Gender differences in the treatment of ischemic heart disease

Current Pharmaceutical Design

Volumn 17, Issue 11, 2011, Pages 1059-1069

  Barylski, Marcin ^a   Mikhailidis, Dimitri P ^b   Ciebiada, Maciej ^a   Rysz, Jacek ^a   Banach, Maciej ^a  

^a MEDICAL UNIVERSITY OF LODZ   (Poland)

^b ROYAL FREE AND UNIVERSITY COLLEGE MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Gender difference; Ischemic heart disease; Risk factor; Treatment

Indexed keywords

ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID; ANTILIPEMIC AGENT; ATORVASTATIN; BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; DIPEPTIDYL CARBOXYPEPTIDASE INHIBITOR; DIURETIC AGENT; ESTROGEN; FIBRINOGEN RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; GESTAGEN; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COENZYME A REDUCTASE INHIBITOR; PLACEBO; ROSUVASTATIN; SIMVASTATIN; TISSUE PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATOR;

ARTICLE; CLINICAL FEATURE; COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY; DEVELOPED COUNTRY; ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY; ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHY; HEART INFARCTION; HEART MUSCLE PERFUSION; HUMAN; ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE; LOW DRUG DOSE; MORBIDITY; MORTALITY; NONHUMAN; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; PATIENT CARE; PREVALENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RISK FACTOR; SEX DIFFERENCE; ST SEGMENT ELEVATION MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 79958217045     PISSN: 13816128     EISSN: 18734286     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2174/138161211795656936     Document Type: Article

References (120)

1. Rosamond W, Flegal K, Friday G, et al. Heart disease and strokestatistics - 2007 update: A report from the American Heart AssociationStatistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee. Circulation 2007; 115(5): e69-e171.
2. Bairey Merz CN, Shaw LJ, Reis SE, et al. Insights from the NHLBI - Sponsored Women's Ischemia Syndrome Evaluation(WISE) Study. Part II: Gender differences in presentation, diagnosis,and outcome with regard to gender-based pathophysiology ofatherosclerosis and macrovascular and microvascular coronary disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006; 47(3): S21-9.
3. Shaw LJ, Bairey Merz CN, Pepine CJ, et al. Insights from theNHLBI-Sponsored Women's Ischemia Syndrome Evaluation(WISE) Study. Part I: Gender differences in traditional and novelrisk factors, symptom evaluation, and gender- optimized diagnosticstrategies. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006; 47(3): S4-20.
4. Wake R, Takeuchi M, Yoshikawa J, Yoshiyama M. Effects ofgender on prognosis of patients with known or suspected coronaryartery disease undergoing contrast-enhanced dobutamine stressechocardiography. Circ J 2007; 71(7): 1060-6.
5. Yusuf S, Reddy S, Ounpuu S, Anand S. Global burden of cardiovasculardiseases. Part I: General considerations, the epidemiologictransition, risk factors, and impact of urbanization. Circulation 2001; 104(22): 2746-53.
6. Heer T, Schiele R, Schneider S, et al. Gender differences in acutemyocardial infarction in the era of reperfusion (the MITRA registry). Am J Cardiol 2002; 89(5): 511-7.
7. Kosuge M, Kimura K, Ishikawa T, et al. Differences between menand women in terms of clinical features of ST-segment elevationacute myocardial infarction. Circ J 2006; 70(3): 222-6.
8. Vaccarino V, Abramson JL, Veledar E, Weintraub WS. Sex differencesin hospital mortality after coronary artery bypass surgery:Evidence for a higher mortality in younger women. Circulation 2002; 105(10): 1176-81.
9. Thom T, Haase N, Rosamond W, et al. Heart disease and strokestatistics - 2006 update: A report from the American Heart AssociationStatistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee. Circulation 2006; 113(6): e85-151.
10. Taylor RS, Brown A, Ebrahim S, et al. Exercise-based rehabilitationfor patients with coronary heart disease: Systematic review andmeta- analysis of randomized controlled trials. Am J Med 2004;116(10): 682-92.
11. Bielecka-Dabrowa A, Mikhailidis DP, Hannam S, et al. Takotsubocardiomyopathy - The current state of knowledge. Int J Cardiol 2010; 142(2): 120-5.
12. Mendelsohn ME, Karas RH. Molecular and cellular basis of cardiovasculargender differences. Science 2005; 308(5728): 1583-7.
13. Pepine CJ. Ischemic heart disease in women: Facts and wishfulthinking. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004; 43(10): 1727-30.
14. Strong K, Mathers C, Leeder S, Beaglehole R. Preventing chronicdiseases: How many lives can we save? Lancet 2005; 366: 1578-82.
15. Kotseva K, Wood D, De Backer G, et al. Cardiovascular preventionguidelines in daily practice: A comparison of EUROASPIRE I,II, and III surveys in eight European countries. Lancet 2009; 373:929-40.
16. Third report of the National Cholesterol Education Program(NCEP) expert panel on detection, evaluation, and treatment ofhigh blood cholesterol in adults (Adult Treatment Panel III) finalreport. Circulation 2002; 106(25): 3143-421.
17. Ridker PM, Danielson E, Fonseca FA, et al. Reduction in Creactiveprotein and LDL cholesterol and cardiovascular event ratesafter initiation of rosuvastatin: A prospective study of the JUPITERtrial. Lancet 2009; 373: 1175-82.
18. Ray JG, Vermeulen MJ, Schull MJ, Redelmeier DA. Cardiovascularhealth after maternal placental syndromes (CHAMPS): Population-based retrospective cohort study. Lancet 2005; 366: 1797-803.
19. Wilson BJ, Watson MS, Prescott GJ, et al. Hypertensive diseasesof pregnancy and risk of hypertension and stroke in later life: Resultsfrom cohort study. BMJ 2003; 326(7394): 845.
20. Gibbons RJ, Balady GJ, Bricker JT, et al. ACC/AHA 2002 guidelineupdate for exercise testing: Summary article: A report of theAmerican College of Cardiology/American Heart Association TaskForce on Practice Guidelines (Committee to Update the 1997 ExerciseTesting Guidelines). Circulation 2002; 106(14): 1883-92.
21. Kenfield SA, Stampfer MJ, Rosner BA, Colditz GA. Smoking andsmoking cessation in relation to mortality in women. JAMA 2008;299(17): 2037-47.
22. Turnbull F, Woodward M, Neal B, et al. Do men and womenrespond differently to blood pressure-lowering treatment? Resultsof prospectively designed overviews of randomized trials. EurHeart J 2008; 29(21): 2669-80.
23. Virmani R, Kolodgie FD, Burke AP, Farb A, Schwartz SM. Lessonsfrom sudden coronary death: A comprehensive morphologicalclassification scheme for atherosclerotic lesions. ArteriosclerThromb Vasc Biol 2000; 20(5): 1262-75.
24. Sharaf BL, Pepine CJ, Kerensky RA, et al. Detailed angiographicanalysis of women with suspected ischemic chest pain (pilot phasedata from the NHLBI-sponsored Women's Ischemia SyndromeEvaluation [WISE] Study Angiographic Core Laboratory). Am JCardiol 2001; 87(8): 937-41.
25. Kern MJ, Bach RG, Mechem CJ, et al. Variations in normal coronaryvasodilatory reserve stratified by artery, gender, heart transplantationand coronary artery disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 1996;28(5): 1154-60.
26. Britten MB, Zeiher AM, Schachinger V. Microvascular dysfunctionin angiographically normal or mildly diseased coronary arteriespredicts adverse cardiovascular long-term outcome. Coron ArteryDis 2004; 15(5): 259-64.
27. Johnson BD, Shaw LJ, Buchthal SD, et al. Prognosis in womenwith myocardial ischemia in the absence of obstructive coronarydisease: Results from the National Institutes of Health-NationalHeart, Lung, and Blood Institute-Sponsored Women's IschemiaSyndrome Evaluation (WISE). Circulation 2004; 109(24): 2993-9.
28. Rosano GM, Webb CM, Chierchia S, et al. Natural progesterone,but not medroxyprogesterone acetate, enhances the beneficial effectof estrogen on exercise-induced myocardial ischemia in postmenopausalwomen. J Am Coll Cardiol 2000; 36(7): 2154-9.
29. Schulman SP, Thiemann DR, Ouyang P, et al. Effects of acutehormone therapy on recurrent ischemia in postmenopausal womenwith unstable angina. J Am Coll Cardiol 2002; 39(2): 231-7.
30. Waters DD, Gordon D, Rossouw JE, et al. Women's Ischemic Syndrome Evaluation: Current status and future research directions:report of the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute workshop:October 2-4, 2002. Section 4: Lessons from hormone replacementtrials. Circulation 2004; 109(6): e53-e55.
31. Alexander KP, Shaw LJ, Shaw LK, Delong ER, Mark DB, PetersonED. Value of exercise treadmill testing in women. J Am CollCardiol 1998; 32(6): 1657-64.
32. Mora S, Redberg RF, Cui Y, et al. Ability of exercise testing topredict cardiovascular and all-cause death in asymptomatic women:A 20-year follow-up of the lipid research clinics prevalence study. JAMA 2003; 290(12): 1600-7.
33. Marwick TH, Shaw LJ, Lauer MS, et al. The noninvasive predictionof cardiac mortality in men and women with known or suspectedcoronary artery disease. Economics of Noninvasive Diagnosis(END) Study Group. Am J Med 1999; 106(2): 172-8.
34. Hlatky MA, Boineau RE, Higginbotham MB, et al. A brief selfadministeredquestionnaire to determine functional capacity (theDuke Activity Status Index). Am J Cardiol 1989; 64(10): 651-4.
35. Cheitlin MD, Armstrong WF, Aurigemma GP, et al. ACC/AHA/ASE 2003 guideline update for the clinical applicationof echocardiography: summary article: A report of the AmericanCollege of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force onPractice Guidelines (ACC/AHA/ASE Committee to Update the1997 Guidelines for the Clinical Application of Echocardiography). Circulation 2003; 108(9): 1146-62.
36. Kim C, Kwok YS, Heagerty P, Redberg R. Pharmacologic stresstesting for coronary disease diagnosis: A meta-analysis. Am Heart J 2001; 142(6): 934-44.
37. Kwok Y, Kim C, Grady D, Segal M, Redberg R. Meta-analysis ofexercise testing to detect coronary artery disease in women. Am J Cardiol 1999; 83(5): 660-6.
38. Lewis JF, Lin L, McGorray S, et al. Dobutamine stress echocardiographyin women with chest pain. Pilot phase data from the NationalHeart, Lung and Blood Institute Women's Ischemia SyndromeEvaluation (WISE). J Am Coll Cardiol 1999; 33(6): 1462-8.
39. Biagini E, Elhendy A, Bax JJ, et al. Seven- year follow-up afterdobutamine stress echocardiography: Impact of gender on prognosis. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005; 45(1): 93-7.
40. Cortigiani L, Dodi C, Paolini EA, Bernardi D, Bruno G, Nannini E. Prognostic value of pharmacological stress echocardiography inwomen with chest pain and unknown coronary artery disease. J AmColl Cardiol 1998; 32(7): 1975-81.
41. Mieres JH, Shaw LJ, Hendel RC, et al. American Society of NuclearCardiology consensus statement: Task Force on Women andCoronary Artery Disease - The role of myocardial perfusion imagingin the clinical evaluation of coronary artery disease in women [correction]. J Nucl Cardiol 2003; 10(1): 95-101.
42. Taillefer R, DePuey EG, Udelson JE, Beller GA, Latour Y, Reeves F. Comparative diagnostic accuracy of Tl-201 and Tc-99msestamibi SPECT imaging (perfusion and ECG-gated SPECT) indetecting coronary artery disease in women. J Am Coll Cardiol 1997; 29(1): 69-77.
43. Klocke FJ, Baird MG, Lorell BH, et al. ACC/AHA/ASNC guidelinesfor the clinical use of cardiac radionuclide imaging - executivesummary: A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice GuidelinesACC/AHA/ASNC Committee to Revise the 1995 Guidelinesfor the Clinical Use of Cardiac Radionuclide Imaging). Circulation 2003; 108(11): 1404-18.
44. Amanullah AM, Berman DS, Hachamovitch R, Kiat H, Kang X, Friedman JD. Identification of severe or extensive coronary arterydisease in women by adenosine technetium-99m sestamibi SPECT. Am J Cardiol 1997; 80(2): 132-7.
45. Berman DS, Kang X, Hayes SW, et al. Adenosine myocardialperfusion single-photon emission computed tomography in womencompared with men. Impact of diabetes mellitus on incrementalprognostic value and effect on patient management. J Am CollCardiol 2003; 41(7): 1125-33.
46. Galassi AR, Azzarelli S, Tomaselli A, et al. Incremental prognosticvalue of technetium-99m-tetrofosmin exercise myocardial perfusionimaging for predicting outcomes in patients with suspected orknown coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol 2001; 88(2): 101-6.
47. Sharir T, Germano G, Kavanagh PB, et al. Incremental prognosticvalue of post-stress left ventricular ejection fraction and volume bygated myocardial perfusion single photon emission computed tomography. Circulation 1999; 100(10): 1035-42.
48. Bashore TM, Bates ER, Berger PB, et al. American College ofCardiology/Society for Cardiac Angiography and InterventionsClinical Expert Consensus Document on cardiac catheterizationlaboratory standards. A report of the American College of CardiologyTask Force on Clinical Expert Consensus Documents. J AmColl Cardiol 2001; 37(8): 2170-214.
49. Budoff MJ, Dowe D, Jollis JG, et al. Diagnostic performance of64-multidetector row coronary computed tomographic angiographyfor evaluation of coronary artery stenosis in individuals withoutknown coronary artery disease: Results from the prospective multicenterACCURACY (Assessment by Coronary Computed TomographicAngiography of Individuals Undergoing Invasive CoronaryAngiography) trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 2008; 52: 1724-32.
50. Miller JM, Rochitte CE, Dewey M, et al. Diagnostic performanceof coronary angiography by 64-row CT. N Engl J Med 2008;359(22): 2324-36.
51. Greenland P, LaBree L, Azen SP, Doherty TM, Detrano RC. Coronary artery calcium score combined with Framingham scorefor risk prediction in asymptomatic individuals. JAMA 2004;291(2): 210-5.
52. Kondos GT, Hoff JA, Sevrukov A, et al. Electron-beam tomographycoronary artery calcium and cardiac events: A 37-month follow-up of 5635 initially asymptomatic low- to intermediate-riskadults. Circulation 2003; 107(20): 2571-6.
53. Kim WY, Danias PG, Stuber M, et al. Coronary magnetic resonanceangiography for the detection of coronary stenoses. N Engl JMed 2001; 345: 1863-9.
54. Hundley WG, Hillis LD, Hamilton CA, et al. Assessment of coronaryarterial restenosis with phase-contrast magnetic resonance imagingmeasurements of coronary flow reserve. Circulation 2000;101: 2375-81.
55. Nagel E, Klein C, Paetsch I, et al. Magnetic resonance perfusionmeasurements for the noninvasive detection of coronary artery disease. Circulation 2003; 108: 432-7.
56. Schwitter J, DeMarco T, Kneifel S, et al. Magnetic resonancebasedassessment of global coronary flow and flow reserve and its relationto left ventricular functional parameters: A comparison withpositron emission tomography. Circulation 2000; 101(23): 2696-702.
57. Buchthal SD, den Hollander JA, Merz CN, et al. Abnormal myocardialphosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy inwomen with chest pain but normal coronary angiograms. N Engl JMed 2000; 342: 829-35.
58. Nagel E, Lehmkuhl HB, Bocksch W, et al. Noninvasive diagnosisof ischemia-induced wall motion abnormalities with the use ofhigh-dose dobutamine stress MRI: Comparison with dobutaminestress echocardiography. Circulation 1999; 99(6): 763-70.
59. Kim RJ, Wu E, Rafael A, et al. The use of contrast- enhancedmagnetic resonance imaging to identify reversible myocardial dysfunction. N Engl J Med 2000; 343: 1445-53.
60. Anderson RD, Pepine CJ. Gender differences in the treatment ofacute myocardial infarction. Bias or biology? Circulation 2007;115; 823-26.
61. Sharaf BL, Shaw L, Johnson BD, et al. Any measurable coronaryartery disease identified in women presenting with ischemic chestpain is associated with an adverse outcome: findings from the NIHNHLBI-sponsored Women's Ischemia Syndrome Evaluation(WISE) study angiographic core laboratory. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004; 43:292A.
62. Weaver WD, Simes RJ, Betriu A, et al. Comparison of primarycoronary angioplasty and intravenous thrombolytic therapy foracute myocardial infarction: A quantitative review. JAMA 1997;278: 2093-8.
63. Tamis-Holland JE, Palazzo A, Stebbins AL, et al. Benefits of directangioplasty for women and men with acute myocardial infarction:Results of the Global Use of Strategies To Open Occluded Arteriesin Acute Coronary Syndromes Angioplasty (GUSTO II-B) AngioplastySubstudy. Am Heart J 2004; 147(1): 133-9.
64. Stone GW, Grines CL, Browne KF, et al. Comparison of inhospitaloutcome in men versus women treated by either thrombolytic therapyor primary coronary angioplasty for acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 1995; 75(15): 987-92.
65. Lansky AJ, Pietras C, Costa RA, et al. Gender differences in outcomesafter primary angioplasty versus primary stenting with andwithout abciximab for acute myocardial infarction: Results of theControlled Abciximab and Device Investigation to Lower Late AngioplastyComplications (CADILLAC) trial. Circulation 2005;111(13): 1611-8.
66. Vakili BA, Kaplan RC, Brown DL. Sex-based differences in earlymortality of patients undergoing primary angioplasty for first acutemyocardial infarction. Circulation 2001; 104(25): 3034-8.
67. Akhter N, Milford-Beland S, Roe MT, Piana RN, Kao J, Shroff A. Gender differences among patients with acute coronary syndromesundergoing percutaneous coronary intervention in the AmericanCollege of Cardiology-National Cardiovascular Data Registry(ACC-NCDR). Am Heart J 2009; 157(1): 141-8.
68. Moses JW, Leon MB, Popma JJ, et al. Sirolimus-eluting stentsversus standard stents in patients with stenosis in a native coronaryartery. N Engl J Med 2003; 349(14): 1315-23.
69. Trikalinos TA, Alsheikh-Ali AA, Tatsioni A, Nallamothu BK, KentDM. Percutaneous coronary interventions for non-acute coronaryartery disease: A quantitative 20-year synopsis and a networkmetaanalysis. Lancet 2009; 373: 911-8.
70. Walsh JM, Pignone M. Drug treatment of hyperlipidemia inwomen. JAMA 2004; 291: 2243-52
71. Baigent C, Keech A, Kearney PM, et al. Cholesterol TreatmentTrialists' (CTT) Collaborators. Efficacy and safety of cholesterolloweringtreatment: prospective meta-analysis of data from 90,056participants in 14 randomised trials of statins. Lancet 2005;366:1267-78.
72. Larosa JC, He J, Vupputuri S. Effect of statins on risk of coronarydisease: a meta- analysis of randomized controlled trials. JAMA 1999; 282: 2340-6.
73. Herrington DM, Vittinghoff E, Lin F, et al. HERS Study Group. Statin therapy, cardiovascular events, and total mortality in theHeart and Estrogen/Progestin Replacement Study (HERS). Circulation 2002; 105: 2962-7.
74. Wenger NK, Lewis SJ, Welty FK, Herrington DM, Bittner V. TNTSteering Committee and Investigators. Beneficial effects of aggressiveLDL cholesterol lowering in women with stable coronary heartdisease in the Treating to New Targets (TNT). Heart 2008; 94(4):434-9.
75. Athyros VG, Kakafika AI, Papageorgiou AA, et al. Effects of statintreatment in men and women with stable coronary heart disease. Asubgroup analysis of the GREACE Study. Curr Med Res Opin 2008; 24: 1593-9.
76. Athyros VG, Mikhailidis DP, Kakafika AI, et al. Identifying andattaining LDL-C goals: mission accomplished? Next target: newtherapeutic options to raise HDL-C levels. Curr Drug Targets 2007;8: 483-8.
77. Athyros VG, Kakafika AI, Papageorgiou AA, et al. Statin-inducedincrease in HDL-C and renal function in coronary heart disease patients. Open Cardiovasc Med J 2007; 1: 8-14.
78. Athyros VG, Mikhailidis DP, Papageorgiou AA, et al. The effect ofstatins versus untreated dyslipidemia on renal function in patientswith coronary heart disease: a subgroup analysis of the GREekAtorvastatin and Coronary Heart Disease Evaluation (GREACE)study. J Clin Pathol 2004; 57: 728-34
79. Athyros VG, Mikhailidis DP, Liberopoulos EN, et al. Effect ofstatin treatment on renal function and serum uric acid levels andtheir relation to vascular events in patients with coronary heart diseaseand metabolic syndrome: a subgroup analysis of the GREekAtorvastatin and Coronary Heart Disease Evaluation (GREACE)Study. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2007; 22: 118- 27.
80. Athyros VG, Kakafika AI, Papageorgiou AA, et al. Greace StudyCollaborative Group. Atorvastatin decreases triacylglycerol- associatedrisk of vascular events in coronary heart disease patients. Lipids 2007; 42: 999-1009.
81. Lewis SJ, Sacks FM, Mitchell JS, et al. Effect of pravastatin oncardiovascular events in women after myocardial infarction: theCholesterol and Recurrent Events (CARE) Trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 1998; 32: 140-6.
82. Miettinen TA, Pyorala K, Olsson AG, et al. Cholesterol-loweringtherapy in women and elderly patients with myocardial infarctionor angina pectoris. Circulation 1997; 96: 4211-8.
83. Mora S, Glynn RJ, Hsia J, Macfadyen JG, Genest J, Ridker PM. Statins for the Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Events inWomen With Elevated High-Sensitivity C- Reactive Protein or Dyslipidemia. Results From the Justification for the Use of Statinsin Prevention: An Intervention Trial Evaluating Rosuvastatin (JUPITER)and Meta- Analysis of Women From Primary PreventionTrials. Circulation 2010; [ahead of print]
84. Edwards FH, Carey JS, Grover FL, Bero JW, Hartz RS. Impact ofGender on Coronary Bypass Operative Mortality. Am Thorac Surg 1998; 66: 125-31.
85. Abramov D, Tamariz MG, Seve JY, et al. The Influence of Genderon the Outcome of Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery. Ann ThoracSurg 2000; 70: 800-5.
86. Stewart RD, Blair JL, Emond CE, Lahey SJ, Levitsky S, Campos CT. Gender and functional outcome after coronary artery bypass. Surgery 1999; 126(2): 184-90.
87. Hammer N, Sandberg E, Larsen FF, Ivert T. Comparison of Earlyand Late Mortality in Men and Women After Isolated CoronaryArtery Bypass Graft Surgery in Stockholm, Sweden 1980-1989. J Am Coll Cardiol 1997; 29(3): 659-64.
88. Jacobs AK, Brooks SF, Mori M, et al. Outcome For Women Compared With Men Undergoing Coronary Revascularization AReport From the Bypass Angioplasty Revascularization Investigation (BARI). Circulation 1998; 98: 1279-85.
89. Kells C, Mickleborough L. Revascularization Strategies in Womenwith Ischemic Heart disease. Canadian Cardiovascular Society Consensus Conference: Women and Ischemic Heart Disease, October 2000: 8/1-/15.
90. Olsson G, Wikstrand J, Warnold I. Metoprolol induced Reductionin Postinfarction Mortality: Pooled Results from Five Doubleblinded Randomized Trials. Eur Heart J 1992; 13: 28-32.
91. Nohria A, Vaccarino V, Krumholz H. Gender Differences inMortality After Myocardial Infarction: Why Women Fare Worse Than Men. Cardiol Clin 1998; 16(1): 45-57.
92. Alexander KP, Chen AY, Newby LK, et al. Sex differences inmajor bleeding with glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors: Results fromthe CRUSADE (Can Rapid risk stratification of Unstable anginapatients Suppress ADverse outcomes with Early implementation ofthe ACC/AHA guidelines) initiative. Circulation 2006; 114(13):1380-7.
93. US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. Aspirin for the prevention of cardiovascular disease. Ann InternMed 2009; 150(6): 396-404.
94. Ridker PM, Cook NR, Lee IM, et al. A randomized trial of lowdoseaspirin in the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease inwomen. N Engl J Med 2005; 352(13): 1293-304.
95. Hansson L Zanchetti A, Carruthers SG, et al. Effects of intensiveblood-pressure lowering and low-dose aspirin in patients withhypertension: principal results of the Hypertension OptimalTreatment (HOT) randomised trial. HOT Study Group. Lancet 1998; 351: 1755-62
96. Einhorn PT, Davis BR, Massie BM, et al. ALLHAT Collaborative Research Group. The Antihypertensive and Lipid Lowering Treatmentto Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT) Heart Failure ValidationStudy: diagnosis and prognosis. Am Heart J 2007; 153(1):42-53.
97. Wassertheil-Smoller S, Psaty B, Greenland P, et al. AssociationBetween Cardiovascular Outcomes and Antihypertensive DrugTreatment in Older Women. JAMA 2004; 292: 2849-59.
98. Rosano GM, Vitale C, Fini M. Cardiovascular aspects of menopausalhormone replacement therapy. Climacteric 2009; 12 Suppl1: 41-6.
99. Rosano GM, Maffei S, Andreassi MG, et al. Hormone replacementtherapy and cardioprotection: a new dawn? A statement of theStudy Group on Cardiovascular Disease in Women of the ItalianSociety of Cardiology on hormone replacement therapy in postmenopausalwomen. J Cardiovasc Med (Hagerstown). 2009; 10:85-92.
100. Gungor F, Kalelioglu I, Turfanda A. Vascular effects of estrogenand progestins and risk of coronary artery disease: importance oftiming of estrogen treatment. Angiology 2009; 60: 308-17.
101. Bittner V. Postmenopausal hormone therapy and the risk of cardiovasculardisease. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2009; 10: 2041-53.
102. Rossouw JE, Anderson GL, Prentice RL, et al. Risks and benefitsof estrogen plus progestin in healthy postmenopausal women: Principalresults From the Women's Health Initiative randomized controlledtrial. JAMA 2002; 288(3): 321-33.
103. Welton AJ, Vickers MR, Kim J, et al. Health related quality of lifeafter combined hormone replacement therapy: Randomised controlledtrial. BMJ 2008; 337: a1190.
104. Prelevic GM, Kwong P, Byrne DJ, Jagroop IA, Ginsburg J,Mikhailidis DP. A cross- sectional study of the effects of hormonreplacement therapy on the cardiovascular disease risk profile inhealthy postmenopausal women. Fertil Steril 2002; 77(5): 945-51.
105. Stojanovic ND, Kwong P, Byrne DJ, et al. The effects of transdermalestradiol alone or with cyclical dydrogesterone on markers ofcardiovascular disease risk in postmenopausal women with type 2diabetes: a pilot study. Angiology 2003; 54(4): 391-9.
106. Ostberg JE, Damjanovic T, Dimkovic N, Byrne D, Mikhailidis DP, Prelevic GM. Effect of tibolone on markers of cardiovascular diseaserisk in postmenopausal women undergoing hemodialysis: a pilotstudy. Fertil Steril 2004; 81(6):1624-31.
107. Hodis HN. Assessing benefits and risks of hormone therapy in2008: new evidence, especially with regard to the heart. Cleve ClinJ Med 2008; 75 Suppl 4: S3-12.
108. American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists (AACE) positionstatement on hormone replacement therapy (HRT) and cardiovascularrisk. American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists Web site. www.aace.com/pub/pdf/guidelines//HRTCVRISKposition_statement. pdf. Accessed March 5, 2008.
109. Shufelt CL, Bairey Merz CN. Contraceptive hormone use andcardiovascular disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 2009; 53: 221-31.
110. Savage PD, Brochu M, Ades PA. Gender Alters the High-densityLipoprotein Cholesterol Response to Cardiac Rehabilitation. JCardiopulm Rehabil 2004; 24(4): 248-54.
111. Cargill M, Devlin J, Iakoubova O.:US20097482117 (2009).
112. The Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium. Genome-wideassociation study of 14,000 cases of seven common diseases and3,000 shared controls. Nature 2007; 447(7145): 661-78.
113. Valkirs G, Dahlen J, Buechler KF, Kirchick H. US20087361473(2008).
114. Ng LL, Bergmann A, Struck J, Morgenthaler N, Papassotiriou J. US20080213746 (2008).
115. Cresci S, McLeod HL, Kelly DP, Spertus JA. US20080108712(2008).
116. Chrusciel P, Goch A, Banach M, Mikhailidis DP, Rysz J, Goch JH. Circadian changes in the hemostatic system in healthy men and patientswith cardiovascular diseases. Med Sci Monit 2009; 15:RA203-208.
117. Catakoglu AB, Aytekin V, Demiroglu C, Aytekin S. The interactionbetween endothelin-1 and C-reactive protein and their impacton long-term prognosis after percutaneous coronary interventions. Arch Med Sci 2009; 5(1): 38-44.
118. Dziuba M, Jander S, Zwolinski R, Chizynski K. Surgical revascularizationof myocardium in population of young women. Is it agroup of increased operative risk? Arch Med Sci 2009; 5(2): 135-40.
119. Gluba A, Banach M, Mikhailidis DP, Rysz J. Genetic determinantsof cardiovascular disease: the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system,paraoxonases, endothelin-1, nitric oxide synthase and adrenergicreceptors. In Vivo 2009; 23(5): 797-812.
120. Alpagut U, Ugurlucan M, Banach M, Mikhailidis DP, Dayioglu E. Does gender influence the patency of infrainguinal bypass grafts? Angiology 2008; 59(3): 278-82.