Electrophysiology of Schizophrenia

Schizophrenia: Third Edition

Volumn , Issue , 2011, Pages 311-333

  Winterer, Georg ^a   Mccarley, Robert W ^b,c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF COLOGNE   (Germany)

^b HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

^c VETERANS AFFAIRS MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

Electroencephalogram; Event related potentials; Gamma oscillations; Mismatch negativity; P300; Schizophrenia; Signal to noise ratio; Theta oscillations

Indexed keywords

EID: 79959858007     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1002/9781444327298.ch15     Document Type: Chapter

References (169)

1. Adler, L.E. & Waldo, M.C. (1991) Counterpoint: sensory gating-hippocampal model of schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin 17, 19-24.
2. Adler, L.E., Pachtman, E., Franks, R.D., Pecevich, M., Waldo, M.C. & Freedman, R. (1982) Neurophysiological evidence for a defect in neuronal mechanisms involved in sensory gating in schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry 17, 639-654.
3. Adler, L.E., Waldo, M.C. & Freedman, R. (1985) Neurophysiologic studies of sensory gating in schizophrenia: comparison of auditory and visual responses. Biological Psychiatry 20, 1284-1296.
4. Adler, L.E., Waldo, M.C., Tatcher, A., Cawthra, E., Baker, N. & Freedman, R. (1990) Lack of relationship of auditory gating defects to negative symptoms in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research 3, 131-138.
5. Anokhin, A.P., Todorov, A.A., Madden, P.A., Grant, J.D. & Heath, A.C. (1999) Brain event-related potentials, dopamine D2 receptor gene polymorphism, and smoking. Genetic Epidemiology 17 (Suppl. 1), S37-42.
6. Anokhin, A.P., Vedeniapin, A.B., Sirevaag, E.J. et al. (2000) The P300 brain potential is reduced in smokers. Psychopharmacology (Berlin) 149, 409-413.
7. Baldeweg, T., Klugman, A., Gruzelier, J.H. & Hirsch, S.R. (2002) Impairment in frontal but not temporal components of mismatch negativity. International Journal of Psychophysiology 43, 111-122.
8. Barta, P.E., Pearlson, G.D., Powers, R.E., Richards, S.S. & Tune, L.E. (1990) Auditory hallucinations and smaller superior temporal gyral volume in schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry 147, 1457-1462.
9. Baudena, P., Halgren, E., Heit, G. & Clarke, J.M. (1995) Intracerebral potentials to rare target and distractor auditory and visual stimuli. III. Frontal cortex. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 94, 251-264.
10. B é nar, C.G., Sch ö n, D., Grimault, S. et al. (2007) Single-trial analysis of oddball event-related potentials in simultaneous EEG-fMRI. Human Brain Mapping 28, 602-613.
11. Berman, S.M., Noble, E.P., Antolin, T., Sheen, C., Conner, B.T. & Ritchie, T. (2006) P300 development during adolescence: effects of DRD2 genotype. Clinical Neurophysiology 117, 649-659.
12. Bledowski, C., Hoechstetter, K., Scherg, M., Wibral, M., Goebel, R. & Linden, D.E. (2004) Localizing P300 generators in visual target and distractor processing: a combined event-related potential and functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Journal of Neuroscience 24, 9353-9360.
13. Borst, J.G.G., Leung, L.-W.S. & MacFabe, D.F. (1987) Electrical activity of the cingulate cortex. II. Cholinergic modulation. Brain Research 407, 81-93.
14. Braff, D., Stone, C., Callaway, E., Geyer, M., Glick, I. & Bali, L. (1978) Prestimulus effects on human startle refl ex in normals and schizophrenics. Psychophysiology 15, 339-343.
15. Bramon, E., Rabe-Hesketh, S., Shama, P., Murray, R.M. & Frangou, S. (2004) Meta-analysis of the P300 and P50 waveforms in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research 70, 315-329.
16. Bramon, E., Dempster, E., Frangou, S. et al. (2006) Is there an association between the COMT gene and P300 endophenotypes? European Psychiatry 21, 70-73.
17. Brenner, C.A., Sporns, O., Lysaker, P.H. & O'Donnell, B.F. (2003) EEG synchronization to modulated auditory tones in schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, and schizotypal personality disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry 160, 2238-2240.
18. Buzsaki, G. (2002) Theta oscillations in the hippocampus. Neuron 33, 325-340.
19. Calhoun, V.D., Adali, T., Giuliani, N.R., Pekar, J.J., Kiehl, K.A. & Pearlson, G.D. (2006) Method for multimodal analysis of independent source differences in schizophrenia: combining gray matter structural and auditory oddball functional data. Human Brain Mapping 27, 47-62.
20. Callaway, E., Jones, R.T. & Donchin, E. (1970) Auditory evoked potential variability in schizophrenia. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 29, 421-428.
21. Cantero, J.L., Atienza, M., Stickgold, R., Kahana, M.J., Madsen, J.R. & Kocsis, B. (2003) Sleep dependent theta oscillations in the human hippocampus and neocortex. Journal of Neuroscience 23, 10897-10903.
22. Cunningham, M.O., Hunt, J., Middleton, S. et al. (2006) Region-specifi c reduction in entorhinal gamma oscillations and parvalbumin-immunoreactive neurons in animal models of psychiatric illness. Journal of Neuroscience 26, 2767-2776.
23. Dierks, T., Fr ö lich, L., Ihl, R. & Maurer, K. (1994) Event-related potentials and psychopharmacology. Cholinergic modulation of P300. Pharmacopsychiatry 27, 72-74.
24. Donchin, E., Callaway, E. & Jones, R.T. (1970) Auditory evoked potential variability in schizophrenia. II. The application of discriminant analysis. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 29, 429-440.
25. Ehlers, C.L. & Somes, C. (2002) Long latency event-related potentials in mice: effects of stimulus characteristics and strain. Brain Research 957, 117-128.
26. Ehlis, A.C., Reif, A., Herrmann, M.J., Lesch, K.P. & Fallgatter, A.J. (2007) Impact of catechol-O-methyltransferase on prefrontal brain functioning in schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Neuropsychopharmacology 32, 162-170.
27. Fitch, T.E., Sahr, R.N., Eastwood, B.J., Zhou, F.C. & Yang, C.R. (2006) Dopamine D1/D5 receptor modulation of fi ring rate and bidirectional theta burst fi ring in medial septal/vertical limb of diagonal band neurons in vivo. Journal of Neurophysiology 95, 2808-2820.
28. Ford, J.M., White, P., Lim, K.O. & Pfefferbaum, A. (1994) Schizophrenics have fewer and smaller P300s: a single-trial analysis. Biological Psychiatry 35, 96-103.
29. Ford, J.M., Roach, B.J., Faustman, W.O. & Mathalon, D.H. (2007) Out-of-Synch and Out-of-Sorts: Dysfunction of Motor-Sensory Communication in Schizophrenia. Available online 5 November 2007, Biological Psychiatry.
30. Freedman, R., Adler, L.E., Waldo, M.C., Pachtman, E. & Franks, R.D. (1983) Neurophysiological evidence for a defect in inhibitory pathways in schizophrenia: comparison of medicated and drug-free patients. Biological Psychiatry 18, 537-551.
31. Freedman, R., Adler, L.E., Bickford, P. e t al. (1994) Schizophrenia and nicotinic receptors. Harvard Reviews of Psychiatry 2, 179-192.
32. Fries, P., Nikolic, D. & Singer, W. (2007) The gamma cycle. Trends in Neuroscience 30, 309-316.
33. Frodl, T., Meisenzahl, E.M., M ü ller, D. et al. (2002) P300 subcomponents and clinical symptoms in schizophrenia. International Journal of Psychophysiology 43, 237-246.
34. Gallinat, J., Riedel, M., Juckel, G. et al. (2001) P300 and symptom improvement in schizophrenia. Psychopharmacology (Berlin) 158, 55-65.
35. Gallinat, J., Mulert, C., Bajbouj, M. et al. (2002) Frontal and temporal dysfunction of auditory stimulus processing in schizophrenia. Neuroimage 17, 110-127.
36. Gallinat, J., Bajbouj, M., Sander, T. et al. (2003) Association of the G1947A COMT (Val(108/158)Met) gene polymorphism with prefrontal P300 during information processing. Biological Psychiatry 54, 40-48.
37. Gallinat, J., Winterer, G., Herrmann, C.S. & Senkowski, D. (2004) Reduced oscillatory gamma-band responses in unmedicated schizophrenic patients indicate impaired frontal network processing. Clinical Neurophysiology 115, 1863-1874.
38. Gallinat, J., G ö tz, T., Kalus, P., Bajbouj, M., Sander, T. & Winterer, G. (2007) Genetic variations of the NR3A subunit of the NMDA receptor modulate prefrontal cerebral activity in humans. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 19, 59-68.
39. Gevins, A. & Smith, M.E. (2000) Neurophysiological measures of working memory and individual differences in cognitive ability and cognitive style. Cerebral Cortex 10, 829-839.
40. Gevins, A., Smith, M.E., McEvoy, L. & Yu. D. (1997) High-resolution EEG mapping of cortical activation related to working memory: effects of task diffi culty, type of processing, and practice. Cerebral Cortex 7, 374-385.
41. Golimbet, V., Gritsenko, I., Alfi mova, M. e t al. (2006) Association study of COMT gene Val158Met polymorphism with auditory P300 and performance on neurocognitive tests in patients with schizophrenia and their relatives. World Journal of Biological Psychiatry 7, 238-245.
42. Grunze, H.C., Rainnie, D.G., Hasselmo, M.E. et al. (1996) NMDA-dependent modulation of CA1 local circuit inhibition. Journal of Neuroscience 16, 2034-2043.
43. Guderian, S. & D ü zel, E. (2005) Induced theta oscillations mediate large-scale synchrony with mediotemporal areas during recollection in humans. Hippocampus 15, 901-912.
44. Halgren, E., Baudena, P., Clarke, J.M. et al. (1995a) Intracerebral potentials to rare target and distractor auditory and visual stimuli. I. Superior temporal plane and parietal lobe. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 94, 191-220.
45. Halgren, E., Baudena, P., Clarke, J.M. et al. (1995b) Intracerebral potentials to rare target and distractor auditory and visual stimuli. II. Medial, lateral and posterior temporal lobe. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 94, 229-250.
46. Hall, M.H., Schulze, K., Rijsdijk, F. et al. (2006) Heritability and reliability of P300, P50 and duration mismatch negativity. Behavioural Genetics 36, 845-857.
47. Hall, M.H., Rijsdijk, F., Picchioni, M. et al. (2007) Substantial shared genetic infl uences on schizophrenia and event-related potentials. American Journal of Psychiatry 164, 804-812.
48. Handy, T.C. (2004) Event-Related Potentials: A Methods Handbook. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
49. Harrison, J.B., Buchwald, J.S., Kaga, K., Woolf, N.J. & Butcher, L.L. (1988) " Cat P300 " disappears after septal lesions. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 69, 55-64.
50. Hasselmo, M.E. (2005) What is the function of hippocampal theta rhythm? Linking behavioral data to phasic properties of fi eld potential and unit recording data. Hippocampus 15, 936-949.
51. Hermandez, L., Badre, D., Noll, D. & Jonides, J. (2002) Temporal sensitivity of event-related fMRI. Neuroimage 17, 1018-1026.
52. Herrmann, C.S. & Demiralp, T. (2005) Human EEG gamma oscillations in neuropsychiatric disorders. Clinical Neurophysiology 116, 2719-2733.
53. Hill, S.Y., Locke, J., Zezza, N. et al. (1998) Genetic association between reduced P300 amplitude and the DRD2 dopamine receptor A1 allele in children at high risk for alcoholism. Biological Psychiatry 43, 40-51.
54. Hillyard, S.A. & Picton, T.W. (1987) Electrophysiology of cognition. In: Plum, F., ed. Handbook of Physiology. Section 1. The Nervous System, vol. 5. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 519-584.
55. Hollander, E., Davidson, M., Mohs, R.C. et al. (1987) RS 86 in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease: cognitive and biological effects. Biological Psychiatry 22, 1067-1078.
56. Hong, L., Summerfelt, A., McMahon, R. et al. (2004) Evoked gamma band synchronization and the liability for schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research 70, 293-302.
57. Huang, M.X., Song, T., Hagler, D.J. et al. (2007) A novel integrated MEG and EEG analysis method for dipolar sources. Neuroimage 37, 731-748.
58. Hyman, J.M., Zilli, E.A., Paley, A.M. & Hasselmo, M.E. (2005) Medial prefrontal cortex cells show dynamic modulation with the hippocampal theta rhythm dependent on behavior. Hippocampus 15, 739-749.
59. Ishihara, T. & Yoshii, N. (1972) Multivariate analytic study of EEG and mental activity in juvenile delinquents. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 33, 71-80.
60. Jacobs, J., Kahana, M.J., Ekstrom, A.D. & Fried, I. (2007) Brain oscillations control timing of single-neuron activity in humans. Journal of Neuroscience 27, 3839-3844.
61. Javitt, D.C. (2000) Intracortical mechanisms of mismatch negativity dysfunction in schizophrenia. Audiology and Neurootology 5, 207-215.
62. Javitt, D.C., Steinschneider, M., Schroeder, C.E. & Arezzo, J.C. (1996) Role of cortical N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors in auditory sensory memory and mismatch negativity generation: implications for schizophrenia. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science USA 93, 11962-11967.
63. Javitt, D.C., Shelley, A.-M., Silipo, G. & Lieberman, J.A. (2000a) Defi cits in auditory and visual context-dependent processing in schizophrenia: Defi ning the pattern. Archives of General Psychiatry 57, 1131-1137.
64. Javitt, D.C., Jayachandra, M., Lindsley, R.W., Specht, C.M. & Schroeder, C.E. (2000b) Schizophrenia-like defi cits in auditory P1 and N1 refractoriness induced by the psychomimetic agent phencyclidine (PCP). Clinical Neurophysiology 111, 833-836.
65. Javitt, D.C., Spencer, K.M., Thaker, G.K., Winterer, G. & Hajós, M. (2008) Neurophysiological biomarkers for drug development in schizophrenia. Nature Reviews Drug Discovery 7, 68-83.
66. Jensen, O. & Colgin, L.L. (2007) Cross-frequency coupling between neuronal oscillations. Trends in Cognitive Science 11, 267-269.
67. Jensen, O. & Lisman, J.E. (2005). Hippocampal sequence-encoding driven by a cortical multi-item working memory buffer. Trends in Neuroscience 28, 67-72.
68. Jervis, B.W., Nichols, M.J., Johnson, T.E., Allen, E. & Hudson, N.R. (1983) A fundamental investigation of the composition of auditory evoked potentials. IEEE Transactions in Biomedical Engineering 30, 43-50.
69. Jessen, F., Fries, T., Kucharski, C. et al. (2001) Amplitude reduction of the mismatch negativity in fi rst-degree relatives of patients with schizophrenia. Neuroscience Letters 309, 185-188.
70. John, E.R., Prichep, L.S., Firdman, J. & Easton, P. (1988) Neurometrics: Computer-assisted differential diagnosis of brain dysfunctions. Science 239, 162-169.
71. John, E.R., Prichep, L.S., Winterer, G. et al. (2007) Electrophysiological subtypes of psychotic states. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 116, 17-35.
72. Jones, M.W. & Wilson, M.A. (2005). Theta rhythms coordinate hippocampal-prefrontal interactions in a spatial memory task. PLoS Biology 3, e402.
73. Kasai, K., Shenton, M.E., Salisbury, D.F. et al. (2003) Progressive decrease of left Heschl's gyrus and planum temporale gray matter volume in schizophrenia: a longitudinal MRI study of fi rst-episode patients. Archives of General Psychiatry 60, 766-775.
74. Katsanis, J., Iacono, W.G. & Beiser, M. (1996) Visual event-related potentials in fi rst-episode psychotic patients and their relatives. Psychophysiology 33, 207-217.
75. Knott, V., Mohr, E., Mahoney, C., Engeland, C. & Ilivitsky, V. (2002) Effects of acute nicotine administration on cognitive event-related potentials in tacrine-treated and non-treated patients with Alzheimer's disease. Neuropsychobiology 45, 156-160.
76. Kopell, N., Ermentrout, G.B., Whittington, M.A. & Traub, R.D. (2000) Gamma rhythms and beta rhythms have different synchronization properties. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science USA 97, 1867-1872.
77. Korzyukov, O., Pfl ieger, M.E., Wagner, M. et al. (2007) Generators of the intracranial P50 response in auditory sensory gating. Neuroimage 35, 814-826.
78. Krishnan, G.P., Vohs, J.L., Hetrick, W.P. et al. (2005) Steady state visual evoked potential abnormalities in schizophrenia. Clinical Neurophysiology 116, 614-624.
79. Kwon, J.S., O'Donnell, B.F., Wallenstein, G.V. et al. (1999) Gamma Frequency Range Abnormalities to Auditory Stimulation in Schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry 56, 1001-1005.
80. Lehmann, D., Faber, P.L., Galderisi, S. et al. (2005) EEG microstate duration and syntax in acute, medication-na ï ve, fi rst-episode schizophrenia: a multi-center study. Psychiatry Research 28, 141-156.
81. Leung, L.-W.S. & Borst, J.G.G. (1987) Electrical activity of the cingulate cortex. 1. generating mechanisms and relations to behavior. Brain Research 407, 68-80.
82. Lewis, D.A., Hashimoto, T. & Volk, D.W. (2005) Cortical inhibitory neurons and schizophrenia. Nature Reviews Neuroscience 6, 312-324.
83. Light, G.A. & Braff, D.L. (2005) Stability of mismatch negativity defi cits and their relationship to functional impairments in chronic schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry 162, 9.
84. Lin, C.H., Yu, Y.W., Chen, T.J., Tsa, S.J. & Hong, C.J. (2001) Association analysis for dopamine D2 receptor Taq1 polymorphism with P300 event-related potential for normal young females. Psychiatric Genetics 11, 165-168.
85. Lin, F.H., Wald, L.L., Ahlfors, S.P., H ä m ä l ä inen, M.S., Kwong, K.K. & Belliveau, J.W. (2006) Dynamic magnetic resonance inverse imaging of human brain function. Magnetic Resonance Medicine 56, 787-802.
86. Linden, D.E., Prvulovic, D., Formisano, E. et al. (1999) The functional neuroanatomy of target detection: an fMRI study of visual and auditory oddball tasks. Cerebral Cortex 9, 815-823.
87. Logothetis, N.K., Pauls, J., Augath, M., Trinath, T. & Oeltermann, A. (2001) Neurophysiological investigation of the basis of the fMRI signal. Nature 412, 150-157.
88. López, J., L ó pez, V., Rojas, D. et al. (2004). Effect of psychostimulants on distinct attentional parameters in attentional defi cit/hyperactivity disorder. Biological Research 37, 461-468.
89. Makeig, S., Westerfi eld, M., Jung, T.P. et al. (2002) Dynamic brain sources of visual evoked responses. Science 295, 690-694.
90. Mathalon, D.H., Ford, J.M. & Pfefferbaum, A. (2000) Trait and state aspects of P300 amplitude reduction in schizophrenia: a retrospective longitudinal study. Biological Psychiatry 47, 434-449.
91. Mathalon, D.H., McGlashan, T.H., Miller, T.J. & Woods, S.W. (2006) Frequency and duration mismatch negativity in the prodromal and early illness stages of schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry 59, 264S.
92. McCarley, R.W., Shenton, M.E., O'Donnell, B.F. et al. (1993) Auditory P300 abnormalities and left posterior superior temporal gyrus volume reduction in schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry 50, 190-197.
93. McCarley, R.W., Hsiao, J., Freedman, R., Pfefferbaum, A. & Donchin, E. (1996) Neuroimaging and the cognitive neuroscience of schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin 22, 703-726.
94. McCarley, R.W., Niznikiewicz, M.A., Salisbury, D.F. et al. (1999) Cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia: unifying basic research and clinical aspects. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience 249 (Suppl. IV), 69-82.
95. McCarley, R.W., Salisbury, D.F., Hirayasu, Y. et al. (2002) Association between smaller left posterior superior temporal gyrus MRI volume and smaller left temporal P300 amplitude in fi rst-episode schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry 59, 321-331.
96. Michie, P.T., Innes-Brown, H., Todd, J. & Jablensky, A.V. (2002) Duration mismatch negativity in biological relatives of patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Biological Psychiatry 52, 749-758.
97. Miller, R. (1991) Discovery and general behavioural correlates of the hippocampal theta rhythm in several species. In: Miller, R., ed. Corticohippocampal Interplay and the Representation of Context in the Brain. Berlin: Springer.
98. Mobascher, A., Brinkmeyer, J., Musso, F. et al. (2007) Event-related EEG synchronization predicts BOLD residual noise variance. Human Brain Mapping Meeting, Chicago (poster presentation).
99. Morstyn, R.M., Duffy, F.H. & McCarley, R.W. (1983) Altered P300 topography in schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry 40, 729-734.
100. Mulert, C., Gallinat, J., Pascual-Marqui, R. et al. (2001) Reduced event-related current density in the anterior cingulate cortex in schizophrenia. Neuroimage 13, 589-600.
101. Mulert, C., Juckel, G., Giegling, I. et al. (2004) A Ser9Gly polymorphism in the dopamine D3 receptor gene (DRD3) and event-related P300 potentials. Neuropsychopharmacology 31, 1335-1344.
102. Musso, F., Konrad, A., Vucurevic, G. et al. (2006) Distributed BOLD-response in association cortex vector state space predicts reaction time during selective attention. Neuroimage 29, 1311-1318.
103. N ä ä t ä nen, R., Paavilainen, P., Rinne, T. & Alho, K. (2007) The mismatch negativity (MMN) in basic research of central auditory processing: A review. Clinical Neurophysiology 118, 2544-2290.
104. Nakamura, M., Salisbury, D.F., Hirayasu, Y. et al. (2007) Neocortical gray matter volume in fi rst episode schizophrenia and fi rst episode affective psychosis: a cross-sectional and longitudinal MRI study. Biological Psychiatry 62, 773-783.
105. Neuhaus, A., Bajbouj, M., Kienast, T. et al. (2006) Persistent dysfunctional frontal lobe activation in former smokers. Psychopharmacology (Berlin) 186, 191-200.
106. Niznikiewicz, M.A., Patel, J.K., McCarley, R. et al. (2005) Clozapine action on auditory P3 response in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research 76, 19-21.
107. O'Donnell, B.F., Faux, S.F., McCarley, R.W. et al. (1995) Increased rate of P300 latency prolongation with age in schizophrenia. Electrophysiological evidence for a neurodegenerative process. Archives of General Psychiatry 52, 544-549.
108. O'Donnell, B.F., Vohs, J.L., Hetrick, W.P., Carroll, C.A. & Shekhar, A. (2004) Auditory event-related potential abnormalities in bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. International Journal of Psychophysiology 53, 45-55.
109. Oknina, L.B., Wild-Wall, N., Oades, R.D. et al. (2005) Frontal and temporal sources of mismatch negativity in healthy controls, patients at onset of schizophrenia in adolescence and others at 15 years after onset. Schizophrenia Research 76, 25-41.
110. Oranje, B., Gispen-de Wied, C.C., Westenberg, H.G., Kemner, C., Verbaten, M.N. & Kahn, R.S. (2006) No effects of l-dopa and bromocriptine on psychophysiological parameters of human selective attention. Journal of Psychopharmacology 20, 789-98.
111. Pae, J.S., Kwon, J.S., Youn, T. et al. (2003) LORETA imaging of P300 in schizophrenia with individual MRI and 128-channel EEG. Neuroimage 20, 1552-1560.
112. Reite, M., Teale, P. & Rojas, D.C. (1999) Magnetoencephalography: applications in psychiatry. Biological Psychiatry 45, 1553-1563.
113. Rentzsch, J., Jockers-Scher ü bl, M.C., Boutros, N.N. & Gallinat, J. (2008) Test-retest reliability of P50, N100 and P200 auditory sensory gating in healthy subjects. International Journal of Psychophysiology 67, 81-90.
114. Rolls, E.T., Loh, M., Deco, G. & Winterer, G. (2008) Computational models of schizophrenia and dopamine modulation in the prefrontal cortex. Nature Reviews Neuroscience 9, 696-709.
115. Roopun, A.K., Middleton, S.J., Cunningham, M.O. et al. (2006) A beta2-frequency (20-30 Hz) oscillation in nonsynaptic networks of somatosensory cortex. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science USA 103, 15646-15650.
116. R ö schke, J., Wagner, P., Mann, K., Fell, J., Gr ö zinger, M. & Frank, C. (1996) Single trial analysis of event related potentials: a comparison between schizophrenics and depressives. Biological Psychiatry 40, 844-852.
117. Roth, W.T. (1977) Late event-related potentials and psychopathology. Schizophrenia Bulletin 3, 105-120.
118. Roth, W.T. & Cannon, E.H. (1972) Some features of the auditory evoked response in schizophrenics. Archives of General Psychiatry 27, 466-471.
119. Roth, W.T., Pfefferbaum, A., Kelly, A.F., Berger, P.A. & Kopell, B.S. (1981) Auditory event-related potentials in schizophrenia and depression. Psychiatry Research 4, 199-212.
120. Roth, A., Roesch-Ely, D., Bender, S., Weisbrod, M. & Kaiser, S. (2007) Increased event-related potential latency and amplitude variability in schizophrenia detected through wavelet-based single trial analysis. International Journal of Psychophysiology 66, 244-254.
121. Rujescu, D., Bender, A., Keck, M. et al. (2006) A pharmacological model for psychosis based on N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor hypofunction: Molecular, cellular, functional and behavioral abnormalities. Biological Psychiatry 59, 721-729.
122. Salisbury, D.F., O'Donnell, B.F., McCarley, R.W., Nestor, P.G., Faux, S.F. & Smith, R.S. (1994a) Parametric manipulations of auditory stimuli differentially affect P3 amplitude in schizophrenics and controls. Psychophysiology 31, 29-36.
123. Salisbury, D.F., O'Donnell, B.F., McCarley, R.W., Shenton, M.E. & Benavage, A. (1994b) The N2 event-related potential refl ects attention defi cit in schizophrenia. Biological Psychology 39, 1-13.
124. Salisbury, D.F., Shenton, M.E. & McCarley, R.W. (1999) P300 topography differs in schizophrenia and manic psychosis. Biological Psychiatry 45, 98-106.
125. Salisbury, D.F., Shenton, M.E., Griggs, C.B., Bonner-Jackson, A. & McCarley, RW. (2002) Mismatch Negativity in chronic schizophrenia and fi rst-episode schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry 59, 686-694.
126. Salisbury, D.F., Kuroki, N., Kasai, K., Shenton, M.E. & McCarley, R.W. (2007) Progressive and interrelated functional and structural evidence for post-onset brain reduction in schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry 64, 521-529.
127. Selemon, L.D. & Goldman-Rakic, P.S. (1999) The reduced neuropil hypothesis: a circuit based model of schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry 45, 17-25.
128. Shagass, C. (1968) Cerebral evoked responses in schizophrenia. Conditional Refl ex 3, 205-216.
129. Shagass, C. (1977) Early evoked potentials. Schizophrenia Bulletin 3, 80-92.
130. Shelley, A.M., Silipo, G. & Javitt, D.C. (1999) Diminished responsiveness of ERPs in schizophrenic subjects to changes in auditory stimulation parameters: implications for theories of cortical dysfunction. Schizophrenia Research 37, 65-79.
131. Shenton, M.E., Kikinis, R., Jolesz, F.A. et al. (1992) Abnormalities of the left temporal lobe and thought disorder in schizophrenia. A quantitative magnetic resonance imaging study. New England Journal of Medicine 327, 604-612.
132. Slawecki, C.J., Thomas, J.D., Riley, E.P. & Ehlers, C.L. (2000) Neonatal nicotine exposure alters hippocampal EEG and event-related potentials (ERPs) in rats. Pharmacology Biochemisty and Behavior 65, 711-718.
133. Spencer, K.M. (2004) Averaging, detection, and classifi cation of single-trial ERPs. In: Handy, T., ed. Event-Related Potentials: A Methods Handbook. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, pp. 209-227.
134. Spencer, K.M., Nestor, P.G., Niznikiewicz, M.A., Salisbury, D.F., Shenton, M.E. & McCarley, R.W. (2003) Abnormal neural synchrony in schizophrenia. Journal of Neuroscience 23, 7407-7411.
135. Spencer, K.M., Nestor, P.G., Perlmutter, R. et al. (2004) Neural synchrony indexes disordered perception and cognition in schizophrenia. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science USA 101, 17288-17293.
136. Spencer, K.M., Salisbury, D.F., Shenton, M.E. & McCarley, R.W. (2006) Gamma-band steady-state responses are impaired in fi rst episode psychosis. Social Neuroscience Abstracts 36, 122.
137. Strik, W.K., Dierks, T., Franzek, E., Maurer, K. & Beckmann, H. (1993) Differences in P300 amplitudes and topography between cycloid psychosis and schizophrenia in Leonhard's classifi cation. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 87, 179-183.
138. Sutton, S., Braren, M., Zubin, J. & John, E.R. (1965) Evoked-potential correlates of stimulus uncertainty. Science 150, 1187-1188.
139. Talk, A., Kang, E. & Gabriel, M. (2004) Independent generation of theta rhythm in the hippocampus and posterior cingulate cortex. Brain Research 1015, 15-24.
140. Tamminga, C.A. (2006) The neurobiology of cognition in schizophrenia. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 67 (Suppl 9), 9-13.
141. Tan, H.Y., Callicott, J.H. & Weinberger, D.R. (2007) Dysfunctional and compensatory prefrontal cortical systems, genes and the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. Cerebral Cortex 1 (Suppl.), 171-181.
142. Thomas, A., Iacono, D., Bonanni, L., D'Andreamatteo, G. & Onofrj, M. (2000) Donepezil, rivastigmine, and vitamin E in Alzheimer disease: a combined P300 event-related potentials/ neuropsychologic evaluation over 6 months. Clinical Neuropharmacology 24, 31-42.
143. Todd, J., Michie, P.T., Schall, U., Karayanidis, F., Yabe, H. & N ä ä t ä nen, R. (2008) Deviant matters: Duration, frequency, and intensity deviants reveal different patterns of mismatch negativity reduction in early and late schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry 63, 58-64.
144. Toga, A.W. & Mazziotta, J.C. (2002) Brain Mapping: the Methods. Orlando: Academic Press.
145. Tsai, S.J., Yu, Y.W., Chen, T.J., Chen, M.C. & Hong, C.J. (2003) Association analysis for dopamine D3 receptor, dopamine D4 receptor and dopamine transporter genetic polymorphisms and P300 event-related potentials for normal young females. Psychiatric Genetics 13, 51-53.
146. Tsujimoto, T., Shimazu, H. & Isomura, Y. (2006) Direct recording of theta oscillations in primate prefrontal and anterior cingulate cortices. Journal of Neurophysiology 95, 2987-3000.
147. Turetsky, B., Colbath, E.A. & Gur, R.E. (1998) P300 subcomponent abnormalities in schizophrenia: II. Longitudinal stability and relationship to symptom change. Biological Psychiatry 43, 31-39.
148. Turetsky, B.I., Calkins, M.E., Light, G.A., Olincy, A., Radant, A.D. & Swerdlow, N.R. (2007) Neurophysiological endophenotypes of schizophrenia: the viability of selected candidate measures. Schizophrenia Bulletin 33, 69-94.
149. Uhlhaas, P., Silverstein, S.M., Phillips, W.A. & Lovell, P.G. (2004) Evidence for impaired visual context processing in schizotypy with thought disorder. Schizophrenia Research 68, 249-260.
150. Uhlhaas, P., Rodriguez, R., Roux, F., Haenschel, C., Maurer, K. & Singer, W. (2007) Neuronal synchrony as a pathophysiological mechanism in schizophrenia. 1st European Conference on Schizophrenia Research (oral presentation).
151. Umbricht, D., Javitt, D., Novak, G. et al. (1998) Effects of clozapine on auditory event-related potentials in schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry 44, 716-725.
152. Umbricht, D., Schmid, L., Koller, R., Vollenweider, F.X., Hell, D. & Javitt, D.C. (2000) Ketamine-induced defi cits in auditory and visual context-dependent processing in healthy volunteers: implications for models of cognitive defi cits in schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry 57, 1139-1147.
153. Umbricht, D., Koller, R., Schmid, L. et al. (2003) How specifi c are defi cits in mismatch negativity generation to schizophrenia? Biological Psychiatry 53, 1120-1131.
154. Van der Stelt, O., Belger, A. & Lieberman, J.A. (2004) Macroscopic fast neuronal oscillations and synchrony in schizophrenia. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science USA 101, 17567-17568.
155. Vertes, R.P. (2005) Hippocampal theta rhythm: a tag for short-term memory. Hippocampus 15, 923-935.
156. Waldo, M.C., Carey, G., Myles-Worsley, M. et al. (1991) Codistribution of a sensory gating defi cit and schizophrenia in multi-affected families. Psychiatry Research 39, 257-68.
157. Werber, A.E., Klein, C. & Rabey, J.M. (2001) Evaluation of cholinergic treatment in demented patients by P300 evoked related potentials. Neurologie Neurochirugie Pol 35 (Suppl 3), 37-43.
158. Wible, C.G., Kubicki, M., Yoo, S.S. et al. (2001) A functional magnetic resonance imaging study of auditory mismatch in schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry 158, 938-943.
159. Winterer, G. & Weinberger, D.R. (2004) Genes, dopamine and cortical signal-to-noise ratio in schizophrenia. Trends in Neuroscience 27, 683-690.
160. Winterer, G., Ziller, M., Dorn, H. et al. (1999) Cortical activation, signal-to-noise ratio and stochastic resonance during information processing in man. Clinical Neurophysiology 110, 1193-1203.
161. Winterer, G., Ziller, M., Dorn, H. et al. (2000) Schizophrenia: reduced signal-to-noise ratio and impaired phase-locking during information processing. Clinical Neurophysiology 111, 837-849.
162. Winterer, G., Mulert, C., Mientus, S. et al. (2001) P300 and LORETA: comparison of normal subjects and schizophrenic patients. Brain Topography 13, 299-313.
163. Winterer, G., Egan, M.F., Raedler, T. et al. (2003) P300 and genetic risk for schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry 60, 1158-1167.
164. Winterer, G., Coppola, R., Goldberg, T.E. et al. (2004) Prefrontal broadband noise, working memory, and genetic risk for schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry 161, 490-500.
165. Winterer, G., Egan, M.F., Kolachana, B.S., Goldberg, T.E., Coppola, R. & Weinberger, D.R. (2006a) Prefrontal electrophysiologic " noise " and catechol-O-methyltransferase genotype in schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry 60, 578-584.
166. Winterer, G., Musso, F., Vucurevic, G. et al. (2006b) COMT genotype predicts BOLD signal and noise characteristics in prefrontal circuits. Neuroimage 32, 1722-1732.
167. Winterer, G., Musso, F., Beckmann, C. et al. (2006c) Instability of prefrontal signal processing in schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry 163, 1960-1968.
168. Winterer, G., Carver, F.W., Musso, F., Mattay, V., Weinberger, D.R. & Coppola, R. (2007a) Complex relationship between BOLD signal and synchronization/desynchronization of human brain MEG oscillations. Human Brain Mapping 28, 805-816.
169. Winterer, G., Musso, F., Konrad, A. et al. (2007b) Association of attentional network function with exon 5 variations of the CHRNA4 gene. Human Molecular Genetics 16, 2165-2174.