gangl 2003b, pp. 212-50
89. Kerckhoff AC. 2000. Transition from school to work in comparative perspective. In Handbook of the Sociology of Education, ed. MT Jallinan, pp. 543-74. New York/Boston: Kluwer Acad./Plenum
90. Kerckhoff AC, Macrae J. 1992. Leaving the parental home in Great Britain: a comparative perspective. Sociol. Q. 33(2):281-301
91. Kiernan KE. 2000. European perspectives on union formation. In The Ties That Bind: Perspectives on Marriage and Cohabitation, ed. LJ Waite, pp. 40-58. New York: Aldine de Gruyter
92. Kiernan KE. 2001. The rise of cohabitation and childbearing outside marriage inWestern Europe. Int. J. Law Policy Fam. 15(1):1-21
93. Kiernan KE. 2002. The state of European Unions: an analysis of partnership formation and dissolution. See Macura & Beets 2002, pp. 57-76
94. Kiernan KE. 2004. Redrawing the boundaries of marriage. J. Marriage Fam. 66:980-87
95. Klijzing E. 2005. Globalization and the early life course. See Blossfeld et al. 2005, pp. 25-49
96. Kogan I. 2007. Youth unemployment in the enlarged European Union. In From Origin to Destination. Trends and Mechanisms in Social Stratification Research, ed. S Scherer, R Pollak, G Otte, M Gangl, pp. 182-213. Frankfurt/New York: Campus
97. Kogan I, Schubert F. 2003. Youth transitions from education to working life in Europe: a general overview. In School-to-Work Transitions in Europe: Analyses of the EU LFS 2000 Ad Hoc Module, ed. I Kogan,WMüller, pp. 5-26. Mannheim, Ger.: Mannheimer Zent. Eur. Soz.
98. Kohler H-P, Billari FC, Ortega JA. 2002. The emergence of lowest-low fertility in Europe during the 1990s. Popul. Dev. Rev. 28(4):641-80 (Pubitemid 36261177)
99. Kohli M. 2007. The institutionalization of the life course: looking back to look ahead. Res. Hum. Dev. 4(3-4):253-71
100. Konietzka D. 2010. Zeiten des Übergangs. Sozialer Wandel des Übergangs in das Erwachsenenalter. Wiesbaden: VS Verlag Soz.
101. Konietzka D, Huinink J. 2003. Die De-Standardisierung einer Statuspassage? Zum Wandel des Auszugs aus dem Elternhaus und des U? bergangs in das Erwachsenenalter in Westdeutschland. Soz. Welt 54(3):285-311
102. Kuijsten AC. 1996. Changing family patterns in Europe: a case of divergence? Eur. J. Popul. 12:115-43
103. Leisering L. 2004. Government and the life course. See Mortimer & Shanahan 2004, pp. 205-25
104. Lesthaeghe R. 1995. The second demographic transition in Western countries: an interpretation. In Gender and Family Change in Industrialised Countries, ed. KO Mason, A-M Jensen, pp. 17-62. Oxford: Clarendon
105. Levy R. 1991. Status passages as critical life-course transitions. A theoretical sketch. See Heinz 1991, pp. 74-96
106. Liefbroer AC. 2005. The impact of perceived costs and rewards of childbearing on entry into parenthood: evidence from a panel study. Eur. J. Popul. 21(4):367-91 (Pubitemid 43118566)
107. Macmillan R, ed. 2005a. The Structure of the Life Course: Standardized? Individualized? Differentiated? Amsterdam: Elsevier
108. Macmillan R. 2005b. The structure of the life course: classic issues and current controversies. See Macmillan 2005a, pp. 3-24
109. Macmillan R, Eliason SR. 2004. Characterizing the life course as role configurations and pathways. A latent structure approach. See Mortimer & Shanahan 2004 529-54
110. Macura M, Beets G, eds. 2002. Dynamics of Fertility and Partnership in Europe. Insights and Lessons from Comparative Research. Geneva: United Nations
111. Macura M, Mochizuki-Sternberg Y, Lara Garcia J. 2002. Eastern and Western Europes fertility and partnership patterns: selected developments from 1987 to 1999. See Macura & Beets 2002, pp. 27-56
112. Mandic S. 2008. Home-leaving and its structural determinants in Western and Eastern Europe: an exploratory study. Hous. Stud. 23(4):615-36
113. Marini MM. 1984. Age and sequencing norms in the transition to adulthood. Soc. Forces 63(1):229-44
114. Marsden D. 1990. Institutions and labour mobility: occupational and internal labour markets inBritain, France, Italy and West Germany. In Labour Relations and Economic Performance, ed. R Brunetta, C DellAringa, pp. 414-38. London: Macmillan
115. Martin G. 2009. A portrait of the youth labor market in 13 countries, 1980-2007. Mon. Labor Rev. 12:3-21
116. Martin P, Schoon I, Ross A. 2008. Beyond transitions: applying optimal matching analysis to life course research. Int. J. Res. Methodol. 11(3):179-99
117. Maurice M, Sellier F, Silvestre J-J. 1986. The Social Foundations of Industrial Power: A Comparison of France and Germany. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press
118. MayerK U. 2000. Promises fulfilled? A review of 20 years of life course research. Arch. Eur. Sociol. 41(2):259-82
119. Mayer KU. 2001. The paradox of global social change and national path dependencies. Life course patterns in advanced societies. In Inclusions and Exclusions in European Societies, ed. AWoodward,MKohli, pp. 89-110. London: Routledge
120. Mayer KU. 2009. New directions in life course research. Annu. Rev. Sociol. 35:413-33
121. Mayer KU,MüllerW. 1986. The state and the structure of the life course. In Human Development and the Life Course: Multidisciplinary Perspectives, ed. AB Šensen, FE Weinert, LR Sherrod, pp. 217-45. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum
122. McVicar D, Anyadike-Danes M. 2002. Predicting successful and unsuccessful transitions from school to work by using sequence methods. J. R. Stat. Soc. A 165(2):317-34
123. Mills M, Blossfeld H-P. 2005. Globalization, uncertainty and the early life course. A theoretical framework. See Blossfeld et al. 2005, pp. 1-24
124. Mills M, Blossfeld H-P, Klijzing E. 2005. Becoming an adult in uncertain times. A 14-country comparison of the losers of globalization. See Blossfeld et al. 2005, pp. 423-41
125. Modell J, Furstenberg FF, Hershberg T. 1976. Social change and transitions to adulthood in historical perspective. J. Fam. Hist. 1:7-32
126. Mortimer JT, Oesterle S, Krüger H. 2005. Age norms, institutional structures, and the timing of markers of transition to adulthood. Adv. Life Course Res. 9:175-203
127. Mortimer JT, Shanahan MJ, eds. 2004. Handbook of the Life Course. New York: Springer
128. Mowitz-Lambert J. 2001. Ü bergangsmuster in der Statuspassage von beruflicher Ausbildung in die Erwerbsta?tigkeit. In Strukturen des Lebenslaufs. Übergang-Sequenz-Verlauf, ed. R Sackmann, MWingens, pp. 199-217. Weinheim
129. Juventa Mulder CH, ClarkWAV,WagnerM. 2002. A comparative analysis of leaving home in the United States, the Netherlands andWest Germany. Demogr. Res. 17:565-92 (Pubitemid 38861056)
130. Müller W,Gangl M. 2003a. The transition from school to work: a European perspective. SeeMüller 2003b, pp. 1-19
131. Müller W, Gangl M, eds. 2003b. Transitions from Education to Work in Europe. The Integration of Youth in EU Labour Markets. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press
132. Neugarten DA. 1996. The Meanings of Age: Selected Papers of Bernice Neugarten. Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press
133. Neyer G. 2003. Family policies and low fertility in Western Europe. MPIDR Work. Pap. WP 2003-021, Max-Planck Inst. Demogr. Res., Rostock, Ger. http://www.demogr.mpg.de/papers/working/wp-2003-021.pdf
134. Ni Bhrolchain M. 1993. East-West marriage contrasts, old and new. In European Population, ed. A Blum, J-L Rallu, pp. 461-79. Montrouge: John Libbey Eurotext
135. Nicoletti C, Tanturri ML. 2008. Differences in delaying motherhood across European countries: empirical evidence from the ECHP. Eur. J. Popul. 24:157-83
136. Nilsson K, Strandh M. 1999. Nest leaving in Sweden: the importance of early educational and labor market careers. J. Marriage Fam. 61:1068-79
137. OECD. 2008. Jobs for Youth: Netherlands. Paris: OECD
138. OECD. 2009. Education at a Glance. OECD Indicators. Paris: OECD
139. Ongaro F, Mazzuco S. 2009. Parental separation and family formation in early adulthood: evidence from Italy. Adv. Life Course Res. 14:119-30
140. Pampel FC. 1993. Relative cohort size and fertility: the socio-political context of the Easterlin effect. Am. Sociol. Rev. 58(4):496-514 (Pubitemid 24388779)
141. Pampel FC, Peters EH. 1995. The Easterlin effect. Annu. Rev. Sociol. 21:163-94
142. Philipov D, Thëvenon O, Klobas J, Bernardi L, Liefbroer AC. 2009. Reproductive decision-making in a macro-micro perspective (REPRO). State-of-the-art review. Eur. Demogr. Res. Pap. 2009:1
143. Piccarreta R, Billari FC. 2007. Clustering work and family trajectories by using a divisive algorithm. J. R. Stat. Soc. A 170(4):1061-78
144. Quintini G, Martin JP, Martin S. 2007. The changing nature of the school-to-work transition process in OECD countries. IZA Discuss. Pap. 2582, Inst. Study Labor, Bonn, Ger. http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/5/32/38187773.pdf
145. Reher DS. 1998. Family ties in Western Europe: persistent contrasts. Popul. Dev. Rev. 24(2):203-34 (Pubitemid 128464436)
146. Riley MW. 1986. Overview and highlights of a sociological perspective. In Human Development and the Life Course: Multidisciplinary Perspectives, ed. AB Šensen, FE Weinert, LR Sherrod, pp. 153-75. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum
147. Rindfuss RR. 1991. The young adult years: diversity, structural change and fertility. Demography 28(4):493-512
148. Rusconi A. 2004. Different pathways out of the parental home: a comparison of West Germany and Italy. J. Comp. Fam. Stud. 35(4):627-49
149. Ryan P. 2001. The school-to-work transition: a cross-national perspective. J. Econ. Lit. 39(March):34-92 (Pubitemid 33600199)
150. Ryder NB. 1965. The cohort as a concept in the study of social change. Am. Sociol. Rev. 30:843-61
151. Sackmann R, WingensM. 2003. From transitions to trajectories: sequence types. In Social Dynamics of the Life Course: Transitions, Institutions, and Interrelations, ed. WR Heinz, VW Marshall, pp. 93-115. New York: Aldine de Gruyter
152. Scherer S. 2001. Early career patterns: a comparison of Great Britain and West Germany. Eur. J. Sociol. (3):119-44
153. Scherer S. 2004. Stepping-stones or traps? The consequences of labour market entry positions on future careers inWest Germany, Great Britain and Italy. Work Employ. Soc. 18(2):369-94 (Pubitemid 38977241)
154. Scherer S. 2005. Patterns of labour market entry-long wait or career instability? An empirical comparison of Italy, Great Britain andWest Germany. Eur. Sociol. Rev. 21(5):427-40 (Pubitemid 41768661)
155. Schizzerotto A, Lucchini M. 2004a. Transition to adulthood. In Social Europe: Living Standards and Welfare States, ed. R Berthoud, M Iacovou, pp. 46-68. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar
156. Schizzerotto A, Lucchini M. 2004b. Transitions to adulthood during the twentieth century. A comparative analysis of Great Britain, Italy, and Sweden. Presented at Changequals Third Conf. Social Indic., Paris,May 17-18
157. Schoon I, Ross A, Martin P. 2009. Sequences, patterns, and variations in the assumption of work and familyrelated roles. In Transitions from School to Work: Globalization, Individualization, and Patterns of Diversity, ed. I Schoon, R Silbereisen, pp. 219-42. New York: Cambridge Univ. Press
158. Settersten RA Jr. 2007. Passages to adulthood: linking demographic change to human development. Eur. J. Popul. 23:251-72 (Pubitemid 47505669)
159. Shanahan MJ. 2000. Pathways to adulthood in changing societies: variability and mechanisms in life course perspective. Annu. Rev. Sociol. 26:667-92
160. Shanahan MJ, Porfeli E. 2002. Integrating the life course and life-span: formulating research questions with dual points of entry. J. Vocat. Behav. 61:398-406 (Pubitemid 36006046)
161. ShavitY,MüllerW. 1998. From School to Work.AComparative Study of EducationalQualifications andOccupational Destinations. Oxford: Clarendon
162. Sobotka T. 2008. Overview chapter 6: the diverse faces of the second demographic transition in Europe. Demogr. Res. Spec. Collect. 7 19(8):171-224
163. Sobotka T, Skirbekk V, Philipov D. 2010. Economic recession and fertility in the developed world: a literature review. Res. Note, Vienna Inst. Demogr., Vienna, Austria. http://www.ec.europa.eu/social/BlobServlet?docId=4547Id=en
164. Sobotka T, Toulemon L. 2008. Overview chapter 4: changing family and partnership behaviour: common trends and persistent diversity across Europe. Demogr. Res. Spec. Collect. 7 19(6):85-138
165. Solga H. 2002. Stigmatisation by negative selection. Explaining less-educated peoples decreasing employment opportunities. Eur. Sociol. Rev. 18(2):159-78
166. Solga H. 2004. Ausgrenzungserfahrungen trotz Integration-die U? bergangsbiographien von Jugendlichen ohne Schulabschluss. In Geboren 1964 und 1971. Neuere Untersuchungen zu Ausbildungs-und Berufschancen in Westdeutschland, ed. S Hillmert, KU Mayer, pp. 39-63. Wiesbaden: VS Verlag Soz.
167. Spielauer M. 2004. The contextual database of the Generations and Gender Program: overview, conceptual framework and the link to the Generations and Gender Survey. MPIDR Work. Pap. WP 2004-014, Max-Planck Inst. Demogr. Res., Rostock, Ger. http://www.demogr.mpg.de/papers/working/wp-2004-014.pdf
168. Surkyn J, Lesthaeghe R. 2004. Value orientations and the second demographic transition (SDT) in Northern, Western and Southern Europe: an update. Demogr. Res. Spec. Collect. 3(3):45-86 (Pubitemid 39122533)
169. Szoltysek M. 2008a. Rethinking Eastern Europe: household-formation patterns in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and European family systems. Contin. Change 23(3):389-427
170. Szoltysek M. 2008b. Three kinds of preindustrial household formation system in historical Eastern Europe: a challenge to spatial patterns of the European family. Hist. Fam. 13:223-57
171. Thornton A, Philipov D. 2009. Sweeping changes in marriage, cohabitation and childbearing in Central and Eastern Europe: new insights from the developmental idealism framework. Eur. J. Popul. 25:123-56
172. van de Kaa DJ. 1987. Europes second demographic transition. Popul. Bull. 42(1):3-57
173. Vikat A, Spëder Z, BeetsG, Billari FC, Bühler C, et al. 2007. Generations and Gender Survey (GGS): towards a better understanding of relationships and processes in the life course. Demogr. Res. 17(14):389-440
174. Vogel J. 2002. European welfare regimes and the transition to adulthood: a comparative and longitudinal perspective. Soc. Indic. Res. 59:275-99
175. Widmer ED, Ritschard G. 2009. The de-standardization of the life course: are men and women equal? Adv. Life Course Res. 14:28-39
176. Wiik KA. 2009. Youd better wait!-socio-economic background and timing of first marriage versus first cohabitation. Eur. Sociol. Rev. 25(2):139-53
177. Winkler-DworakM, EngelhardtH. 2004. On the tempo and quantum of first marriages in Austria, Germany, and Switzerland: changes in mean age and variance. Demogr. Res. 10(9):231-64
178. WolbersM. 2003. Jobmismatches and their labour market effects among school leavers in Europe. Eur. Sociol. Rev. 19(3):249-66
179. Wolbers M. 2007a. Employment insecurity at labour market entry and its impact on parental home leaving and family formation. Int. J. Comp. Sociol. 48(6):481-507
180. Wolbers MHJ. 2007b. Patterns of labour market entry. A comparative perspective on school-to-work transitions in 11 European Countries. Acta Sociol. 50(3):189-210
181. Wu LL. 2000. Some comments on "Sequence Analysis and OptimalMatchingMethods in Sociology: Review and Prospect." Sociol. Methods Res. 29:41-46