Contribution of the central thalamus to the generation of volitional saccades

European Journal of Neuroscience

Volumn 33, Issue 11, 2011, Pages 2046-2057

  Tanaka, Masaki ^a   Kunimatsu, Jun ^a  

^a HOKKAIDO UNIVERSITY   (Japan)

Author keywords

Cerebral cortex; Physiology; Primates; Saccades; Thalamus

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; BASAL GANGLION; BRAIN FUNCTION; BRAIN REGION; CENTRAL THALAMUS; EVOKED BRAIN STEM RESPONSE; EVOKED CORTICAL RESPONSE; FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY; HUMAN; NERVE CELL NETWORK; NEUROANATOMY; NONHUMAN; OCULOMOTOR SYSTEM; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RESPONSE TIME; SACCADIC EYE MOVEMENT; SELECTIVE ATTENTION; SIGNAL PROCESSING; THALAMUS; THALAMUS ANTERIOR NUCLEUS; THALAMUS DORSOMEDIAL NUCLEUS; THALAMUS INTRALAMINAR NUCLEUS; THALAMUS VENTRAL NUCLEUS; VISUAL DISCRIMINATION; VISUAL MEMORY; VISUAL STIMULATION;

ANIMALS; CEREBRAL CORTEX; HUMANS; NEURONS; PHOTIC STIMULATION; SACCADES; THALAMUS; VISUAL PATHWAYS;

EID: 79958036172     PISSN: 0953816X     EISSN: 14609568     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2011.07699.x     Document Type: Article

References (152)

1. Alexander, G.E., DeLong, M.R. & Strick, P.L. (1986) Parallel organization of functionally segregated circuits linking basal ganglia and cortex. Annu. Rev. Neurosci., 9, 357-381.
2. Allen, G.I. & Tsukahara, N. (1974) Cerebrocerebellar communication systems. Physiol. Rev., 54, 957-1006.
3. Amino, Y., Kyuhou, S., Matsuzaki, R. & Gemba, H. (2001) Cerebello-thalamo-cortical projections to the posterior parietal cortex in the macaque monkey. Neurosci. Lett., 309, 29-32.
4. Andersen, R.A., Bracewell, R.M., Barash, S., Gnadt, J.W. & Fogassi, L. (1990) Eye position effects on visual, memory, and saccade-related activity in areas LIP and 7a of macaque. J. Neurosci., 10, 1176-1196.
5. Andersen, R.A., Snyder, L.H., Bradley, D.C. & Xing, J. (1997) Multimodal representation of space in the posterior parietal cortex and its use in planning movements. Annu. Rev. Neurosci., 20, 303-330.
6. Asanuma, C., Thach, W.T. & Jones, E.G. (1983) Distribution of cerebellar terminations and their relation to other afferent terminations in the ventral lateral thalamic region of the monkey. Brain Res., 286, 237-265.
7. Baker, J.T., Harper, T.M. & Snyder, L.H. (2003) Spatial memory following shifts of gaze. I. Saccades to memorized world-fixed and gaze-fixed targets. J. Neurophysiol., 89, 2564-2576.
8. Barkley, R.A. (1997) Behavioral inhibition, sustained attention, and executive functions: constructing a unifying theory of ADHD. Psychol. Bull., 121, 65-94.
9. Basso, M.A. & Wurtz, R.H. (1998) Modulation of neuronal activity in superior colliculus by changes in target probability. J. Neurosci., 18, 7519-7534.
10. Basso, M.A. & Wurtz, R.H. (2002) Neuronal activity in substantia nigra pars reticulata during target selection. J. Neurosci., 22, 1883-1894.
11. Bellebaum, C., Daum, I., Koch, B., Schwarz, M. & Hoffmann, K.P. (2005) The role of the human thalamus in processing corollary discharge. Brain, 128, 1139-1154.
12. Benevento, L.A. & Fallon, J.H. (1975) The ascending projections of the superior colliculus in the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta). J. Comp. Neurol., 160, 339-361.
13. Berman, R.A., Heiser, L.M., Saunders, R.C. & Colby, C.L. (2005) Dynamic circuitry for updating spatial representations. I. Behavioral evidence for interhemispheric transfer in the split-brain macaque. J. Neurophysiol., 94, 3228-3248.
14. Briand, K.A., Strallow, D., Hening, W., Poizner, H. & Sereno, A.B. (1999) Control of voluntary and reflexive saccades in Parkinson's disease. Exp. Brain Res., 129, 38-48.
15. Broerse, A., Crawford, T.J. & den Boer, J.A. (2001) Parsing cognition in schizophrenia using saccadic eye movements: a selective overview. Neuropsychologia, 39, 742-756.
16. Camchong, J., Dyckman, K.A., Chapman, C.E., Yanasak, N.E. & McDowell, J.E. (2006) Basal ganglia-thalamocortical circuitry disruptions in schizophrenia during delayed response tasks. Biol. Psychiatry, 60, 235-241.
17. Cameron, I.G. & Watanabe, M. (2010) Differential contributions of thalamic nuclei in the generation of antisaccades. J. Neurophysiol., 104, 2305-2307.
18. Chafee, M.V. & Goldman-Rakic, P.S. (1998) Matching patterns of activity in primate prefrontal area 8a and parietal area 7ip neurons during a spatial working memory task. J. Neurophysiol., 79, 2919-2940.
19. Chan, F., Armstrong, I.T., Pari, G., Riopelle, R.J. & Munoz, D.P. (2005) Deficits in saccadic eye-movement control in Parkinson's disease. Neuropsychologia, 43, 784-796.
20. Chen, Y.F., Chen, T. & Tsai, T.T. (1999) Analysis of volition latency on antisaccadic eye movements. Med. Eng. Phys., 21, 555-562.
21. Colby, C.L. & Goldberg, M.E. (1999) Space and attention in parietal cortex. Annu. Rev. Neurosci., 22, 319-349.
22. Condy, C., Rivaud-Pechoux, S., Ostendorf, F., Ploner, C.J. & Gaymard, B. (2004) Neural substrate of antisaccades: role of subcortical structures. Neurology, 63, 1571-1578.
23. Constantinidis, C., Franowicz, M.N. & Goldman-Rakic, P.S. (2001) The sensory nature of mnemonic representation in the primate prefrontal cortex. Nat. Neurosci., 4, 311-316.
24. Crapse, T.B. & Sommer, M.A. (2008) Corollary discharge across the animal kingdom. Nat. Rev. Neurosci., 9, 587-600.
25. DeVito, J.L. & Anderson, M.E. (1982) An autoradiographic study of efferent connections of the globus pallidus in Macaca mulatta. Exp. Brain Res., 46, 107-117.
26. van Donkelaar, P., Stein, J.F., Passingham, R.E. & Miall, R.C. (2000) Temporary inactivation in the primate motor thalamus during visually triggered and internally generated limb movements. J. Neurophysiol., 83, 2780-2790.
27. Dore-Mazars, K., Vergilino-Perez, D., Collins, T., Bohacova, K. & Beauvillain, C. (2006) The use of recurrent signals about adaptation for subsequent saccade programming depends on object structure. Brain Res., 1113, 153-162.
28. Duhamel, J.R., Colby, C.L. & Goldberg, M.E. (1992) The updating of the representation of visual space in parietal cortex by intended eye movements. Science, 255, 90-92.
29. Dyckman, K.A., Camchong, J., Clementz, B.A. & McDowell, J.E. (2007) An effect of context on saccade-related behavior and brain activity. Neuroimage, 36, 774-784.
30. Edelman, J.A. & Goldberg, M.E. (2002) Effect of short-term saccadic adaptation on saccades evoked by electrical stimulation in the primate superior colliculus. J. Neurophysiol., 87, 1915-1923.
31. Ettinger, U., Ffytche, D.H., Kumari, V., Kathmann, N., Reuter, B., Zelaya, F. & Williams, S.C. (2008) Decomposing the neural correlates of antisaccade eye movements using event-related FMRI. Cereb. Cortex, 18, 1148-1159.
32. Everling, S. & Fischer, B. (1998) The antisaccade: a review of basic research and clinical studies. Neuropsychologia, 36, 885-899.
33. Everling, S. & Munoz, D.P. (2000) Neuronal correlates for preparatory set associated with pro-saccades and anti-saccades in the primate frontal eye field. J. Neurosci., 20, 387-400.
34. Everling, S., Dorris, M.C., Klein, R.M. & Munoz, D.P. (1999) Role of primate superior colliculus in preparation and execution of anti-saccades and pro-saccades. J. Neurosci., 19, 2740-2754.
35. Ford, K.A. & Everling, S. (2009) Neural activity in primate caudate nucleus associated with pro- and antisaccades. J. Neurophysiol., 102, 2334-2341.
36. Funahashi, S., Bruce, C.J. & Goldman-Rakic, P.S. (1989) Mnemonic coding of visual space in the monkey's dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. J. Neurophysiol., 61, 331-349.
37. Gaymard, B., Rivaud, S. & Pierrot-Deseilligny, C. (1994) Impairment of extraretinal eye position signals after central thalamic lesions in humans. Exp. Brain Res., 102, 1-9.
38. Giguere, M. & Goldman-Rakic, P.S. (1988) Mediodorsal nucleus: areal, laminar, and tangential distribution of afferents and efferents in the frontal lobe of rhesus monkeys. J. Comp. Neurol., 277, 195-213.
39. Goldberg, M.C., Lasker, A.G., Zee, D.S., Garth, E., Tien, A. & Landa, R.J. (2002) Deficits in the initiation of eye movements in the absence of a visual target in adolescents with high functioning autism. Neuropsychologia, 40, 2039-2049.
40. Goldman-Rakic, P.S. & Porrino, L.J. (1985) The primate mediodorsal (MD) nucleus and its projection to the frontal lobe. J. Comp. Neurol., 242, 535-560.
41. Graybiel, A.M. (1977) Direct and indirect preoculomotor pathways of the brainstem: an autoradiographic study of the pontine reticular formation in the cat. J. Comp. Neurol., 175, 37-78.
42. Groenewegen, H.J. & Berendse, H.W. (1994) The specificity of the nonspecific midline and intralaminar thalamic nuclei. Trends Neurosci., 17, 52-57.
43. Guitton, D., Buchtel, H.A. & Douglas, R.M. (1985) Frontal lobe lesions in man cause difficulties in suppressing reflexive glances and in generating goal-directed saccades. Exp. Brain Res., 58, 455-472.
44. Hallett, P.E. (1978) Primary and secondary saccades to goals defined by instructions. Vision Res., 18, 1279-1296.
45. Hallett, P.E. & Lightstone, A.D. (1976) Saccadic eye movements to flashed targets. Vision Res., 16, 107-114.
46. Harting, J.K., Huerta, M.F., Frankfurter, A.J., Strominger, N.L. & Royce, G.J. (1980) Ascending pathways from the monkey superior colliculus: an autoradiographic analysis. J. Comp. Neurol., 192, 853-882.
47. Hasegawa, R.P., Matsumoto, M. & Mikami, A. (2000) Search target selection in monkey prefrontal cortex. J. Neurophysiol., 84, 1692-1696.
48. Heiser, L.M. & Colby, C.L. (2006) Spatial updating in area LIP is independent of saccade direction. J. Neurophysiol., 95, 2751-2767.
49. Herter, T.M. & Guitton, D. (1998) Human head-free gaze saccades to targets flashed before gaze-pursuit are spatially accurate. J. Neurophysiol., 80, 2785-2789.
50. Hikosaka, O. & Wurtz, R.H. (1983) Visual and oculomotor functions of monkey substantia nigra pars reticulata. III. Memory-contingent visual and saccade responses. J. Neurophysiol., 49, 1268-1284.
51. Hikosaka, O., Sakamoto, M. & Usui, S. (1989) Functional properties of monkey caudate neurons. I. Activities related to saccadic eye movements. J. Neurophysiol., 61, 780-798.
52. Hikosaka, O., Takikawa, Y. & Kawagoe, R. (2000) Role of the basal ganglia in the control of purposive saccadic eye movements. Physiol. Rev., 80, 953-978.
53. Huerta, M.F., Krubitzer, L.A. & Kaas, J.H. (1986) Frontal eye field as defined by intracortical microstimulation in squirrel-monkeys, owl monkeys, and macaque monkeys .1. Subcortical connections. J. Comp. Neurol., 253, 415-439.
54. Hwang, K., Velanova, K. & Luna, B. (2010) Strengthening of top-down frontal cognitive control networks underlying the development of inhibitory control: a functional magnetic resonance imaging effective connectivity study. J. Neurosci., 30, 15535-15545.
55. Ikeda, A., Shibasaki, H., Kaji, R., Terada, K., Nagamine, T., Honda, M. & Kimura, J. (1997) Dissociation between contingent negative variation (CNV) and Bereitschaftspotential (BP) in patients with parkinsonism. Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol., 102, 142-151.
56. Keedy, S.K., Ebens, C.L., Keshavan, M.S. & Sweeney, J.A. (2006) Functional magnetic resonance imaging studies of eye movements in first episode schizophrenia: smooth pursuit, visually guided saccades and the oculomotor delayed response task. Psychiatry Res., 146, 199-211.
57. Kievit, J. & Kuypers, H.G. (1977) Organization of the thalamo-cortical connexions to the frontal lobe in the rhesus monkey. Exp. Brain Res., 29, 299-322.
58. Kimura, M., Aosaki, T., Hu, Y., Ishida, A. & Watanabe, K. (1992) Activity of primate putamen neurons is selective to the mode of voluntary movement - visually guided, self-initiated or memory-guided. Exp. Brain Res., 89, 473-477.
59. Klier, E.M. & Angelaki, D.E. (2008) Spatial updating and the maintenance of visual constancy. Neuroscience, 156, 801-818.
60. Kornhuber, H.H. & Deecke, L. (1965) Hirnpotentialänderungen bei Willkurbewegungen und passiven Bewegungen des Menschen: Bereitschaftspotential und reafferente Potentiale. [Changes in the brain potential in voluntary movements and passive movements in man: readiness potential and reafferent potentials]. Pflugers Arch Gesamte Physiol Menschen Tiere, 284, 1-17.
61. Kotchabhakdi, N., Rinvik, E., Yingchareon, K. & Walberg, F. (1980) Afferent projections to the thalamus from the perihypoglossal nuclei. Brain Res., 187, 457-461.
62. Krappmann, P. & Everling, S. (1998) Spatial accuracy of primary and secondary memory-guided saccades in schizophrenic patients. Schizophr. Res., 30, 183-185.
63. Kronenbuerger, M., Gonzalez, E.G., Liu, L.D., Moro, E., Steinbach, M.J., Lozano, A.M., Hodaie, M., Dostrovsky, J.O., Sharpe, J.A. & Hutchison, W.D. (2010) Involvement of the human ventrolateral thalamus in the control of visually guided saccades. Brain Stimul., 3, 226-229.
64. Kunimatsu, J. & Tanaka, M. (2010) Roles of the primate motor thalamus in the generation of antisaccades. J. Neurosci., 30, 5108-5117.
65. Kurata, K. & Wise, S.P. (1988) Premotor and supplementary motor cortex in rhesus monkeys: neuronal activity during externally- and internally-instructed motor tasks. Exp. Brain Res., 72, 237-248.
66. Lasker, A.G., Zee, D.S., Hain, T.C., Folstein, S.E. & Singer, H.S. (1987) Saccades in Huntington's disease: initiation defects and distractibility. Neurology, 37, 364-370.
67. Lee, I.H. & Assad, J.A. (2003) Putaminal activity for simple reactions or self-timed movements. J. Neurophysiol., 89, 2528-2537.
68. Leichnetz, G.R. (1981) The prefrontal cortico-oculomotor trajectories in the monkey. J. Neurol. Sci., 49, 387-396.
69. LeVasseur, A.L., Flanagan, J.R., Riopelle, R.J. & Munoz, D.P. (2001) Control of volitional and reflexive saccades in Tourette's syndrome. Brain, 124, 2045-2058.
70. Lovejoy, L.P. & Krauzlis, R.J. (2010) Inactivation of primate superior colliculus impairs covert selection of signals for perceptual judgments. Nat. Neurosci., 13, 261-266.
71. Luna, B., Thulborn, K.R., Munoz, D.P., Merriam, E.P., Garver, K.E., Minshew, N.J., Keshavan, M.S., Genovese, C.R., Eddy, W.F. & Sweeney, J.A. (2001) Maturation of widely distributed brain function subserves cognitive development. Neuroimage, 13, 786-793.
72. Luna, B., Minshew, N.J., Garver, K.E., Lazar, N.A., Thulborn, K.R., Eddy, W.F. & Sweeney, J.A. (2002) Neocortical system abnormalities in autism: an fMRI study of spatial working memory. Neurology, 59, 834-840.
73. Lynch, J.C., Hoover, J.E. & Strick, P.L. (1994) Input to the primate frontal eye field from the substantia nigra, superior colliculus, and dentate nucleus demonstrated by transneuronal transport. Exp. Brain Res., 100, 181-186.
74. Marlinski, V. & McCrea, R.A. (2008) Activity of ventroposterior thalamus neurons during rotation and translation in the horizontal plane in the alert squirrel monkey. J. Neurophysiol., 99, 2533-2545.
75. Matsuda, T., Matsuura, M., Ohkubo, T., Ohkubo, H., Matsushima, E., Inoue, K., Taira, M. & Kojima, T. (2004) Functional MRI mapping of brain activation during visually guided saccades and antisaccades: cortical and subcortical networks. Psychiatry Res., 131, 147-155.
76. McFarland, N.R. & Haber, S.N. (2002) Thalamic relay nuclei of the basal ganglia form both reciprocal and nonreciprocal cortical connections, linking multiple frontal cortical areas. J. Neurosci., 22, 8117-8132.
77. McPeek, R.M. & Keller, E.L. (2002) Saccade target selection in the superior colliculus during a visual search task. J. Neurophysiol., 88, 2019-2034.
78. McPeek, R.M. & Keller, E.L. (2004) Deficits in saccade target selection after inactivation of superior colliculus. Nat. Neurosci., 7, 757-763.
79. Meng, H., May, P.J., Dickman, J.D. & Angelaki, D.E. (2007) Vestibular signals in primate thalamus: properties and origins. J. Neurosci., 27, 13590-13602.
80. Middleton, F.A. & Strick, P.L. (2000) Basal ganglia and cerebellar loops: motor and cognitive circuits. Brain Res. Brain Res. Rev., 31, 236-250.
81. Minshew, N.J., Luna, B. & Sweeney, J.A. (1999) Oculomotor evidence for neocortical systems but not cerebellar dysfunction in autism. Neurology, 52, 917-922.
82. Müller, J.R., Philiastides, M.G. & Newsome, W.T. (2005) Microstimulation of the superior colliculus focuses attention without moving the eyes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 102, 524-529.
83. Munoz, D.P. & Everling, S. (2004) Look away: the anti-saccade task and the voluntary control of eye movement. Nat. Rev. Neurosci., 5, 218-228.
84. Munoz, D.P., Armstrong, I.T., Hampton, K.A. & Moore, K.D. (2003) Altered control of visual fixation and saccadic eye movements in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. J. Neurophysiol., 90, 503-514.
85. Nakamura, K. & Colby, C.L. (2000) Visual, saccade-related, and cognitive activation of single neurons in monkey extrastriate area V3A. J. Neurophysiol., 84, 677-692.
86. O'Driscoll, G.A., Alpert, N.M., Matthysse, S.W., Levy, D.L., Rauch, S.L. & Holzman, P.S. (1995) Functional neuroanatomy of antisaccade eye movements investigated with positron emission tomography. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 92, 925-929.
87. Ohtsuka, K., Sato, H. & Noda, H. (1994) Saccadic burst neurons in the fastigial nucleus are not involved in compensating for orbital nonlinearities. J. Neurophysiol., 71, 1976-1980.
88. Okano, K. & Tanji, J. (1987) Neuronal activities in the primate motor fields of the agranular frontal cortex preceding visually triggered and self-paced movement. Exp. Brain Res., 66, 155-166.
89. Optican, L.M. (2005) Sensorimotor transformation for visually guided saccades. Ann. N Y Acad. Sci., 1039, 132-148.
90. Ostendorf, F., Liebermann, D. & Ploner, C.J. (2010) Human thalamus contributes to perceptual stability across eye movements. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 107, 1229-1234.
91. Parent, A. & Hazrati, L.N. (1995) Functional anatomy of the basal ganglia. I. The cortico-basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical loop. Brain Res. Brain Res. Rev., 20, 91-127.
92. Park, S. & Holzman, P.S. (1992) Schizophrenics show spatial working memory deficits. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, 49, 975-982.
93. Petit, L., Orssaud, C., Tzourio, N., Salamon, G., Mazoyer, B. & Berthoz, A. (1993) PET study of voluntary saccadic eye movements in humans: basal ganglia-thalamocortical system and cingulate cortex involvement. J. Neurophysiol., 69, 1009-1017.
94. Petit, L., Orssaud, C., Tzourio, N., Crivello, F., Berthoz, A. & Mazoyer, B. (1996) Functional anatomy of a prelearned sequence of horizontal saccades in humans. J. Neurosci., 16, 3714-3726.
95. Pfeuty, M., Ragot, R. & Pouthas, V. (2005) Relationship between CNV and timing of an upcoming event. Neurosci. Lett., 382, 106-111.
96. Powell, K.D. & Goldberg, M.E. (2000) Response of neurons in the lateral intraparietal area to a distractor flashed during the delay period of a memory-guided saccade. J. Neurophysiol., 84, 301-310.
97. Prevosto, V., Graf, W. & Ugolini, G. (2009) Posterior parietal cortex areas MIP and LIPv receive eye position and velocity inputs via ascending preposito-thalamo-cortical pathways. Eur. J. Neurosci., 30, 1151-1161.
98. Rivaud-Pechoux, S., Vidailhet, M., Brandel, J.P. & Gaymard, B. (2007) Mixing pro- and antisaccades in patients with parkinsonian syndromes. Brain, 130, 256-264.
99. Robinson, F.R. & Fuchs, A.F. (2001) The role of the cerebellum in voluntary eye movements. Annu. Rev. Neurosci., 24, 981-1004.
100. Romo, R., Scarnati, E. & Schultz, W. (1992) Role of primate basal ganglia and frontal cortex in the internal generation of movements. II. Movement-related activity in the anterior striatum. Exp. Brain Res., 91, 385-395.
101. Ross, R.G., Hommer, D.W., Breiger, D., Varley, C. & Radant, A.D. (1994) Eye movement task related to frontal lobe functioning in children with attention deficit disorder. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry, 33, 869-874.
102. Schall, J.D. & Thompson, K.G. (1999) Neural selection and control of visually guided eye movements. Annu. Rev. Neurosci., 22, 241-259.
103. Schlag, J. & Schlag-Rey, M. (1971) Induction of oculomotor responses from thalamic internal medullary lamina in the cat. Exp. Neurol., 33, 498-508.
104. Schlag, J. & Schlag-Rey, M. (1984) Visuomotor functions of central thalamus in monkey. II. Unit activity related to visual events, targeting, and fixation. J. Neurophysiol., 51, 1175-1195.
105. Schlag, J. & Schlag-Rey, M. (1986) Role of the central thalamus in gaze control. Prog. Brain Res., 64, 191-201.
106. Schlag, J. & Schlag-Rey, M. (1987) Evidence for a supplementary eye field. J. Neurophysiol., 57, 179-200.
107. Schlag, J., Schlag-Rey, M. & Dassonville, P. (1990) Saccades can be aimed at the spatial location of targets flashed during pursuit. J. Neurophysiol., 64, 575-581.
108. Schlag-Rey, M. & Schlag, J. (1984) Visuomotor functions of central thalamus in monkey. I. Unit activity related to spontaneous eye movements. J. Neurophysiol., 51, 1149-1174.
109. Schlag-Rey, M. & Schlag, J. (1989) The central thalamus. Rev. Oculomot. Res., 3, 361-390.
110. Schlag-Rey, M., Amador, N., Sanchez, H. & Schlag, J. (1997) Antisaccade performance predicted by neuronal activity in the supplementary eye field. Nature, 390, 398-401.
111. Schmahmann, J.D. & Pandya, D.N. (1990) Anatomical investigation of projections from thalamus to posterior parietal cortex in the rhesus monkey: a WGA-HRP and fluorescent tracer study. J. Comp. Neurol., 295, 299-326.
112. Shadlen, M.N. & Newsome, W.T. (1996) Motion perception: seeing and deciding. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 93, 628-633.
113. Sherman, S.M. & Guillery, R.W. (2002) The role of the thalamus in the flow of information to the cortex. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci., 357, 1695-1708.
114. Shires, J., Joshi, S. & Basso, M.A. (2010) Shedding new light on the role of the basal ganglia-superior colliculus pathway in eye movements. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol., 20, 717-725.
115. Shook, B.L., Schlag-Rey, M. & Schlag, J. (1991) Primate supplementary eye field. II. Comparative aspects of connections with the thalamus, corpus striatum, and related forebrain nuclei. J. Comp. Neurol., 307, 562-583.
116. Siwek, D.F. & Pandya, D.N. (1991) Prefrontal projections to the mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus in the rhesus monkey. J. Comp. Neurol., 312, 509-524.
117. Snow, J.C., Allen, H.A., Rafal, R.D. & Humphreys, G.W. (2009) Impaired attentional selection following lesions to human pulvinar: evidence for homology between human and monkey. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 106, 4054-4059.
118. Sommer, M.A. & Wurtz, R.H. (2001) Frontal eye field sends delay activity related to movement, memory, and vision to the superior colliculus. J. Neurophysiol., 85, 1673-1685.
119. Sommer, M.A. & Wurtz, R.H. (2002) A pathway in primate brain for internal monitoring of movements. Science, 296, 1480-1482.
120. Sommer, M.A. & Wurtz, R.H. (2004a) What the brain stem tells the frontal cortex. I. Oculomotor signals sent from superior colliculus to frontal eye field via mediodorsal thalamus. J. Neurophysiol., 91, 1381-1402.
121. Sommer, M.A. & Wurtz, R.H. (2004b) What the brain stem tells the frontal cortex. II. Role of the SC-MD-FEF pathway in corollary discharge. J. Neurophysiol., 91, 1403-1423.
122. Sommer, M.A. & Wurtz, R.H. (2006) Influence of the thalamus on spatial visual processing in frontal cortex. Nature, 444, 374-377.
123. Sommer, M.A. & Wurtz, R.H. (2008) Brain circuits for the internal monitoring of movements. Annu. Rev. Neurosci., 31, 317-338.
124. Stanford, T.R. (2006) Perspectives on subcortical contributions to higher-order aspects of visuo-oculomotor control. In Bezard, E. (Ed.), Recent Breakthroughs in Basal Ganglia Research. Nova Science Publishers, New York, NY, pp. 201-211.
125. Stanton, G.B. (1980) Topographical organization of ascending cerebellar projections from the dentate and interposed nuclei in Macaca mulatta: an anterograde degeneration study. J. Comp. Neurol., 190, 699-731.
126. Stanton, G.B., Goldberg, M.E. & Bruce, C.J. (1988) Frontal eye field efferents in the macaque monkey: I. Subcortical pathways and topography of striatal and thalamic terminal fields. J. Comp. Neurol., 271, 473-492.
127. Sweeney, J.A., Mintun, M.A., Kwee, S., Wiseman, M.B., Brown, D.L., Rosenberg, D.R. & Carl, J.R. (1996) Positron emission tomography study of voluntary saccadic eye movements and spatial working memory. J. Neurophysiol., 75, 454-468.
128. Tanaka, M. (2003) Contribution of signals downstream from adaptation to saccade programming. J. Neurophysiol., 90, 2080-2086.
129. Tanaka, M. (2005a) Involvement of the central thalamus in the control of smooth pursuit eye movements. J. Neurosci., 25, 5866-5876.
130. Tanaka, M. (2005b) Effects of eye position on estimates of eye displacement for spatial updating. Neuroreport, 16, 1261-1265.
131. Tanaka, M. (2006) Inactivation of the central thalamus delays self-timed saccades. Nat. Neurosci., 9, 20-22.
132. Tanaka, M. (2007a) Cognitive signals in the primate motor thalamus predict saccade timing. J. Neurosci., 27, 12109-12118.
133. Tanaka, M. (2007b) Spatiotemporal properties of eye position signals in the primate central thalamus. Cereb. Cortex, 17, 1504-1515.
134. Tanaka, M. & Kunimatsu, J. (2011) Thalamic roles in eye movements. In Liversedge, S.P., Glichrist, I.D. & Everling, S. (Eds), Oxford Handbook on Eye Movements. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 235-256.
135. Tanibuchi, I. & Goldman-Rakic, P.S. (2003) Dissociation of spatial-, object-, and sound-coding neurons in the mediodorsal nucleus of the primate thalamus. J. Neurophysiol., 89, 1067-1077.
136. Tanibuchi, I. & Goldman-Rakic, P.S. (2005) Comparison of oculomotor neuronal activity in paralaminar and mediodorsal thalamus in the rhesus monkey. J. Neurophysiol., 93, 614-619.
137. Tanibuchi, I., Kitano, H. & Jinnai, K. (2009a) Substantia nigra output to prefrontal cortex via thalamus in monkeys. I. Electrophysiological identification of thalamic relay neurons. J. Neurophysiol., 102, 2933-2945.
138. Tanibuchi, I., Kitano, H. & Jinnai, K. (2009b) Substantia nigra output to prefrontal cortex via thalamus in monkeys. II. Activity of thalamic relay neurons in delayed conditional go/no-go discrimination task. J. Neurophysiol., 102, 2946-2954.
139. Tu, P.C., Yang, T.H., Kuo, W.J., Hsieh, J.C. & Su, T.P. (2006) Neural correlates of antisaccade deficits in schizophrenia, an fMRI study. J. Psychiatr. Res., 40, 606-612.
140. Turner, R.S. & Anderson, M.E. (2005) Context-dependent modulation of movement-related discharge in the primate globus pallidus. J. Neurosci., 25, 2965-2976.
141. Umeno, M.M. & Goldberg, M.E. (1997) Spatial processing in the monkey frontal eye field. I. Predictive visual responses. J. Neurophysiol., 78, 1373-1383.
142. Walter, W.G., Cooper, R., Aldridge, V.J., McCallum, W.C. & Winter, A.L. (1964) Contingent negative variation: an electric sign of sensorimotor association and expectancy in the human brain. Nature, 203, 380-384.
143. Watanabe, Y. & Funahashi, S. (2004) Neuronal activity throughout the primate mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus during oculomotor delayed-responses. I. Cue-, delay-, and response-period activity. J. Neurophysiol., 92, 1738-1755.
144. Watanabe, M. & Munoz, D.P. (2010) Presetting basal ganglia for volitional actions. J. Neurosci., 30, 10144-10157.
145. Watanabe, Y., Takeda, K. & Funahashi, S. (2009) Population vector analysis of primate mediodorsal thalamic activity during oculomotor delayed-response performance. Cereb. Cortex, 19, 1313-1321.
146. Wyder, M.T., Massoglia, D.P. & Stanford, T.R. (2003) Quantitative assessment of the timing and tuning of visual-related, saccade-related, and delay period activity in primate central thalamus. J. Neurophysiol., 90, 2029-2052.
147. Wyder, M.T., Massoglia, D.P. & Stanford, T.R. (2004) Contextual modulation of central thalamic delay-period activity: representation of visual and saccadic goals. J. Neurophysiol., 91, 2628-2648.
148. Yamamoto, T., Yoshida, K., Yoshikawa, H., Kishimoto, Y. & Oka, H. (1992) The medial dorsal nucleus is one of the thalamic relays of the cerebellocerebral responses to the frontal association cortex in the monkey: horseradish peroxidase and fluorescent dye double staining study. Brain Res., 579, 315-320.
149. Yamamoto, J., Ikeda, A., Satow, T., Matsuhashi, M., Baba, K., Yamane, F., Miyamoto, S., Mihara, T., Hori, T., Taki, W., Hashimoto, N. & Shibasaki, H. (2004) Human eye fields in the frontal lobe as studied by epicortical recording of movement-related cortical potentials. Brain, 127, 873-887.
150. Yoshida, A. & Tanaka, M. (2009) Enhanced modulation of neuronal activity during antisaccades in the primate globus pallidus. Cereb. Cortex, 19, 206-217.
151. Zihl, J. & von Cramon, D. (1979) The contribution of the 'second' visual system to directed visual attention in man. Brain, 102, 835-856.
152. Zivotofsky, A.Z., Rottach, K.G., Averbuch-Heller, L., Kori, A.A., Thomas, C.W., Dell'Osso, L.F. & Leigh, R.J. (1996) Saccades to remembered targets: the effects of smooth pursuit and illusory stimulus motion. J. Neurophysiol., 76, 3617-3632.