Cooperative and Competitive Orientation among Chinese People: Scale Development and Validation

Management and Organization Review

Volumn 7, Issue 2, 2011, Pages 353-379

  Chen, Xiao Ping ^a   Xie, Xiaofei ^b   Chang, Shiqing ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON   (United States)

^b PEKING UNIVERSITY   (China)

Author keywords

China; Competitive orientation; Contextualization; Cooperative orientation; Scale development

Indexed keywords

EID: 79959891163     PISSN: 17408776     EISSN: 17408784     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-8784.2011.00215.x     Document Type: Article

References (69)

1. Argyle, M. 1991. Cooperation: The basis of sociability. London: Routlege.
2. Bandura, A. 1997. Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. New York: W. H. Freeman and Company.
3. Barrick, M. R., & Mount, M. K. 1991. The Big Five personality dimensions and job performance: A meta-analysis. Personnel Psychology, 44: 1-26.
4. Blau, P. M. 1964. Exchange and power in social life. New York: John Wiley.
5. Borman, W. C., & Motowidlo, S. J. 1993. Expanding the criterion domain to include elements of contextual performance. In N. Schmitt & W. C. Borman (Eds.), Personnel selection in organizations: 71-98. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
6. Bornstein, G. 1992. The free-rider problem in intergroup conflicts over step-level and continuous public goods. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 62(4): 597-606.
7. Brandenburger, A. M., & Nalebuff, B. J. 1996. Co-opetition. New York: Doubleday Currency.
8. Chen, C. C. 1995. New trends in rewards allocation preferences: A Sino-US comparison. Academy of Management Journal, 38(2): 408-428.
9. Chen, C. C., & Chen, X. P. 2009. A critical analysis of guanxi and its negative externalities in Chinese organizations. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 26: 37-53.
10. Chen, M. 2005. Asian management systems: Chinese, Japanese, and Korean styles of business. London and New York: Routledge.
11. Chen, X. P., & Chen, C. C. 2004. On the intricacies of Chinese guanxi: A process model of guanxi development. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 21(3): 305-324.
12. Chen, X. P., & Li, S. 2005. Cross-national differences in cooperative decision-making in mixed-motive business contexts: The mediating effect of vertical and horizontal individualism. Journal of International Business Studies, 36(6): 622-636.
13. Costa, P. T. Jr, & McCrae, R. R. 1985. The NEO personality inventory manual. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.
14. Dean, P. G., & Carnevale, P. J. 1993. Negotiation in social conflict. Belmont, CA: Thomson Brooks/Cole Publishing Co.
15. Deutsch, M. 1949a. A theory of cooperation and competition. Human Relations, 2(2): 129-152.
16. Deutsch, M. 1949b. An experimental study of the effects of cooperation and competition upon group process. Human Relations, 2(3): 199-232.
17. Digman, J. M. 1990. Personality structure: Emergence of the five-factor model. Annual Review of Psychology, 41(1): 417-440.
18. Erdle, S., & Lalonde, R. N. 1986. Processing information about self: Evidence for personality traits as cognitive prototypes. Paper presented at the American Psychological Association Annual Convention, Toronto.
19. Fang, X. Y., Wang, G., & Bai, X. J. 1992. The development of cooperation and competition in children: A review. Psychological Development and Education, 1: 38-42. (in Chinese.)
20. Farh, J. L., Earley, P. C., & Lin, S. C. 1997. Impetus for action: A cultural analysis of justice and organizational citizenship behavior in Chinese society. Administrative Science Quarterly, 42(3): 421-444.
21. Farh, J. L., Canella, A. A., & Lee, C. 2006. Approaches to scale development in Chinese management research. Management and Organization Review, 2(3): 301-318.
22. Fazio, R. H. 1990. A practical guide to the use of response latency in social psychology research. In C. Hendrick & M. S. Clark (Eds.), Research methods in personality and social psychology: 74-97. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
23. Fekken, G. C., & Holden, R. R. 1992. Response latency evidence for viewing personality traits as schema indicators. Journal of Research in Personality, 26(2): 103-120.
24. Fong, C. T. 2006. The effects of emotional ambivalence on creativity. Academy of Management Journal, 49: 1016-1030.
25. Fong, C. T., & Tiedens, L. Z. 2002. Dueling experiences and dual ambivalences: Emotional and motivational ambivalence of women in high status position. Motivation and Emotion, 26: 105-121.
26. Hofstede, G. 1980. Cultural consequences: International differences in work-related values. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
27. Hough, L. M. 1992. The 'Big Five' personality variables-construct confusion: Description versus prediction. Human Performance, 5: 139-155.
28. Hui, C., Law, K., & Chen, Z. X. 1999. A structural equation model of the effects of negative affectivity, leader-member exchange, and perceived job mobility on in-role and extra-role performance: A Chinese case. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 77: 3-21.
29. Hurtz, G. M., & Donovan, J. J. 2000. Personality and job performance: The Big Five revisited. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85(6): 869-879.
30. Hwang, K. K. 1987. Face and favor: The Chinese power game. American Journal of Sociology, 92(4): 944-974.
31. Johnson, D. W., & Norem-Hebeisen, A. 1977. Attitudes toward interdependence among persons and psychological health. Psychological Reports, 40(3): 843-850.
32. Johnson, D. W., & Norem-Hebeisen, A. 1979. A measure of cooperative, competitive, and individualistic attitudes. Journal of Social Psychology, 109: 253-261.
33. Katz, D., & Kahn, R. L. 1978. The social psychology of organizations. New York: Wiley.
34. Keller, J., & Lowenstein, J. 2010. The cultural category of cooperation: A cultural consensus model analysis for China and the US. Organizational Science (in press).
35. Kelley, H. H., & Stahelski, A. J. 1970. Social interaction basis of cooperators' and competitors' beliefs about others. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 16(1): 66-91.
36. Kelley, H. H., & Thibaut, J. W. 1978. Interpersonal relations. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
37. Kim, T., Weber, T., Leung, K., & Muramoto, Y. 2010. Perceived fairness of pay: The importance of task versus maintenance inputs in Japan, South Korea, and Hong Kong. Management and Organization Review, 6(1): 31-54.
38. Komorita, S. S., & Parks, C. D. 1995. Interpersonal relations: Mixed-motive interaction. Annual Review of Psychology, 46(2): 183-207.
39. Kuiper, N. 1981. Convergent evidence for the self as a prototype: The inverted-URT effect for self and other judgments. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 7: 438-443.
40. LePine, J. A., & Van Dyne, L. 2001. Voice and cooperative behavior as contrasting norms of contextual performance: Evidence of differential relationships with Big Five personality characteristics and cognitive ability. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86: 326-336.
41. Liebrand, W. B. G. 1984. The effect of social motives, communication and group size on behavior in an n-person multi-stage mixed-motive game. European Journal of Social Psychology, 14(3): 239-264.
42. Liebrand, W. B. G., & McClintock, C. G. 1988. The ring measure of social values: A computerized procedure for assessing individual differences in information processing and social value orientation. European Journal of Personality, 2: 217-230.
43. McClintock, C. G., & Liebrand, W. B. G. 1988. Role of interdependence structure, individual value orientation, and another's strategy in social decision making: A transformational analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 55: 396-409.
44. Markus, H. 1977. Self-schemata and processing information about the self. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 35(2): 63-78.
45. Mead, M. 1976. Cooperation and competition among primitive people. Boston, MA: Beacon.
46. Messick, D. M., & McClintock, C. G. 1968. Motivational bases of choice in experimental games. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 4(1): 1-25.
47. Morris, M. W., & Leung, K. 2010. Creativity east and west: Perspectives and parallels. Management and Organization Review, 6(3): 313-327.
48. Motowidlo, S. J., Borman, W. C., & Schmit, M. J. 1997. A theory of individual differences in task and contextual performance. Human Performance, 10(2): 71-83.
49. Mount, M. K., Barrick, M. R., & Stewart, G. L. 1998. Five-factor model of personality and performance in jobs involving interpersonal interactions. Human Performance, 11(1): 145-165.
50. Organ, D. W. 1997. Organizational citizenship behavior: It's construct clean-up time. Human Performance, 10(2): 85-97.
51. Organ, D. W., & Ryan, K. 1995. A meta-analytic review of attitudinal and dispositional predictors of organizational citizenship behavior. Personnel Psychology, 48: 775-802.
52. Oyserman, D., Coon, H. M., & Kemmelmeier, M. 2002. Rethinking individualism and collectivism: Evaluation of theoretical assumptions and meta-analyses. Psychological Bulletin, 128(1): 3-72.
53. Parks, C. D. 1994. The predictive ability of social values in resource dilemmas and public goods games. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 20(4): 431-438.
54. Peng, K. P., & Nisbett, R. E. 1999. Culture, dialectics, and reasoning about contradiction. American Psychologist, 54(9): 741-754.
55. Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., & Podsakoff, N. P. 2003. Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(5): 879-903.
56. Rapoport, A., & Chammah, A. M. 1965. Prisoner's dilemma. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.
57. Rapoport, A., & Suleiman, R. 1993. Incremental contribution in step-level public goods games with asymmetric players. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 55(2): 171-194.
58. Rogers, T. B. 1971. The process of responding to personality items: Some issues, a theory and some research. Multivariate Behavioral Research Monographs, 6(2): 1-65.
59. Saucier, G. 1994. Mini-Markers: A brief version of Goldberg's unipolar Big-Five markers. Journal of Personality Assessment, 63(3): 506-516.
60. Shore, L. M., Coyle-Shapiro, J. A.-M., Chen, X. P., & Tetrick, L. E. 2009. Social exchange in work settings: Content, process, and mixed models. Management and Organization Review, 5(3): 289-302.
61. Snijders, T. A. B., & Bosker, R. J. 1999. Multilevel analysis: An introduction to basic and advanced multilevel modeling. London: Sage.
62. Spencer-Rodgers, J., Boucher, H., Mori, S., Wang, L., & Peng, K. 2009. The Dialectical self-concept: Contradiction, Change, and Holism in East Asian cultures. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 35(1): 29-44.
63. Sui, X., & Zhao, L. 2003. An explorative study of primary school students' mental structure of competition. Psychological Science, 26: 1132-1133. (in Chinese).
64. Triandis, H. C. 1995. Individualism and collectivism. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
65. Tsui, A. S., & Lau, C. M. 2002. Research on the management of enterprises in the People's Republic of China: Current status and future directions. In A. S. Tsui & C. M. Lau (Eds.), The management of enterprises in the People's Republic of China: 1-27. Boston, MA: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
66. Vinchur, A. J., Schippmann, J. S., Switzer, F. S., III, & Roth, P. L. 1998. A meta-analytic review of predictors of job performance for salespeople. Journal of Applied Psychology, 83(4): 586-597.
67. Wang, X. L., Peng, D. H., & Wu, T. J. 2008. Comparing college students' implicit and explicit attitude toward cooperation. Higher Education Exploration, 1: 129-131. (in Chinese.)
68. Williams, L. J., & Anderson, S. E. 1991. Job satisfaction and organizational commitment as predictors of organizational citizenship and in-role behavior. Journal of Management, 17(3): 601-617.
69. Wong, Y., Ngo, H., & Wong, C. 2006. Perceived organizational justice, trust, and OCB: A study of Chinese workers in joint ventures and state-owned enterprises. Journal of World Business, 41(4): 344-355.