New technologies for glycomic analysis: Toward a systematic understanding of the glycome

Annual Review of Analytical Chemistry

Volumn 4, Issue , 2011, Pages 367-392

  Rakus, John F ^a   Mahal, Lara K ^a  

^a NEW YORK UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

carbohydrate; glycan; glycosylation; lectin microarray; mass spectrometry; oligosaccharide

Indexed keywords

ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES; BIOLOGICAL MOLECULE; BUILDING BLOCKES; CELL-CELL COMMUNICATIONS; CELLULAR PROCESS; CHEMICAL SIMILARITY; CONSENSUS SEQUENCE; DISEASE STATE; GLYCAN; GLYCOMICS; GLYCOPROTEOMICS; HIGH-THROUGHPUT; HIGH-THROUGHPUT METHOD; LECTIN MICROARRAYS;

CARBOHYDRATES; CHEMICAL MODIFICATION; ESTERIFICATION; GLUCOSE; GLYCOSYLATION; MASS SPECTROMETRY;

CHEMICAL ANALYSIS;

CARBOHYDRATE;

CAPILLARY ELECTROPHORESIS; CARBOHYDRATE ANALYSIS; CHEMISTRY; GLYCOSYLATION; HIGH PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY; MOLECULAR GENETICS; REVIEW;

CARBOHYDRATE SEQUENCE; CARBOHYDRATES; CHROMATOGRAPHY, HIGH PRESSURE LIQUID; ELECTROPHORESIS, CAPILLARY; GLYCOSYLATION; MOLECULAR SEQUENCE DATA;

EID: 79959503211     PISSN: 19361327     EISSN: 19361335     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-061010-113951     Document Type: Article

References (117)

1. Ohtsubo K, Marth JD. 2006. Glycosylation in cellular mechanisms of health and disease. Cell 126:855-67 (Pubitemid 44310784)
2. Marth JD, Grewal PK. 2008. Mammalian glycosylation in immunity. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 8:874-87
3. Sharon N. 2006. Carbohydrates as future anti-adhesion drugs for infectious diseases. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1760:527-37
4. Dube DH, Bertozzi CR. 2005. Glycans in cancer and inflammation̈ potential for therapeutics and diagnostics. Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 4:477-88 (Pubitemid 40861990)
5. Apweiler R, Hermjakob H, Sharon N. 1999. On the frequency of protein glycosylation, as deduced from analysis of the SWISS-PROT database. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1473:4-8
6. Haltiwanger RS, Lowe JB. 2004. Role of gycosylation in development. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 73:491-537
7. Freeze HH. 2006. Genetic defects in the human glycome. Nat. Rev. Genet. 7:537-51 (Pubitemid 43943571)
8. Fernandes B, Sagman U, Auger M, Demetrio M, Dennis JW. 1991. β1-6 Branched oligosaccharides as a marker of tumor progression in human breast and colon neoplasia. Cancer Res. 51:718-23
9. Bos PD, Zhang XH, Nadal C, Shu W, Gomis RR, et al. 2009. Genes thatmediate breast cancermetastasis to the brain. Nature 459:1005-9
10. Bao Y, Newburg DS. 2008. Capillary electrophoresis of acidic oligosaccharides from human milk. Electrophoresis 29:2508-15 (Pubitemid 351911878)
11. Varki A, Cummings RD, Esko JD, Freeze HH, Stanley P, et al., eds. 2008. Essentials of Glycobiology. Cold Spring Harbor, NY: Cold Spring Harb. Lab. 2nd ed.
12. Zielinska DF, Gnad F, Wísniewski JR, Mann M. 2010. Precisionmapping of an in vivo N-glycoproteome reveals rigid topological and sequence constraints. Cell 141:897-907
13. Ten Hagen KG, Fritz TA, Tabak LA. 2003. All in the family: the UDP-Gal NAc:polypeptide Nacetylgalactosaminyltransferases. Glycobiology 13:1-16R
14. Stalnaker SH, Hashmi S, Lim JM, Aoki K, Porterfield M, et al. 2010. Site mapping and characterization of O-glycan structures on α-dystroglycan isolated from rabbit skeletal muscle. J. Biol. Chem. 285:24882-91
15. Lommel M, Strahl S. 2009. Protein O-mannosylation: conserved from bacteria to humans. Glycobiology 19:816-28
16. Luther KB, Haltiwanger RS. 2009. Role of unusual O-glycans in intercellular signaling. Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol. 41:1011-24
17. deWit J, Verhaagen J. 2007. Proteoglycans as modulators of axon guidance cue function. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 600:73-89
18. Hart GW, Housley MP, Slawson C. 2007. Cycling of O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine on nucleocytoplasmic proteins. Nature 446:1017-22 (Pubitemid 46676063)
19. Slawson C, Housley MP, Hart GW. 2006. O-Glc NAc cycling: how a single sugar post-translational modification is changing the way we think about signaling networks. J. Cell Biochem. 97:71-83 (Pubitemid 43050180)
20. Hölzl G, Dormann P. 2007. Structure and function of glycoglycerolipids in plants and bacteria. Prog. Lipid. Res. 46:225-43 (Pubitemid 47095009)
21. Kotani N, Asano M, Iwakura Y, Takasaki S. 2001. Knockout of mouse β1, 4-galactosyltransferase-1 gene results in a dramatic shift of outer chain moities of N-glycans from type 2 to type 1 chains in hepatic membrane and plasma glycoproteins. Biochem. J. 357:827-34 (Pubitemid 32735163)
22. Laine RA. 1994. A calculation of all possible oligosaccharide isomers both branched and linear yields 1. 05 × 1012 structures for a reducing hexasaccharide: the isomer barrier to development of singlemethod saccharide sequencing or synthesis systems. Glycobiology 4:759-67
23. Cummings R. 2009. The repertoire of glycan determinants in the human glycome. Mol. Biosyst. 5:1087-104
24. Duk M, Ugorski M, Lisowska E. 1997. β-Elimination of O-glycans from glycoproteins transferred to immobilon P membranes: method and some applications. Anal. Biochem. 253:98-102 (Pubitemid 27490610)
25. Ito M, Yamagata T. 1989. Purification and characterization of glycosphingolipid-specific endoglycosidases (endoglycoceramidases) from a mutant strain of Rhodococcus sp. Evidence for threemolecular species of endoglycoceramidase with different specificities. J. Biol. Chem. 264:9510-19
26. Kannicht C, Grunow D, Lucka L. 2008. Enzymatic sequence analysis of N-glycans by exoglycosidase cleavage and mass spectrometrÿdetection of Lewis X structures. Methods Mol. Biol. 446:255-66
27. Vanderschaeghe D, Festjens N, Delanghe J, Callewaert N. 2010. Glycome profiling using modern glycomics technology: technical aspects and applications. Biol. Chem. 391:149-61
28. Mechref Y, Novotny M. 2009. Glycomic analysis by capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry. Mass Spectrom. Rev. 28:207-22
29. Laroy W, Contreras R, Callewaert N. 2006. Glycome mapping on DNA sequencing equipment. Nat. Protoc. 1:397-405
30. Schwarzer J, Rapp E, Hennig R, Genzel Y, Jordan I, et al. 2009. Glycan analysis in cell culture-based influenza vaccine production: influence of host cell line and virus strain on the glycosylation pattern of viral hemagglutinin. Vaccine 27:4325-36
31. Vogel K, Kuhn J, Kleesiek K, G̈otting C. 2006. A novel ultra-sensitive method for the quantification of glycosaminoglycan disaccharides using an automated DNA sequencer. Electrophoresis 27:1363-67
32. Vanderschaeghe D, Szekrenyes A, Wenz C, Gassmann M, Naik N, et al. 2010. High-throughput profiling of the serum N-glycome on capillary electrophoresis microfluidics systems: toward clinical implementation of Glyco Hepato Test. Anal. Chem. 82:7408-15
33. Cataldi TR, Campa C, Angelotti M, Bufo SA. 1999. Isocratic separations of closely related mono- and disaccharides by high-performance anion-exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection using dilute alkaline spiked with barium acetate. J. Chromatogr. A 855:539-50 (Pubitemid 29413068)
34. Ceaglio N, Etcheverrigaray M, Conradt HS, Grammel N, Kratje R, et al. 2010. Highly glycosylated human αinterferon: an insight into a new therapeutic candidate. J. Biotechnol. 146:74-83
35. Behan JL, Smith KD. 2011. The analysis of glycosylation: a continued need for high p H anion exchange chromatography. Biomed. Chromatogr. 25:39-46
36. Royle L, Campbell MP, Radcliffe CM, White DM, Harvey DJ, et al. 2008. HPLC-based analysis of serum N-glycans on a 96-well plate platform with dedicated database software. Anal. Biochem. 376:1-12
37. Abd Hamid UM, Royle L, Saldova R, Radcliffe CM, Harvey DJ, et al. 2008. A strategy to reveal potential glycan markers from serum glycoproteins associated with breast cancer progression. Glycobiology 18:1105- 18
38. Knezevíc A, Polasek O, Gornik O, Rudan I, Campbell H, et al. 2009. Variability, heritability and environmental determinants of human plasma N-glycome. J. Proteome Res. 8:694-701
39. Pucic M, Pinto S, Novokmet M, Knezevic A, Gornik O, et al. 2010. Common aberrations from the normal human plasma N-glycan profile. Glycobiology 20:970-75
40. Knezevic A, Gornik O, Polasek O, Pucic M, Redzic I, et al. 2010. Effects of aging, body mass index, plasma lipid profiles, and smoking on human plasma N-glycans. Glycobiology 20:959-69
41. Stanta JL, Saldova R, Struwe WB, Byrne JC, Leweke FM, et al. 2010. Identification of N-glycosylation changes in the CSF and serum in patients with schizophrenia. J. Proteome Res. 9:4476-89
42. Campbell MP, Royle L, Radcliffe CM, Dwek RA, Rudd PM. 2008. Glyco Base and auto GU: tools for HPLC-based glycan analysis. Bioinformatics 24:1214-16 (Pubitemid 351594175)
43. Artemenko NV, Campbell MP, Rudd PM. 2010. Glyco Extractor: a web-based interface for high throughput processing of HPLC-glycan data. J. Proteome Res. 9:2037-41
44. Vercoutter-Edouart AS, Slomianny MC, Dekeyzer-Beseme O, Haeuw JF, Michalski JC. 2008. Glycoproteomics and glycomics investigation of membrane N-glycosylproteins from human colon carcinoma cells. Proteomics 8:3236-56
45. Zhao J, Simeone DM, Heidt D, Anderson MA, Lubman DM. 2006. Comparative serum glycoproteomics using lectin selected sialic acid glycoproteins with mass spectrometric analysis: application to pancreatic cancer serum. J. Proteome Res. 5:1792-802 (Pubitemid 44036154)
46. Dai Z, Fan J, Liu Y, Zhou J, Bai D, et al. 2007. Identification and analysis of α1, 6-fucosylated proteins in human normal liver tissues by a target glycoproteomic approach. Electrophoresis 28:4382-91 (Pubitemid 350259040)
47. Geyer H, Geyer R. 2006. Strategies for analysis of glycoprotein glycosylation. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1764:1853-69 (Pubitemid 44895032)
48. Yang Z, Harris LE, Palmer-Toy DE, Hancock WS. 2006. Multilectin affinity chromatography for characterization of multiple glycoprotein biomarker candidates in serum from breast cancer patients. Clin. Chem. 52:1897-905 (Pubitemid 44470697)
49. Wuhrer M, deBoer AR, Deelder AM. 2009. Structural glycomics using hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) with mass spectrometry. Mass Spectrom. Rev. 28:192-206
50. Calvano CD, Zambonin CG, Jensen ON. 2008. Assessment of lectin and HILIC based enrichment protocols for characterization of serum glycoproteins by mass spectrometry. J. Proteomics 71:304-17
51. Sparbier K, Wenzel T, Kostrzewa M. 2006. Exploring the binding profiles of Con A, boronic acid and WGA by MALDI-TOF/TOF MS and magnetic particles. J. Chromatogr. B 840:29-36 (Pubitemid 44108806)
52. Wollscheid B, Bausch-Fluck D, Henderson C, O'Brien R, Bibel M, et al. 2009. Mass-spectrometric identification and relative quantification of N-linked cell surface glycoproteins. Nat. Biotechnol. 27:378- 86
53. Catalina MI, Koeleman CA, Deelder AM, Wuhrer M. 2007. Electron transfer dissociation of Nglycopeptides: loss of the entire N-glycosylated asparagine side chain. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 21:1053-61 (Pubitemid 46426828)
54. Alley WR Jr, Mechref Y, Novotny MV. 2009. Characterization of glycopeptides by combining collisioninduced dissociation and electron-transfer dissociation mass spectrometry data. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 23:161-70
55. Zaia J. 2010. Mass spectrometry and glycomics. OMICS 14:401-18
56. Guillard M, Gloerich J, Wessels HJ, Morava E, Wevers RA, et al. 2009. Automated measurement of permethylated serum N-glycans by MALDI-linear ion trap mass spectrometry. Carbohydr. Res. 344:1550- 57
57. Snovida SI, Perreault H. 2007. A 2, 5-dihydroxybenzoic acid/N, N-dimethylanilinematrix for the analysis of oligosaccharides by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 21:3711-15 (Pubitemid 350124641)
58. Ciucanu I, Kerek F. 1984. A simple rapid method for the permethylation of carbohydrates. Carbohydr. Res. 131:209-17
59. Lei M, Mechref Y, Novotny MV. 2009. Structural analysis of sulfated glycans by sequential doublepermethylation using methyl iodide and deuteromethyl iodide. J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom. 20:1660-71
60. Jang KS, Kim YG, Gil GC, Park SH, Kim BG. 2009. Mass spectrometric quantification of neutral and sialylated N-glycans from a recombinant therapeutic glycoprotein produced in the two Chinese hamster ovary cell lines. Anal. Biochem. 386:228-36
61. An HJ, Kronewitter SR, deLeoz ML, Lebrilla CB. 2009. Glycomics and disease markers. Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol. 13:601-7
62. Goldman R, Ressom HW, Varghese RS, Goldman L, Bascug G, et al. 2009. Detection of hepatocellular carcinoma using glycomic analysis. Clin. Cancer Res. 15:1808-13
63. Kam RK, Poon TC, Chan HL, Wong N, Hui AY, et al. 2007. High-throughput quantitative profiling of serum N-glycome by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry and N-glycomic fingerprint of liver fibrosis. Clin. Chem. 53:1254-63 (Pubitemid 47020981)
64. Barkauskas DA, An HJ, Kronewitter SR, deLeoz ML, Chew HK, et al. 2009. Detecting glycan cancer biomarkers in serum samples using MALDI FT-ICR mass spectrometry data. Bioinformatics 25:251-57
65. Liu Y, Palma AS, Feizi T. 2009. Carbohydrate microarrays: key developments in glycobiology. Biol. Chem. 390:647-56
66. Ong SE, Kratchmarova I, Mann M. 2003. Properties of 13C-substituted arginine in stable isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture (SILAC). J. Proteome Res. 2:173-81 (Pubitemid 37099053)
67. Xie Y, Liu J, Zhang J, Hedrick JL, Lebrilla CB. 2004. Method for the comparative glycomic analyses of O-linked, mucin-type oligosaccharides. Anal. Chem. 76:5186-97 (Pubitemid 39180351)
68. Xia B, Feasley CL, Sachdev GP, Smith DF, Cummings RD. 2009. Glycan reductive isotope labeling for quantitative glycomics. Anal. Biochem. 387:162-70
69. Uematsu R, Furukawa J, Nakagawa H, Shinohara Y, Deguchi K, et al. 2005. High throughput quantitative glycomics and glycoform-focused proteomics of murine dermis and epidermis. Mol. Cell Proteomics 4:1977-89 (Pubitemid 41830192)
70. Orlando R, Lim JM, Atwood JA 3rd, Angel PM, Fang M. 2009. IDAWG: metabolic incorporation of stable isotope labels for quantitative glycomics of cultured cells. J. Proteome Res. 8:3816-23
71. Goldberg D, Bern M, Li B, Lebrilla CB. 2006. Automatic determination of O-glycan structure from fragmentation spectra. J. Proteome Res. 5:1429-34 (Pubitemid 43865812)
72. Goldberg D, Sutton-Smith M, Paulson J, Dell A. 2005. Automatic annotation of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization N-glycan spectra. Proteomics 5:865-75 (Pubitemid 40469017)
73. Maass K, Ranzinger R, Geyer H, von der Lieth CW, Geyer R. 2007. "Glyc O-Peakfinder"̈de novo composition analysis of glycoconjugates. Proteomics 7:4435-44
74. Ceroni A, Maass K, Geyer H, Geyer R, Dell A, et al. 2008. Glyco Workbench: a tool for the computerassisted annotation of mass spectra of glycans. J. Proteome Res. 7:1650-59
75. Apte A, Meitei NS. 2010. Bioinformatics in glycomics: glycan characterization with mass spectrometric data using Sim Glycan. Methods Mol. Biol. 600:269-81
76. Gaucher SP, Morrow J, Leary JA. 2000. STAT: a saccharide topology analysis tool used in combination with tandem mass spectrometry. Anal. Chem. 72:2331-36 (Pubitemid 30395629)
77. Lapadula AJ, Hatcher PJ, Hanneman AJ, Ashline DJ, Zhang H, et al. 2005. Congruent strategies for carbohydrate sequencing. 3. OSCAR: an algorithm for assigning oligosaccharide topology from MSn data. Anal. Chem. 77:6271-79 (Pubitemid 41436962)
78. Ethier M, Saba JA, Spearman M, Krokhin O, Butler M, et al. 2003. Application of the Str Oligo algorithm for the automated structure assignment of complex N-linked glycans from glycoproteins using tandem mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 17:2713-20 (Pubitemid 38029311)
79. Song EH, Pohl NL. 2009. Carbohydrate arrays: recent developments in fabrication and detection methods with applications. Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol. 13:626-32
80. Gornik O, Lauc G. 2008. Glycosylation of serum proteins in inflammatory diseases. Dis. Markers 25:267- 78
81. Tateno H, Nakamura-Tsuruta S, Hirabayashi J. 2007. Frontal affinity chromatography: sugar-protein interactions. Nat. Protoc. 2:2529-37
82. Westerlund-Wikström B, Korhonen TK. 2005. Molecular structure of adhesin domains in Escherichia coli fimbriae. Int. J. Med. Microbiol. 295:479-86 (Pubitemid 41225459)
83. Rüdiger H, Gabius HJ. 2001. Plant lectins: occurrence, biochemistry, functions and applications. Glycoconj. J. 18:589-613 (Pubitemid 35341855)
84. Pilobello KT, Krishnamoorthy L, Slawek D, Mahal LK. 2005. Development of a lectin microarray for the rapid analysis of protein glycopatterns. Chem Bio Chem 6:985-89 (Pubitemid 40825336)
85. Chen P, Liu Y, Kang X, Sun L, Yang P, et al. 2008. Identification of N-glycan of α-fetoprotein by lectin affinity microarray. J. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol. 134:851-60
86. Hsu KL, Mahal LK. 2006. A lectin microarray approach for the rapid analysis of bacterial glycans. Nat. Protoc. 1:543-49
87. Propheter DC, Hsu KL, Mahal LK. 2010. Fabrication of an oriented lectin microarray. Chembiochem 11:1203-7
88. Krishnamoorthy L, Bess J Jr, Preston AB, Nagashima K, Mahal LK. 2009. HIV-1 and microvesicles from T cells share a common glycome, arguing for a common origin. Nat. Chem. Biol. 5:244-50
89. Uchiyama N, Kuno A, Tateno H, Kubo Y, Mizuno M, et al. 2008. Optimization of evanescent-field fluorescence-assisted lectin microarray for high-sensitivity detection of monovalent oligosaccharides and glycoproteins. Proteomics 8:3042-50
90. Tateno H, Uchiyama N, Kuno A, Togayachi A, Sato T, et al. 2007. A novel strategy for mammalian cell surface glycome profiling using lectin microarray. Glycobiology 17:1138-46 (Pubitemid 47543407)
91. Pilobello KT, Slawek D, Mahal LK. 2007. A ratiometric lectin microarray approach to analysis of the dynamic mammalian glycome. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 104:11534-39 (Pubitemid 47175047)
92. Kuno A, Uchiyama N, Koseki-Kuno S, Ebe Y, Takashima S, et al. 2005. Evanescent-field fluorescenceassisted lectin microarray: a new strategy for glycan profiling. Nat. Methods 2:851-56 (Pubitemid 41741536)
93. Chen S, Zheng T, Shortreed MR, Alexander C, Smith LM. 2007. Analysis of cell surface carbohydrate expression patterns in normal and tumorigenic human breast cell lines using lectin arrays. Anal. Chem. 79:5698-702 (Pubitemid 47229817)
94. Zheng T, Peelen D, Smith LM. 2005. Lectin arrays for profiling cell surface carbohydrate expression. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 127:9982-83 (Pubitemid 40995426)
95. Tao SC, Li Y, Zhou J, Qian J, Schnaar RL, et al. 2008. Lectin microarrays identify cell-specific and functionally significant cell surface glycan markers. Glycobiology 18:761-69
96. Hsu KL, Pilobello KT, Mahal LK. 2006. Analyzing the dynamic bacterial glycome with a lectin microarray approach. Nat. Chem. Biol. 2:153-57 (Pubitemid 44323867)
97. Gupta G, Surolia A, Sampathkumar SG. 2010. Lectin microarrays for glycomic analysis. OMICS 14:419- 36
98. Jin S, Cheng Y, Reid S, Li M, Wang B. 2010. Carbohydrate recognition by boronolectins, small molecules, and lectins. Med. Res. Rev. 30:171-257
99. Manimala JC, Roach TA, Li Z, Gildersleeve JC. 2007. High-throughput carbohydrate microarray profiling of 27 antibodies demonstrates widespread specificity problems. Glycobiology 17:17-23C
100. Linman MJ, Taylor JD, Yu H, Chen X, Cheng Q. 2008. Surface plasmon resonance study of proteincarbohydrate interactions using biotinylated sialosides. Anal. Chem. 80:4007-13 (Pubitemid 351812749)
101. Zhao J, Patwa TH, Pal M, Qiu W, Lubman DM. 2009. Analysis of protein glycosylation and phosphorylation using liquid phase separation, protein microarray technology, and mass spectrometry. Methods Mol. Biol. 492:321-51
102. Chen S, La Roche T, Hamelinck D, Bergsma D, Brenner D, et al. 2007. Multiplexed analysis of glycan variation on native proteins captured by antibody microarrays. Nat. Methods 4:437-44 (Pubitemid 46901278)
103. Qiu Y, Patwa TH, Xu L, Shedden K, Misek DE, et al. 2008. Plasma glycoprotein profiling for colorectal cancer biomarker identification by lectin glycoarray and lectin blot. J. Proteome Res. 7:1693-703
104. Yue T, Goldstein IJ, Hollingsworth MA, Kaul K, Brand RE, et al. 2009. The prevalence and nature of glycan alterations on specific proteins in pancreatic cancer patients revealed using antibody-lectin sandwich array. Mol. Cell Proteomics 8:1697-707
105. Wu YM, Nowack DD, Omenn GS, Haab BB. 2009. Mucin glycosylation is altered by pro-inflammatory signaling in pancreatic-cancer cells. J. Proteome Res. 8:1876-86
106. Forrester S, Hung KE, Kuick R, Kucherlapati R, Haab BB. 2007. Low-volume, high-throughput sandwich immunoassays for profiling plasma proteins in mice: identification of early-stage systemic inflammation in a mouse model of intestinal cancer. Mol. Oncol. 1:216-25 (Pubitemid 47199135)
107. Nilsson P, Paavilainen L, Larsson K, Odling J, Sundberg M, et al. 2005. Towards a human proteome atlas: high-throughput generation of mono-specific antibodies for tissue profiling. Proteomics 5:4327-37 (Pubitemid 41739911)
108. Aoki-Kinoshita K. 2008. An introduction to bioinformatics for glycomics research. PLo S Comput. Biol. 4:e1000075
109. Frank M, Schloissnig S. 2010. Bioinformatics and molecular modeling in glycobiology. Cell Mol. Life Sci. 67:2749-72
110. Doubet SAP. 1992. Carb Bank. Glycobiology 2:505
111. Porter A, Yue T, Heeringa L, Day S, Suh E, et al. 2010. A motif-based analysis of glycan array data to determine the specificities of glycan-binding proteins. Glycobiology 20:269-80
112. Gupta R, Brunak S. 2002. Prediction of glycosylation across the human proteome and the correlation to protein function. Pac. Symp. Biocomput. 2002:310-22
113. Hansen JE, Lund O, Tolstrup N, Gooley AA, Williams KL, et al. 1998. Net Oglyc: prediction of mucin type O-glycosylation sites based on sequence context and surface accessibility. Glycoconj. J. 15:115-30 (Pubitemid 28260915)
114. Julenius K. 2007. Net CGlyc 1. 0: prediction ofmammalian C-mannosylation sites. Glycobiology 17:868-76 (Pubitemid 47241823)
115. York WS, Kochut, KJ, Miller JA. 2009. Integration of glycomics knowledge and data. In Handbook of Glycomics, ed. RD Cummings, JM Pierce, pp. 179-95. New York: Academic
116. Ito H, Kuno A, Sawaki H, Sogabe M, Ozaki H, et al. 2009. Strategy for glycoproteomics: identification of glyco-alteration using multiple glycan profiling tools. J. Proteome Res. 8:1358-67
117. Narimatsu H, Sawaki H, Kuno A, Kaji H, Ito H, et al. 2010. A strategy for discovery of cancer glycobiomarkers in serum using newly developed technologies for glycoproteomics. FEBS J. 277:95-105