Current Use for Old Antibacterial Agents: Polymyxins, Rifamycins, and Aminoglycosides

Medical Clinics of North America

Volumn 95, Issue 4, 2011, Pages 819-842

  Chen, Luke F ^a   Kaye, Donald ^b,c  

^a DUKE UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^b DREXEL UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^c NONE   (United States)

Author keywords

Aminoglycoside; Pharmacodynamics; Pharmacokinetics; Polymyxins; Rifampin; Rifaximin; Toxicity

Indexed keywords

AMINOGLYCOSIDE ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; ANTIRETROVIRUS AGENT; COLISTIMETHATE; COLISTIN; CYCLOSPORIN; DIGOXIN; FLUCONAZOLE; NEUROLEPTIC AGENT; ORAL CONTRACEPTIVE AGENT; POLYMYXIN B; POLYMYXIN DERIVATIVE; RIFAMPICIN; RIFAMYCIN DERIVATIVE; RIFAXIMIN; SULFONYLUREA DERIVATIVE; THEOPHYLLINE; THYROXINE; WARFARIN;

ANTIBIOTIC THERAPY; APNEA; BACTERIAL ENDOCARDITIS; BACTERIAL INFECTION; BODY FLUID; BRONCHOSPASM; CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE INFECTION; COCHLEA INJURY; CRANIAL NERVE PARALYSIS; DIAPHRAGM PARALYSIS; DIARRHEA; DIPLOPIA; DRUG INDICATION; EOSINOPHILIA; FEVER; FLU LIKE SYNDROME; FOREIGN BODY; GASTROINTESTINAL SYMPTOM; GRAM NEGATIVE INFECTION; GRAM POSITIVE INFECTION; HEADACHE; HEARTBURN; HEPATITIS; HUMAN; HYPERSENSITIVITY; KIDNEY DYSFUNCTION; LIVER FUNCTION TEST; NAUSEA; NEPHROTOXICITY; NEUROTOXICITY; NONHUMAN; NYSTAGMUS; OTOTOXICITY; PARESTHESIA; POLYNEUROPATHY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RASH; REVIEW; SENSORY DYSFUNCTION; SIDE EFFECT; SWEAT; TRAVELLER DIARRHEA; URINE; VESTIBULAR DISORDER; VOMITING;

EID: 79958804423     PISSN: 00257125     EISSN: 15579859     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.mcna.2011.03.007     Document Type: Review

References (160)

1. Hermsen E.D., Sullivan C.J., Rotschafer J.C. Polymyxins: pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and clinical applications. Infect Dis Clin North Am 2003, 17(3):545-562.
2. Li J., Nation R.L., Milne R.W., et al. Evaluation of colistin as an agent against multi-resistant gram-negative bacteria. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2005, 25(1):11-25.
3. Kwa A., Kasiakou S.K., Tam V.H., et al. Polymyxin B: similarities to and differences from colistin (polymyxin E). Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2007, 5(5):811-821.
4. Falagas M.E., Kasiakou S.K. Toxicity of polymyxins: a systematic review of the evidence from old and recent studies. Crit Care 2006, 10(1):R27.
5. Zavascki A.P., Goldani L.Z., Li J., et al. Polymyxin B for the treatment of multidrug-resistant pathogens: a critical review. J Antimicrob Chemother 2007, 60(6):1206-1215.
6. Michalopoulos A.S., Karatza D.C. Multidrug-resistant gram-negative infections: the use of colistin. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2010, 8(9):1009-1017.
7. Tam V.H., Chang K.T., Abdelraouf K., et al. Prevalence, resistance mechanisms, and susceptibility of multidrug-resistant bloodstream isolates of pseudomonas aeruginosa. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2010, 54(3):1160-1164.
8. Dixon R.A., Chopra I. Leakage of periplasmic proteins from escherichia coli mediated by polymyxin b nonapeptide. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1986, 29(5):781-788.
9. From A.H., Fong J.S., Good R.A. Polymyxin B sulfate modification of bacterial endotoxin: effects on the development of endotoxin shock in dogs. Infect Immun 1979, 23(3):660-664.
10. Gales A.C., Reis A.O., Jones R.N. Contemporary assessment of antimicrobial susceptibility testing methods for polymyxin B and colistin: review of available interpretative criteria and quality control guidelines. J Clin Microbiol 2001, 39(1):183-190.
11. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing 2008, Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI), Wayne (PA).
12. Marchaim D., Chopra T., Pogue J.M., et al. Outbreak of colistin-resistant, carbapenem-resistant klebsiella pneumoniae in metropolitan detroit, michigan. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2011, 55(2):593-599.
13. Urban C., Tiruvury H., Mariano N., et al. Polymyxin-resistant clinical isolates of escherichia coli. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2011, 55(1):388-389.
14. Valencia R., Arroyo L.A., Conde M., et al. Nosocomial outbreak of infection with pan-drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii in a tertiary care university hospital. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2009, 30(3):257-263.
15. Li J., Rayner C.R., Nation R.L., et al. Heteroresistance to colistin in multidrug-resistant acinetobacter baumannii. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2006, 50(9):2946-2950.
16. Hawley J.S., Murray C.K., Jorgensen J.H. Colistin heteroresistance in acinetobacter and its association with previous colistin therapy. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2008, 52(1):351-352.
17. Falagas M.E., Kasiakou S.K. Colistin: the revival of polymyxins for the management of multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacterial infections. Clin Infect Dis 2005, 40(9):1333-1341.
18. Lim L.M., Ly N., Anderson D., et al. Resurgence of colistin: a review of resistance, toxicity, pharmacodynamics, and dosing. Pharmacotherapy 2010, 30(12):1279-1291.
19. Muller C., Plesiat P., Jeannot K. A two-component regulatory system interconnects resistance to polymyxins, aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolones, and beta-lactams in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2011, 55(3):1211-1221.
20. Livermore D.M. Multiple mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa: our worst nightmare?. Clin Infect Dis 2002, 34(5):634-640.
21. Bengoechea J.A., Skurnik M. Temperature-regulated efflux pump/potassium antiporter system mediates resistance to cationic antimicrobial peptides in Yersinia. Mol Microbiol 2000, 37(1):67-80.
22. Li J., Nation R.L., Turnidge J.D., et al. Colistin: the re-emerging antibiotic for multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacterial infections. Lancet Infect Dis 2006, 6(9):589-601.
23. Zavascki A.P., Goldani L.Z., Cao G., et al. Pharmacokinetics of intravenous polymyxin B in critically ill patients. Clin Infect Dis 2008, 47(10):1298-1304.
24. Nation R.L., Li J. Optimizing use of colistin and polymyxin B in the critically ill. Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2007, 28(6):604-614.
25. Plachouras D., Karvanen M., Friberg L.E., et al. Population pharmacokinetic analysis of colistin methanesulfonate and colistin after intravenous administration in critically ill patients with infections caused by gram-negative bacteria. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2009, 53(8):3430-3436.
26. Reed M.D., Stern R.C., O'Riordan M.A., et al. The pharmacokinetics of colistin in patients with cystic fibrosis. J Clin Pharmacol 2001, 41(6):645-654.
27. Nation R.L., Li J. Colistin in the 21st century. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2009, 22(6):535-543.
28. Markantonis S.L., Markou N., Fousteri M., et al. Penetration of colistin into cerebrospinal fluid. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2009, 53(11):4907-4910.
29. Jimenez-Mejias M.E., Pichardo-Guerrero C., Marquez-Rivas F.J., et al. Cerebrospinal fluid penetration and pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic parameters of intravenously administered colistin in a case of multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii meningitis. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2002, 21(3):212-214.
30. Ratjen F., Rietschel E., Kasel D., et al. Pharmacokinetics of inhaled colistin in patients with cystic fibrosis. J Antimicrob Chemother 2006, 57(2):306-311.
31. Owen R.J., Li J., Nation R.L., et al. In vitro pharmacodynamics of colistin against Acinetobacter baumannii clinical isolates. J Antimicrob Chemother 2007, 59(3):473-477.
32. Bergen P.J., Li J., Nation R.L., et al. Comparison of once-, twice- and thrice-daily dosing of colistin on antibacterial effect and emergence of resistance: studies with Pseudomonas aeruginosa in an in vitro pharmacodynamic model. J Antimicrob Chemother 2008, 61(3):636-642.
33. Gunderson B.W., Ibrahim K.H., Hovde L.B., et al. Synergistic activity of colistin and ceftazidime against multiantibiotic-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa in an in vitro pharmacodynamic model. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2003, 47(3):905-909.
34. Giamarellos-Bourboulis E.J., Karnesis L., Giamarellou H. Synergy of colistin with rifampin and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole on multidrug-resistant Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2002, 44(3):259-263.
35. Rahal J.J. Novel antibiotic combinations against infections with almost completely resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter species. Clin Infect Dis 2006, 43(Suppl 2):S95-S99.
36. Chitnis S., Chitnis V., Chitnis D.S. In vitro synergistic activity of colistin with aminoglycosides, beta-lactams and rifampin against multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacteria. J Chemother 2007, 19(2):226-229.
37. Petrosillo N., Ioannidou E., Falagas M.E. Colistin monotherapy vs. combination therapy: evidence from microbiological, animal and clinical studies. Clin Microbiol Infect 2008, 14(9):816-827.
38. Song J.Y., Lee J., Heo J.Y., et al. Colistin and rifampicin combination in the treatment of ventilator-associated pneumonia caused by carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2008, 32(3):281-284.
39. Tascini C., Ferranti S., Messina F., et al. In vitro and in vivo synergistic activity of colistin, rifampin, and amikacin against a multiresistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolate. Clin Microbiol Infect 2000, 6(12):690-691.
40. Principe L., D'Arezzo S., Capone A., et al. In vitro activity of tigecycline in combination with various antimicrobials against multidrug resistant acinetobacter baumannii. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob 2009, 8:18.
41. Hartzell J.D., Neff R., Ake J., et al. Nephrotoxicity associated with intravenous colistin (colistimethate sodium) treatment at a tertiary care medical center. Clin Infect Dis 2009, 48(12):1724-1728.
42. Wallace S.J., Li J., Nation R.L., et al. Subacute toxicity of colistin methanesulfonate in rats: comparison of various intravenous dosage regimens. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2008, 52(3):1159-1161.
43. Bosso J.A., Liptak C.A., Seilheimer D.K., et al. Toxicity of colistin in cystic fibrosis patients. DICP 1991, 25(11):1168-1170.
44. Garnacho-Montero J., Ortiz-Leyba C., Jimenez-Jimenez F.J., et al. Treatment of multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) with intravenous colistin: a comparison with imipenem-susceptible VAP. Clin Infect Dis 2003, 36(9):1111-1118.
45. Rios F.G., Luna C.M., Maskin B., et al. Ventilator-associated pneumonia due to colistin susceptible-only microorganisms. Eur Respir J 2007, 30(2):307-313.
46. Paul M., Bishara J., Levcovich A., et al. Effectiveness and safety of colistin: prospective comparative cohort study. J Antimicrob Chemother 2010, 65(5):1019-1027.
47. Falagas M.E., Bliziotis I.A., Tam V.H. Intraventricular or intrathecal use of polymyxins in patients with gram-negative meningitis: a systematic review of the available evidence. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2007, 29(1):9-25.
48. Cascio A., Conti A., Sinardi L., et al. Post-neurosurgical multidrug-resistant acinetobacter baumannii meningitis successfully treated with intrathecal colistin. A new case and a systematic review of the literature. Int J Infect Dis 2010, 14(7):e572-e579.
49. Segal-Maurer S., Mariano N., Qavi A., et al. Successful treatment of ceftazidime-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae ventriculitis with intravenous meropenem and intraventricular polymyxin B: case report and review. Clin Infect Dis 1999, 28(5):1134-1138.
50. Gump W.C., Walsh J.W. Intrathecal colistin for treatment of highly resistant pseudomonas ventriculitis. Case report and review of the literature. J Neurosurg 2005, 102(5):915-917.
51. Kofteridis D.P., Alexopoulou C., Valachis A., et al. Aerosolized plus intravenous colistin versus intravenous colistin alone for the treatment of ventilator-associated pneumonia: a matched case-control study. Clin Infect Dis 2010, 51(11):1238-1244.
52. Hartzell J.D., Kim A.S., Kortepeter M.G., et al. Acinetobacter pneumonia: a review. MedGenMed 2007, 9(3):4.
53. Tunkel A.R., Hartman B.J., Kaplan S.L., et al. Practice guidelines for the management of bacterial meningitis. Clin Infect Dis 2004, 39(9):1267-1284.
54. Beringer P. The clinical use of colistin in patients with cystic fibrosis. Curr Opin Pulm Med 2001, 7(6):434-440.
55. Maragakis L.L., Perl T.M. Acinetobacter baumannii: epidemiology, antimicrobial resistance, and treatment options. Clin Infect Dis 2008, 46(8):1254-1263.
56. Matthaiou D.K., Michalopoulos A., Rafailidis P.I., et al. Risk factors associated with the isolation of colistin-resistant gram-negative bacteria: a matched case-control study. Crit Care Med 2008, 36(3):807-811.
57. Huang D.B., DuPont H.L. Rifaximin-a novel antimicrobial for enteric infections. J Infect 2005, 50(2):97-106.
58. Paramasivan C.N., Sulochana S., Kubendiran G., et al. Bactericidal action of gatifloxacin, rifampin, and isoniazid on logarithmic- and stationary-phase cultures of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2005, 49(2):627-631.
59. Cappelletty D.M. Evaluation of an intracellular pharmacokinetic in vitro infection model as a tool to assess tuberculosis therapy. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2007, 29(2):212-216.
60. Wehrli W., Knusel F., Schmid K., et al. Interaction of rifamycin with bacterial RNA polymerase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1968, 61(2):667-673.
61. Bundtzen R.W., Gerber A.U., Cohn D.L., et al. Postantibiotic suppression of bacterial growth. Rev Infect Dis 1981, 3(1):28-37.
62. Thornsberry C., Hill B.C., Swenson J.M., et al. Rifampin: spectrum of antibacterial activity. Rev Infect Dis 1983, 5(Suppl 3):S412-S417.
63. Pohlod D.J., Saravolatz L.D., Somerville M.M. In-vitro susceptibility of gram-positive cocci to LY146032 teicoplanin, sodium fusidate, vancomycin, and rifampicin. J Antimicrob Chemother 1987, 20(2):197-202.
64. Klugman K.P., Madhi S.A. Emergence of drug resistance. Impact on bacterial meningitis. Infect Dis Clin North Am 1999, 13(3):637-646. vii.
65. Watanakunakorn C., Tisone J.C. Antagonism between nafcillin or oxacillin and rifampin against Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1982, 22(5):920-922.
66. Zak O., Scheld W.M., Sande M.A. Rifampin in experimental endocarditis due to Staphylococcus aureus in rabbits. Rev Infect Dis 1983, 5(Suppl 3):S481-S490.
67. Kobasa W.D., Kaye K.L., Shapiro T., et al. Therapy for experimental endocarditis due to Staphylococcus epidermidis. Rev Infect Dis 1983, 5(Suppl 3):S533-S537.
68. Karchmer A.W., Archer G.L., Dismukes W.E. Staphylococcus epidermidis causing prosthetic valve endocarditis: microbiologic and clinical observations as guides to therapy. Ann Intern Med 1983, 98(4):447-455.
69. Friedland I.R., Paris M., Ehrett S., et al. Evaluation of antimicrobial regimens for treatment of experimental penicillin- and cephalosporin-resistant pneumococcal meningitis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1993, 37(8):1630-1636.
70. Martinez-Lacasa J., Cabellos C., Martos A., et al. Experimental study of the efficacy of vancomycin, rifampicin and dexamethasone in the therapy of pneumococcal meningitis. J Antimicrob Chemother 2002, 49(3):507-513.
71. Fitoussi F., Doit C., Geslin P., et al. Killing activities of trovafloxacin alone and in combination with beta-lactam agents, rifampin, or vancomycin against Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates with various susceptibilities to extended-spectrum cephalosporins at concentrations clinically achievable in cerebrospinal fluid. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1999, 43(10):2372-2375.
72. Bassetti M., Repetto E., Righi E., et al. Colistin and rifampicin in the treatment of multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii infections. J Antimicrob Chemother 2008, 61(2):417-420.
73. Baciewicz A.M., Chrisman C.R., Finch C.K., et al. Update on rifampin and rifabutin drug interactions. Am J Med Sci 2008, 335(2):126-136.
74. Mahatthanatrakul W., Nontaput T., Ridtitid W., et al. Rifampin, a cytochrome P450 3A inducer, decreases plasma concentrations of antipsychotic risperidone in healthy volunteers. J Clin Pharm Ther 2007, 32(2):161-167.
75. Kwara A., Ramachandran G., Swaminathan S. Dose adjustment of the non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors during concurrent rifampicin-containing tuberculosis therapy: one size does not fit all. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2010, 6(1):55-68.
76. Fraser A., Gafter-Gvili A., Paul M., et al. Antibiotics for preventing meningococcal infections. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006, 4. CD004785.
77. Gardner P. Clinical practice. Prevention of meningococcal disease. N Engl J Med 2006, 355(14):1466-1473.
78. Rainbow J., Cebelinski E., Bartkus J., et al. Rifampin-resistant meningococcal disease. Emerg Infect Dis 2005, 11(6):977-979.
79. Stefanelli P., Neri A., Carattoli A., et al. Detection of resistance to rifampicin and decreased susceptibility to penicillin in Neisseria meningitidis by real-time multiplex polymerase chain reaction assay. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2007, 58(2):241-244.
80. Cuevas L.E., Kazembe P., Mughogho G.K., et al. Eradication of nasopharyngeal carriage of Neisseria meningitidis in children and adults in rural Africa: a comparison of ciprofloxacin and rifampicin. J Infect Dis 1995, 171(3):728-731.
81. Perlroth J., Kuo M., Tan J., et al. Adjunctive use of rifampin for the treatment of Staphylococcus aureus infections: a systematic review of the literature. Arch Intern Med 2008, 168(8):805-819.
82. Morris A.B., Brown R.B., Sands M. Use of rifampin in nonstaphylococcal, nonmycobacterial disease. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1993, 37(1):1-7.
83. Bayston R., Nuradeen B., Ashraf W., et al. Antibiotics for the eradication of Propionibacterium acnes biofilms in surgical infection. J Antimicrob Chemother 2007, 60(6):1298-1301.
84. Baddour L.M., Wilson W.R., Bayer A.S., et al. Infective endocarditis: diagnosis, antimicrobial therapy, and management of complications: a statement for healthcare professionals from the Committee on Rheumatic Fever, Endocarditis, and Kawasaki Disease, Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young, and the Councils on Clinical Cardiology, Stroke, and Cardiovascular Surgery and Anesthesia, American Heart Association: endorsed by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Circulation 2005, 111(23):e394-e434.
85. Norden C.W. Experimental chronic staphylococcal osteomyelitis in rabbits: treatment with rifampin alone and in combination with other antimicrobial agents. Rev Infect Dis 1983, 5(Suppl 3):S491-S494.
86. Bliziotis I.A., Ntziora F., Lawrence K.R., et al. Rifampin as adjuvant treatment of gram-positive bacterial infections: a systematic review of comparative clinical trials. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2007, 26(12):849-856.
87. Falagas M.E., Bliziotis I.A., Fragoulis K.N. Oral rifampin for eradication of Staphylococcus aureus carriage from healthy and sick populations: a systematic review of the evidence from comparative trials. Am J Infect Control 2007, 35(2):106-114.
88. Simor A.E., Phillips E., McGeer A., et al. Randomized controlled trial of chlorhexidine gluconate for washing, intranasal mupirocin, and rifampin and doxycycline versus no treatment for the eradication of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus colonization. Clin Infect Dis 2007, 44(2):178-185.
89. Skalsky K., Yahav D., Bishara J., et al. Treatment of human brucellosis: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMJ 2008, 336(7646):701-704.
90. Ranjbar M., Keramat F., Mamani M., et al. Comparison between doxycycline-rifampin-amikacin and doxycycline-rifampin regimens in the treatment of brucellosis. Int J Infect Dis 2007, 11(2):152-156.
91. DuPont H.L. Biologic properties and clinical uses of rifaximin. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2011, 12(2):293-302.
92. Ripa S., Mignini F., Prenna M., et al. In vitro antibacterial activity of rifaximin against Clostridium difficile, Campylobacter jejunii and Yersinia spp. Drugs Exp Clin Res 1987, 13(8):483-488.
93. DuPont H.L., Jiang Z.D. Influence of rifaximin treatment on the susceptibility of intestinal gram-negative flora and enterococci. Clin Microbiol Infect 2004, 10(11):1009-1011.
94. Brigidi P., Swennen E., Rizzello F., et al. Effects of rifaximin administration on the intestinal microbiota in patients with ulcerative colitis. J Chemother 2002, 14(3):290-295.
95. Ouyang-Latimer J., Jafri S., VanTassel A., et al. In vitro antimicrobial susceptibility of bacterial enteropathogens isolated from international travelers to Mexico, Guatemala, and India from 2006 to 2008. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2011, 55(2):874-878.
96. Valentin T., Leitner E., Rohn A., et al. Rifaximin intake leads to emergence of rifampin-resistant staphylococci. J Infect 2011, 62(1):34-38.
97. DuPont H.L., Jiang Z.D., Ericsson C.D., et al. Rifaximin versus ciprofloxacin for the treatment of traveler's diarrhea: a randomized, double-blind clinical trial. Clin Infect Dis 2001, 33(11):1807-1815.
98. Taylor D.N., Bourgeois A.L., Ericsson C.D., et al. A randomized, double-blind, multicenter study of rifaximin compared with placebo and with ciprofloxacin in the treatment of travelers' diarrhea. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2006, 74(6):1060-1066.
99. Steffen R., Sack D.A., Riopel L., et al. Therapy of travelers' diarrhea with rifaximin on various continents. Am J Gastroenterol 2003, 98(5):1073-1078.
100. Pentikis H.S., Connolly M., Trapnell C.B., et al. The effect of multiple-dose, oral rifaximin on the pharmacokinetics of intravenous and oral midazolam in healthy volunteers. Pharmacotherapy 2007, 27(10):1361-1369.
101. Jiang Z.D., DuPont H.L., La Rocco M., et al. In vitro susceptibility of clostridium difficile to rifaximin and rifampin in 359 consecutive isolates at a university hospital in Houston. Texas. J Clin Pathol 2010, 63(4):355-358.
102. McFarland L.V. Emerging therapies for clostridium difficile infections. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs 2011, [Epub ahead of print].
103. Kokkotou E., Moss A.C., Michos A., et al. Comparative efficacies of rifaximin and vancomycin for treatment of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea and prevention of disease recurrence in hamsters. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2008, 52(3):1121-1126.
104. Berman A.L. Efficacy of rifaximin and vancomycin combination therapy in a patient with refractory Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. J Clin Gastroenterol 2007, 41(10):932-933.
105. Johnson S., Schriever C., Galang M., et al. Interruption of recurrent Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea episodes by serial therapy with vancomycin and rifaximin. Clin Infect Dis 2007, 44(6):846-848.
106. Drusano G.L., Louie A. Optimization of aminoglycoside therapy. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2011, [Epub ahead of print].
107. Falagas M.E., Matthaiou D.K., Bliziotis I.A. The role of aminoglycosides in combination with a beta-lactam for the treatment of bacterial endocarditis: a meta-analysis of comparative trials. J Antimicrob Chemother 2006, 57(4):639-647.
108. Lentino J.R., Narita M., Yu V.L. New antimicrobial agents as therapy for resistant gram-positive cocci. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2008, 27(1):3-15.
109. Rea R.S., Capitano B. Optimizing use of aminoglycosides in the critically ill. Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2007, 28(6):596-603.
110. Cunha B.A. New uses for older antibiotics: nitrofurantoin, amikacin, colistin, polymyxin B, doxycycline, and minocycline revisited. Med Clin North Am 2006, 90(6):1089-1107.
111. Friedland I., Gallagher G., King T., et al. Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns in Pseudomonas aeruginosa: data from a multicenter Intensive Care Unit Surveillance Study (ISS) in the United States. J Chemother 2004, 16(5):437-441.
112. Buijk S.E., Mouton J.W., Gyssens I.C., et al. Experience with a once-daily dosing program of aminoglycosides in critically ill patients. Intensive Care Med 2002, 28(7):936-942.
113. Turnidge J. Pharmacodynamics and dosing of aminoglycosides. Infect Dis Clin North Am 2003, 17(3):503-528. v.
114. McKenzie C. Antibiotic dosing in critical illness. J Antimicrob Chemother 2011, 66(Suppl 2):ii25-ii31.
115. Isaksson B., Nilsson L., Maller R., et al. Postantibiotic effect of aminoglycosides on gram-negative bacteria evaluated by a new method. J Antimicrob Chemother 1988, 22(1):23-33.
116. Craig W. Pharmacodynamics of antimicrobial agents as a basis for determining dosage regimens. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1993, 12(Suppl 1):S6-S8.
117. Kapusnik J.E., Hackbarth C.J., Chambers H.F., et al. Single, large, daily dosing versus intermittent dosing of tobramycin for treating experimental pseudomonas pneumonia. J Infect Dis 1988, 158(1):7-12.
118. Baudoux P., Bles N., Lemaire S., et al. Combined effect of pH and concentration on the activities of gentamicin and oxacillin against Staphylococcus aureus in pharmacodynamic models of extracellular and intracellular infections. J Antimicrob Chemother 2007, 59(2):246-253.
119. Simmen H.P., Battaglia H., Kossmann T., et al. Effect of peritoneal fluid pH on outcome of aminoglycoside treatment of intraabdominal infections. World J Surg 1993, 17(3):393-397.
120. Harrell L.J., Evans J.B. Anaerobic resistance of clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus to aminoglycosides. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1978, 14(6):927-929.
121. Barclay M.L., Begg E.J. Aminoglycoside adaptive resistance: importance for effective dosage regimens. Drugs 2001, 61(6):713-721.
122. Skiada A., Markogiannakis A., Plachouras D., et al. Adaptive resistance to cationic compounds in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2011, 37(3):187-193.
123. Chandrakanth R.K., Raju S., Patil S.A. Aminoglycoside-resistance mechanisms in multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus clinical isolates. Curr Microbiol 2008, 56(6):558-562.
124. Verpooten G.A., Giuliano R.A., Verbist L., et al. Once-daily dosing decreases renal accumulation of gentamicin and netilmicin. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1989, 45(1):22-27.
125. Bennett W.M., Plamp C.E., Gilbert D.N., et al. The influence of dosage regimen on experimental gentamicin nephrotoxicity: dissociation of peak serum levels from renal failure. J Infect Dis 1979, 140(4):576-580.
126. Mavros M.N., Polyzos K.A., Rafailidis P.I., et al. Once versus multiple daily dosing of aminoglycosides for patients with febrile neutropenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Antimicrob Chemother 2011, 66(2):251-259.
127. Rybak M.J., Abate B.J., Kang S.L., et al. Prospective evaluation of the effect of an aminoglycoside dosing regimen on rates of observed nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1999, 43(7):1549-1555.
128. Barbieri C.D., Oliveira G.M., Zanetta D.M., et al. Prevalence and risk factors for aminoglycoside nephrotoxicity in intensive care units. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2009, 53(7):2887-2891.
129. Baciewicz A.M., Sokos D.R., Cowan R.I. Aminoglycoside-associated nephrotoxicity in the elderly. Ann Pharmacother 2003, 37(2):182-186.
130. Rougier F., Claude D., Maurin M., et al. Aminoglycoside nephrotoxicity. Curr Drug Targets Infect Disord 2004, 4(2):153-162.
131. Rybak L.P., Ramkumar V. Ototoxicity. Kidney Int 2007, 72(8):931-935.
132. Tran Ba Huy P., Bernard P., Schacht J. Kinetics of gentamicin uptake and release in the rat. Comparison of inner ear tissues and fluids with other organs. J Clin Invest 1986, 77(5):1492-1500.
133. Gatell J.M., Ferran F., Araujo V., et al. Univariate and multivariate analyses of risk factors predisposing to auditory toxicity in patients receiving aminoglycosides. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1987, 31(9):1383-1387.
134. Ariano R.E., Zelenitsky S.A., Kassum D.A. Aminoglycoside-induced vestibular injury: maintaining a sense of balance. Ann Pharmacother 2008, 42(9):1282-1289.
135. Nicolau D.P., Freeman C.D., Belliveau P.P., et al. Experience with a once-daily aminoglycoside program administered to 2,184 adult patients. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1995, 39(3):650-655.
136. Prins J.M., Weverling G.J., de Blok K., et al. Validation and nephrotoxicity of a simplified once-daily aminoglycoside dosing schedule and guidelines for monitoring therapy. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1996, 40(11):2494-2499.
137. Graham J.C., Gould F.K. Role of aminoglycosides in the treatment of bacterial endocarditis. J Antimicrob Chemother 2002, 49(3):437-444.
138. Smyth A.R., Tan K.H. Once-daily versus multiple-daily dosing with intravenous aminoglycosides for cystic fibrosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006, 3. CD002009.
139. Ratjen F. Treatment of early Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in patients with cystic fibrosis. Curr Opin Pulm Med 2006, 12(6):428-432.
140. Wood D.M., Smyth A.R. Antibiotic strategies for eradicating Pseudomonas aeruginosa in people with cystic fibrosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006, 1. CD004197.
141. Smyth A., Tan K.H., Hyman-Taylor P., et al. Once versus three-times daily regimens of tobramycin treatment for pulmonary exacerbations of cystic fibrosis-the TOPIC study: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2005, 365(9459):573-578.
142. Weiner J.R., Toy E.L., Sacco P., et al. Costs, quality of life and treatment compliance associated with antibiotic therapies in patients with cystic fibrosis: a review of the literature. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2008, 9(5):751-766.
143. Dopfer R., Brand P., Mullinger B., et al. Inhalation of tobramycin in patients with cystic fibrosis: comparison of two methods. J Physiol Pharmacol 2007, 58(Suppl 5 Pt 1):141-154.
144. Lenoir G., Antypkin Y.G., Miano A., et al. Efficacy, safety, and local pharmacokinetics of highly concentrated nebulized tobramycin in patients with cystic fibrosis colonized with Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Paediatr Drugs 2007, 9(Suppl 1):11-20.
145. Goss C.H. Should we stop using intravenous gentamicin in patients with cystic fibrosis?. Thorax 2008, 63(6):479-480.
146. de Groot R., Smith A.L. Antibiotic pharmacokinetics in cystic fibrosis. Differences and clinical significance. Clin Pharmacokinet 1987, 13(4):228-253.
147. Vic P., Ategbo S., Turck D., et al. Efficacy, tolerance, and pharmacokinetics of once daily tobramycin for pseudomonas exacerbations in cystic fibrosis. Arch Dis Child 1998, 78(6):536-539.
148. Bragonier R., Brown N.M. The pharmacokinetics and toxicity of once-daily tobramycin therapy in children with cystic fibrosis. J Antimicrob Chemother 1998, 42(1):103-106.
149. Banerjee D., Stableforth D. The treatment of respiratory pseudomonas infection in cystic fibrosis: what drug and which way?. Drugs 2000, 60(5):1053-1064.
150. Beringer P.M., Vinks A.A., Jelliffe R.W., et al. Pharmacokinetics of tobramycin in adults with cystic fibrosis: implications for once-daily administration. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2000, 44(4):809-813.
151. Byl B., Baran D., Jacobs F., et al. Serum pharmacokinetics and sputum penetration of amikacin 30 mg/kg once daily and of ceftazidime 200 mg/kg/day as a continuous infusion in cystic fibrosis patients. J Antimicrob Chemother 2001, 48(2):325-327.
152. Touw D.J., Knox A.J., Smyth A. Population pharmacokinetics of tobramycin administered thrice daily and once daily in children and adults with cystic fibrosis. J Cyst Fibros 2007, 6(5):327-333.
153. Al-Lanqawi Y., Capps P., Abdel-hamid M., et al. Therapeutic drug monitoring of gentamicin: evaluation of five nomograms for initial dosing at Al-Amiri hospital in Kuwait. Med Princ Pract 2007, 16(5):348-354.
154. Barclay M.L., Kirkpatrick C.M., Begg E.J. Once daily aminoglycoside therapy. Is it less toxic than multiple daily doses and how should it be monitored?. Clin Pharmacokinet 1999, 36(2):89-98.
155. Bailey T.C., Little J.R., Littenberg B., et al. A meta-analysis of extended-interval dosing versus multiple daily dosing of aminoglycosides. Clin Infect Dis 1997, 24(5):786-795.
156. Tod M.M., Padoin C., Petitjean O. Individualising aminoglycoside dosage regimens after therapeutic drug monitoring: simple or complex pharmacokinetic methods?. Clin Pharmacokinet 2001, 40(11):803-814.
157. Barclay M.L., Duffull S.B., Begg E.J., et al. Experience of once-daily aminoglycoside dosing using a target area under the concentration-time curve. Aust N Z J Med 1995, 25(3):230-235.
158. Paterson D.L., Robson J.M., Wagener M.M., et al. Monitoring of serum aminoglycoside levels with once-daily dosing. Pathology 1998, 30(3):289-294.
159. Bartal C., Danon A., Schlaeffer F., et al. Pharmacokinetic dosing of aminoglycosides: a controlled trial. Am J Med 2003, 114(3):194-198.
160. Urban A.W., Craig W.A. Daily dosage of aminoglycosides. Curr Clin Top Infect Dis 1997, 17:236-255.