Effects of hypercapnia and hypercapnic acidosis on attenuation of ventilator-associated lung injury

Minerva Anestesiologica

Volumn 77, Issue 7, 2011, Pages 723-733

  Ismaiel, N M ^a   Henzler, D ^a  

^a DALHOUSIE UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

Author keywords

Acute lung injury; Carbon dioxide; Hypercapnia; Hypercapnic acidosis; Inflammation

Indexed keywords

IMMUNOGLOBULIN ENHANCER BINDING PROTEIN; INDUCIBLE NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE; INTERLEUKIN 6; TOLL LIKE RECEPTOR 4;

ACUTE LUNG INJURY; ADULT RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME; APOPTOSIS; ARTIFICIAL VENTILATION; CELL MEMBRANE; DISEASE COURSE; DISEASE EXACERBATION; DISEASE SEVERITY; HEART LEFT VENTRICLE CONTRACTILITY; HUMAN; HYPERCAPNIA; HYPERCAPNIC ACIDOSIS; LUNG ALVEOLUS CELL; LUNG ALVEOLUS EPITHELIUM; LUNG COMPLIANCE; LUNG GAS EXCHANGE; MYOCARDIAL DISEASE; NEUROLOGIC DISEASE; NONHUMAN; PNEUMONIA; RESPIRATORY ACIDOSIS; REVIEW; SEPSIS; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; THERAPY EFFECT; TIDAL VOLUME; WOUND HEALING;

ACIDOSIS, RESPIRATORY; ACUTE LUNG INJURY; CARBON DIOXIDE; HUMANS; HYPERCAPNIA; INFLAMMATION; PNEUMONIA, VENTILATOR-ASSOCIATED; PULMONARY ALVEOLI; PULMONARY EDEMA; PULMONARY STRETCH RECEPTORS; RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME, ADULT; SEPSIS; TIDAL VOLUME;

EID: 79959491449     PISSN: 03759393     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (84)

1. Ware LB, Matthay MA. The acute respiratory distress syndrome. N Engl J Med 2000;342:1334-49.
2. Hammer J. Acute lung injury: pathophysiology, assessment, and current therapy. Paed Resp Rev 2000;2:10-21.
3. Pinhu L, Whitehead T, Evans T, Griffiths M. Ventilatorassociated lung injury. Lancet 2003;361:332-40.
4. Oeckler RA, Hubmayr RD. Ventilator-associated lung injury: a search for better therapeutic targets. Eur Respir J 2007;30:1216-26.
5. Hickling KG, Walsh J, Henderson S, Jackson R. Low mortality rate in adult respiratory distress syndrome using low-volume, pressure-limited ventilation with permissive hypercapnia: a prospective study. Crit Care Med 1994;22:1568-78.
6. ARDS Network. Ventilation with lower tidal volumes as compared with traditional tidal volumes for acute lung injury and the acute respiratory distress syndrome. N Engl J Med 2000;342:1301-8.
7. Slutsky AS. Lung injury caused by mechanical ventilation. Chest 1999;116:95-155.
8. Tremblay LN, Slutsky AS. Ventilator-induced lung injury: From barotrauma to biotrauma. Proc Assoc Am Physicians 1998;116:482-8.
9. Tremblay LN, Slutsky AS. Ventilator-induced lung injury: From the bench to the bedside. Intensive Care Med 2006;32:24-33.
10. Laffey JG, O'Croinin D, McLoughlin P, Kavanagh BP. Permissive hypercapnia-role in protective lung ventilator strategies. Intensive Care Med 2004;30:347-56.
11. Laffey JG, Tanaka M, Engelberts D, Luo X, Yuan S, Tanswell AK et al. Therapeutic hypercapnia reduces pulmonary and systemic injury following In vivo lung reperfusion. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000;162:2287-94.
12. Caronia C, Greissman A, Nimkoff L, Silver P, Quinn C, Sagy M. Increased artificial deadspace ventilation is a safe and reliable method for deliberate hypercapnia. Crit Care Med 1997;25:1175-8.
13. Laffey JG, Engelberts D, Kavanagh BP. Buffering hypercapnic acidosis worsens acute lung injury. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000;161:141-6.
14. Broccard AF, Hotchkiss JR, Vannay C, Market M, Sauty A, Feihl F, Schaller MD. Protective effects of Hypercapnic acidosis on ventilator-induced lung injury. Am J Resp Crit Care Med 2001;164:802-6.
15. O'Croinin D, Chonghaile MN, Higgins B, Laffey JG. Bench-to-bedside review: Permissive hypercapnia. Crit Care 2005;9:51-9.
16. Wilson MR, Choudhury S, Goddard ME, O'Dea KP, Nicholson AG, Takata M. High tidal volume upregulates intrapulmonary cytokines in an In vivo mouse model of ventilator-induced lung injury. J Appl Physiol 2003;95:1385-93.
17. Castro CY. ARDS and diffuse alveolar damage: A pathologists's perspective. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2006;18:13-9.
18. Lecuona E, Saldias F, Comellas A, Ridge K, Guerrero C, Sznajder JI. Ventilator-associated lung injury decreases lung ability to clear edema in rats. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999;159:603-9.
19. Ware LB, Matthay MA. Alveolar fluid clearance is impaired in the majority of patients with acute lung injury and the acute respiratory distress syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001;163:1376-83.
20. Dada LA, Chandel NS, Ridge KM, Pedemonte C, Bertorello AM, Sznajder JI. Hypoxia-induced endocytosis of Na, K-ATPase in alveolar epithelial cells is mediated by mitochondrial reactive oxygen species and PKC-ζ. J Clin Invest 2003;111:1057-1064.
21. Lecuona E, Trejo HE, Sznajder JI. Regulation of Na-KATPase during acute lung injury. J Bioenerg Biomemb 2007;39:391-5.
22. Dada LA, Welch LC, Zhou G, Ben-Saadon R, Ciechanover A, Sznajder JI. Phosphorylation and ubiquitination are necessary for Na, K-ATPase endocytosis during hypoxia. Cell Signal 2007;19:1893-8.
23. Done SC, Leibiger IB, Efendiev R, Katz AI, Leibiger B, Berggren P. Tyrosine 537 within the Na+, K+-ATPase α-subunit is essential for AP-2 binding and clathrin-dependent endocytosis. J Biol Chem 2002;277:17108-11.
24. Piper RC, Luzio JP. Ubiquitin-dependent sorting of integral membrane proteins for degradation in lysosomes. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2007;19:459-65.
25. Hodges RJ, Jenkins RG, Wheeler-Jones CPD, Copeman DM, Bottoms SE, Bellingan GJ et al. Severity of lung injury in cyclooxygenase-2-deficient mice is dependent on reduced prostaglandin E2 production. Am J Pathol 2004;165:1663-76.
26. Peltekova V, Engelberts D, Otulakowski G, Uematsu S, Post M, Kavanagh BP. Hypercapnic acidosis in ventilator-induced lung injury. Intensive Care Med 2010;36: 869-78.
27. Nichol AD, O'Croinin DF, Howell K, Naughton F, O'Brien S, Boylan J. Infection-induced lung injury is worsened after renal buffering of hypercapnic acidosis. Crit Care Med 2009;37:2953-61.
28. Kitakaze M, Takashima S, Funaya H, Minamino T, Node K, Shinozaki Y. Temporary acidosis during reperfusion limits myocardial infarct size in dogs. Am J Physiol: Heart Circ Physiol;1997;272:2071-8.
29. Kogan AKH, Grachev SV, Eliseeva SV, Bolevich S. Ability of carbon dioxide to inhibit generation of superoxide anion radical in cells and its biomedical role. Vopr Med Khim 1996;42:193-202.
30. Sinclair SE, Kregnow DA, Lamm WJE, Starr IR, Chi EY, Hlastala MP. Hypercapnic acidosis is protective in an In vivo model of ventilator-induced lung injury. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002;166:403-8.
31. Takeshita K, Suzuki Y, Nishio K, Takeuchi O, Toda, K, Kudo H et al. Hypercapnic acidosis attenuates edotoxininduced nuclear factor-kappa B activation. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2003;29:124-32.
32. Laffey JG, Honan D, Hopkins N, Hyvelin JM, Boylan JF, McLoughlin P. Hypercapnic acidosis attenuates endotoxin-induced acute lung injury. Am J Resp Crit Care Med 2003;169:46-56.
33. Costello J, Higgins B, Contreras M, Chonghaile MN, Hassett P, O'Toole D et al. Hypercapnic acidosis attenuates shock and lung injury in early and prolonged systemic sepsis. Crit Care Med 2009;37:2412-20.
34. West MA, Baker J, Bellingham J. Kinetics of decreased LPS-stimulated cytokine release by macrophages exposed to CO2. J Surg Res 1996;63:267-74.
35. Kolb M, Margett PJ, Anthony DC, Pitossi F, Gauldie J. Transient expression of IL-1β induces acute lung injury and chronic repair leading to pulmonary fibrosis. J Clin Invest 2001;107:1529-36.
36. Arend WP. The balance between IL-1 and IL-1Ra in disease. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2002;13:323-40.
37. Goodman RB, Strieter RM, Martin DP, Steinberg KP, Milberg JA, Maunder RJ et al. Inflammatory cytokines in patients with persistence of the acute respiratory distress syndrome. J Respir Crit Care Med 1996;154:602-11.
38. Cheng D, Han W, Chen SM, Sherrill TP, Chont M, Park, G et al. Airway epithelium controls lung inflammation and injury through the NF-KB pathway. J Immunol 2007;178:6504-13.
39. Nomura F, Aoki M, Forbess JM, Mayer JE. Effects of hypercarbic acidotic reperfusion on recovery of myocardial function after cardioplegic ischemia in neonatal lambs. Circulation 1994;90:321-27.
40. Barth A, Bauer R, Gedrange T, Walter B, Klinger W, Zwiener U. Influence of hypoxia and hypoxia/hypercapnia upon brain and blood peroxidative and glutathione status in normal weight and growth-restricted newborn pigs. Exp Toxicol Pathol 1998;50:402-10.
41. Xu L, Glassford AJ, Giaccia AJ, Giffard RG. Acidosis reduces neuronal apoptosis. Neuroreport 1998;9:875-9.
42. Simchowitz L, Roos A. Regulation of intracellular pH in human neutrophils. J Gen Physiol 1985;85:443-70.
43. Bonventre JV, Cheung JY. Effects of metabolic acidosis on viability of cells exposed to anoxia. Am J Physiol 1985;249:149-59.
44. Gores GJ, Nieminen AL, Wray BE, Herman B, Lemasters JJ. Intracellular pH during chemical hypoxia' in cultured rat hepatocytes. Protection by intracellular acidosis against the onset of cell death. J Clin Invest 1989;83:386-96.
45. Curley G, Contreras M, Nichol AD, Higgins BD, Laffey JG. Hypercapnia and Acidosis in Sepsis-A double-edged sword? Anesthesiology 2010;112:462-72.
46. Simchowitz L, Cragoe EJ. Regulation of human neutrophil chemotaxis by intracellular pH. J Biol Chem 1986;261:6492-500.
47. Chiumello D, Caironi P, Grasso S, Terragni PP, Mascia L, Suter P. A year in review in Minerva Anestesiol 2009. I critical care. Experimental and clinical studies. Minerva Anestesiol 2010;76:73-84.
48. Villar J. Low vs high positive end-expiratory pressure in the ventilatory management of acute lung injury. Minerva Anestesiol 2006;72:357-62.
49. Lardner A. The effects of extracellular pH on immune function. J Leukoc Biol 2001;69:522-30.
50. Trevani AS, Andonegui G, Giordano M, Lopez DH, Gamberale R, Minucci F, Geffner JR. Extracellular acidification induces human neutrophils activation. J Immunol 1999;162:4849-57.
51. Vincent JL, Bihar DJ, Suter PM, Bruining HA, White J, Nicolas-Chanoin MH, Wolff M, Spencer RC, Hemmer M. The prevalence of nosocomial infection in intensive care units in Europe. Results of the European Prevalence of Infection in Intensive Care (EPIC) Study. EPIC International Advisory Committee. JAMA 1995;274:639-44.
52. Allen DB, Maguire JJ, Mahdavian M, Wicke C, Marcocci L, Scheuenstuhl H, Chang M, Le AX, Hopf HW, Huny TK. Wound hypoxia and acidosis limit neutrophil bacterial killing mechanisms. Arch Surg 1999;132:991-6.
53. O'Croinin DF, Nichol AD, Hopkins N, Boylan J, O'Brien S, O'Connor C, Laffey JG, McLoughin P. Sustained Hypercapnic acidosis during pulmonary infection increases bacterial load and worsens lung injury. Crit Care Med 2008;36:2128-35.
54. Pedoto A, Caruso JE, Nandi J, Oler A, Hoffmann SP, Tassiopoulos AK, McGraw DJ, Camporesi EM, Hakim TS. Acidosis stimulates nitric oxide production and lung damage in rats. Am J Resp Crit Care Med 1999;159:397-402.
55. Lang JD, Chumley P, Eiserich JP, Esteves A, Bamberg T, Adhami A et al. Hypercapnia induces injury to alveolar epithelial cells via a nitric oxide-dependent pathway. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2000;279:994-1002.
56. Doerr CH, Gajic O, Berrios JC, Caples S, Abdel M, Lymp JF, Hubmayr RD. Hypercapnic acidosis impairs plasma membrane wound resealing in ventilator-injured lungs. Am J Resp Crit Care Med 2005;171:1371-7.
57. Briva A, Vadasz I, Lecuona E, Welch LC, Chen J, Dada LA et al. High CO2 levels impair alveolar epithelial function independently of pH. PLoS ONE 2007;2:e1238.
58. Park CM. Lim SC, Kim YI, Kim KS, Oh IJ, Kim SO et al. Does hypercapnic acidosis, induced by adding CO2 to inspired gas, have protective effect in a ventilator-induced lung injury? J Korean Med Sci 2005;20:764-9.
59. Kregenow DA, Rubenfeld GD, Hudson LD, Swenson ER. Hypercapnic acidosis and mortality in acute lung injury. Crit Care Med 2006;34:1-7.
60. Matute-Bello G, Martin TR. Science review:Apoptosis in acute lung injury. Crit Care 2003;7:355-8.
61. Matute-Bello G, Liles WC, Steinberg KP, Kiener PA, Mongovin S, Chi EY et al. Soluble Fas ligand induces epithelial cell apoptosis in humans with acute lung injury (ARDS). J Immunol 1999;163:2217-25.
62. Cox G, Crossley J, Xing Z. Macrophage engulfment of apoptotic neutrophils contributes to the resolution of acute pulmonary inflammation In vivo. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1995;12:232-7.
63. White MK, Baireddy V, Strayer DS. Natural protection from apoptosis by surfactant protein A in type II pneumocytes. Exp Cell Res 2001;263:183-92.
64. Teder P, Vandivier RW, Jiang D, Liang J, Cohn L, Pure E et al. Resolution of lung inflammation by CD44. Science 2002;296:155-8.
65. Hart SP, Dougherty GJ, Haslett C, Dransfield I. (1997). CD44 regulates phagocytosis of apoptotic lymphocytes, by human macrophages. J Immunol 1997;159:919-25.
66. Fadok VA, Bratton DL, Konowal A, Freed PW, Westcott JY, Henson PM. Macrophages that have ingested apoptotic cells In vitro inhibit proinflammatory cytokine production through autocrine/paracrine mechanisms involving TGFbeta, PGE2, and PAF. J Clin Invest 1998;101:890-8.
67. Coakley RJ, Taggart C, McElvaney NG, O'Neill SJ. Cytosolic pH and the inflammatory microenvironment modulate cell death in human neutrophils after phagocytosis. Blood 2002;100:3383-91.
68. Huynh ML, Fadok VA, Henson PM. Phosphotidylserinedependent ingestion of apoptotic cells promotes TGF-beta1 secretion and the resolution of inflammation. J Clin Invest 2002;109:41-50.
69. Kregnow DA, Swenson ER. The lung and carbon dioxide:Implications for permissive and therapeutic hypercapnia. Eur Respir J 2002;20:6-11.
70. O'Toole D, Hassett P, Contreras M, Higgins B, McKeown STW, McAuley DF, O'Brien T, Laffey JG. Hypercapnic acidosis attenuates pulmonary epithelial wound repair by an NF-KB dependent mechanism. Thorax 2009;64:976-82.
71. Tasker RC, Peters MJ. Combined lung injury, meningitis and cerebral edema:how permissive can hypercapnia be? Intensive Care Med 1998;24:616-9.
72. Wallin LA, Rosenfield CR, Laptook AR, Maravilla AM, Strand C, Campbell N et al. Neonatal intracranial hemorrhage:II. Risk factor analysis in an inborn population. Early Hum Dev 1990;23:129-37.
73. Vannucci RC, Towfighi J, Brucklacher RM, Vannucci SJ. Effect of extreme hypercapnia on hypoxic-ischemic brain damage in the immature rat. Pediatr Res 2001;49:799-803.
74. Rogovik A, Goldman R. Permissive hypercapnia. Emerg Med Clin North Am 2008;26:941-52.
75. Walley KR, Lewis TH, Wood LD. Acute respiratory acidosis decreases left ventricular contractility but increases cardiac output in dogs. Circ Res 1990;67:628-35.
76. Khanna A, McDonell WN, Dyson DH, Taylor PM. Cardiopulmonary effects of hypercapnia during controlled intermittent positive pressure ventilation in the horse. Can J Vet Res 1995;59:213-21.
77. DeSantiago J, Maier LS, Bers, DM. Phospholamban is required for CaMKII-dependent recovery of Ca2+ transients and SR Ca reuptake during acidosis in cardiac myocytes. J mol cell cardiol 2004;36:67-74.
78. Imai Y, Kuba K, Neely GG, Yaghubian-Malhami R, Perkmann T, Loo G et al. Identification of oxidative stress and toll-like receptor 4 signaling as a key pathway of acute lung injury. Cell 2008;133:235-49.
79. Adding LC, Agvald P, Persson MG, Gustafsson LE. Regulation of pulmonary nitric oxide by carbon dioxide is intrinsic to the lung. Acta Physiol Scand 1999;167:167-74.
80. Frank JA, Pittet JF, Lee H, Godzich M, Matthay MA. High tidal volume ventilation induces NOS2 and impairs cAMPdependent air space fluid clearance. Am J Physiol:Lung Cell and Mol Physiol 2003;284:791-8.
81. Peng X, Abdulnour RE, Sammani S, Ma S, Han EJ, Hasan EJ et al. Inducible nitric oxide synthase contributes to ventilator-induced lung injury. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2005;172:470-9.
82. Sittipunt C, Steinberg KP, Ruzinkski JT, Myles C, Zhu S, Goodman RB et al. Nitric oxide and nitrotyrosine in the lungs of patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome. American Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001;163:503-10.
83. Shibata K, Cregg N, Engelberts D, Takeuchi A, Fedorko L, Kavanagh BP. Hypercapnic acidosis may attenuate acute lung injury by inhibition of endogenous xanthine oxidase. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998;158:1578-84.
84. Amato MBP, Barbas CSV, Medeiros DM, Magaldi RB, Schettino GPP, Lorenzi-Fihlo G et al. Effect of a protectiveventilation strategy on mortality in the acute respiratory distress syndrome. N Engl J Med 1998;338:347-54.