Cheating more when the spoils are split

Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes

Volumn 115, Issue 2, 2011, Pages 157-168

  Wiltermuth, Scott S ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Cheating; Decision making; Dishonesty; Ethics; Justification; Rationalization

Indexed keywords

EID: 79956281480     PISSN: 07495978     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.obhdp.2010.10.001     Document Type: Article

References (75)

1. Allingham M., Sandmo A. Income tax evasion: A theoretical analysis. Journal of Public Economics 1972, 1:323-338.
2. Aquino K., Reed A. The self-importance of moral identity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2002, 83(6):1423-1440.
3. Barnett J.H., Karson M.J. Personal values and business decisions: An exploratory investigation. Journal of Business Ethics 1987, 6:371-382.
4. Barnett T., Vaicys C. The moderating effect of individuals' perceptions of ethical work climate on ethical judgments and behavioral intentions. Journal of Business Ethics 2000, 27:351-362.
5. Becker G.S. Crime and punishment: An economic approach. Journal of Political Economy 1968, 76(2):169-217.
6. Blasi A. Bridging moral cognition and moral action: A critical review of the literature. Psychological Bulletin 1980, 88:1-45.
7. Bowles H.R., Babcock L., McGinn K.L. Constraints and triggers: Situational mechanics of gender in negotiation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2005, 89(6):951-965.
8. Brass D.J., Butterfield K.D., Skaggs B.C. Relationships and unethical behavior: A social network perspective. Academy of Management Review 1998, 23:14-31.
9. Brief A.P., Dukerich J.M., Brown P.R., Brett J.F. What's wrong with the Treadway Commission Report? Experimental analyses of the effects of personal values and codes of conduct on fraudulent financial reporting. Journal of Business Ethics 1996, 15:183-198.
10. Cameron J.S., Miller D.T. Different ethical standards in gain versus loss frames. Psychological perspectives on ethical behavior and decision making 2009, 91-106. Information Age Publishing, Charlotte, NC. D. de Cremer (Ed.).
11. Cleek M.A., Leonard S.L. Can corporate codes of ethics influence behavior?. Journal of Business Ethics 1998, 17:619-630.
12. Crandall C.S., Eshleman A. A justification-suppression model of the expression and experience of prejudice. Psychological Bulletin 2003, 129:414-446.
13. Croson R., Gneezy U. Gender differences in preferences. Journal of Economic Literature 2009, 47(2):448-474.
14. Cross S.E., Madson L. Models of the self: Self-construals and gender. Psychological Bulletin 1997, 122:5-37.
15. Dies D., Giroux G. Determinants of audit quality in the public sector. Accounting Review 1992, 67:462-479.
16. Dobson J., White J. Toward the feminine firm: An extension to Tomas white. Business Ethics Quarterly 1995, 5:463-478.
17. Dovidio J.F., Smith J.K., Donnella A.G., Gaertner S.L. Racial attitudes and the death penalty. Journal of Applied Social Psychology 1997, 27:1468-1487.
18. Eagly A. Sex differences in social behavior: A social-role interpretation 1987, Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ.
19. Esses V.M., Dietz J., Bhardwaj A. The role of prejudice in the discounting of immigrant skills. The Cultural Psychology of Immigrants 2006, 113-130. Erlbaum, Mahwah, NJ. R. Mahalingham (Ed.).
20. Gaertner S.L., Dovidio J.F. The subtlety of white racism, arousal, and helping behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1977, 35:695-707.
21. Gaertner S.L., Dovidio J.F. Reducing intergroup bias: The common ingroup identity model 2000, Psychology Press, Philadelphia.
22. Gaertner S.L., Dovidio J.F., Johnson G. Race of victim, nonresponsive bystanders, and helping. Journal of Social Psychology 1982, 117:69-71.
23. Gilligan C. In a different voice. Psychological theory and women's development 1982, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.
24. Gilligan C., Ward J.V., Taylor J., Bardige B. Mapping the moral domain 1988, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.
25. Gino, F., & Pierce, L. (2011). Lying to level the playing field: Why people may dishonestly help or hurt others to create equity. Journal of Business Ethics, in press [Special issue on Regulating ethical failures: Insights from Psychology].
26. Gino F., Ayal S., Ariely D. Contagion and differentiation in unethical behavior: The effect of one bad apple on the barrel. Psychological Science 2009, 20(3):393-398.
27. Gino F., Pierce L. The abundance effect: Unethical behavior in the presence of wealth. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 2009, 109(2):142-155.
28. Gino F., Pierce L. Dishonesty in the name of equity. Psychological Science 2009, 20(9):1153-1160.
29. Grant A.M. The significance of task significance. Job performance effects, relational mechanisms, and boundary conditions. Journal of Applied Psychology 2008, 93:108-124.
30. Greenwald Anthony.G. The totalitarian ego: Fabrication and revision of personal history. American Psychologist 1980, 35(7):603-618.
31. Griffin Dale W., Ross Lee Subjective construal, social inference, and human misunderstanding. Advances in experimental social psychology 1991, Vol. 24:319-359. Academic Press, New York.
32. Güth W., Schmittberger R., Schwarze B. An experimental analysis of ultimatum games. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization 1982, 3:367-388.
33. Hegarty W.H., Sims H.P. Organizational philosophy, policies and objectives related to unethical decision behavior: A lab experiment. Journal of Applied Psychology 1979, 64:331-338.
34. Hill J., Kochendorfer R.A. Knowledge of peer success and risk of detection as determinants of cheating. Developmental Psychology 1969, 1(3):231-238.
35. Insko C.A., Schopler J., Hoyle R.H., Dardis G.J., Graetz K.A. Individual-group discontinuity as a function of fear and greed. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1990, 58(1):68-79.
36. Izraeli D. Ethical beliefs and behavior among managers: A cross-cultural perspective. Journal of Business Ethics 1988, 7:263-271.
37. Jaffe S., Hyde J. Gender differences in moral orientation: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin 2000, 126(5):703-726.
38. Jones T.M. Ethical decision making by individuals in organizations: An issue-contingent model. Academy of Management Review 1991, 16:366-395.
39. Kahneman D., Tversky A. Prospect theory: An analysis of decisions under risk. Econometrica 1979, 47:313-327.
40. Kelley H.H., Thibaut J.W. Interpersonal relations 1978, Wiley, New York.
41. Kish-Gephart J.J., Harrison D.A., Treviño L.K. Bad apples, bad cases, and bad barrels: Meta-analytic evidence about sources of unethical behavior at work. Journal of Applied Psychology 2010, 95(1):1-31.
42. Kohlberg L. Stage and sequence. The cognitive-developmental approach to socialization. Handbook of socialization theory and research 1969, Rand McNally, Chicago, IL. D.A. Goslin (Ed.).
43. Kunda Z. The case for motivated reasoning. Psychological Bulletin 1990, 108(3):480-498.
44. Loewenstein G.F., Thompson L., Bazerman M.H. Social utility and decision making in interpersonal contexts. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1989, 57(3):426-441.
45. Lyons N. The perspectives: On self, relationships, and morality. Harvard Educational Review 1983, 53:125-145.
46. MacKinnon D.P., Fairchild A.J., Fritz M.S. Mediation analysis. Annual Review of Psychology 2007, 58:593-614.
47. Mautz R.K., Sharaf H.A. The philosophy of auditing 1961, American Accounting Association, Sarasota, FL.
48. Mazar N., Amir O., Ariely D. The dishonesty of honest people. Journal of Marketing Research 2008, 45:633-644.
49. McCabe D.L., Treviño L.K., Butterfield K.D. The influence of collegiate and corporate codes of conduct on ethics-related behavior in the workplace. Business Ethics Quarterly 1996, 6:461-476.
50. Michaels J., Miethe T. Academic effort and college grades. Social Forces 1989, 68(1):309-319.
51. Naquin C.E., Kurtzberg T.R., Belkin L.Y. The finer points of lying online: E-mail versus pen and paper. Journal of Applied Psychology 2010, 95(2):387-394.
52. O'Fallon M.J., Butterfield K.D. A review of the empirical ethical decision-making literature: 1996-2003. Journal of Business Ethics 2005, 59:375-413.
53. Preacher K.J., Hayes A.F. SPSS and SAS procedures for estimating indirect effects in simple mediation models. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, and Computers 2004, 36:717-731.
54. Rest J. Development in judging moral issues 1986, University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, MN.
55. Sanitioso Rasyid., Kunda Ziva., Fong Geoffrey.T. Motivated recruitment of autobiographical memories. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1990, 59(2):229-241.
56. Schoderbek P., Deshpande S. Impression management, overcalming, and perceived unethical conduct: the role of male and female managers. Journal of Business Ethics 1996, 15(4):409-414.
57. Schweitzer M.E., Hsee C.K. Stretching the truth: Elastic justification and motivated communication of uncertain information. Journal of Risk and Uncertainty 2002, 25:185-201.
58. Shaw W.H. Marxism, business ethics, and corporate social responsibility. Journal of Business Ethics 2009, 84(4):565-576.
59. Sherman G.D., Clore G.L. The color of sin: White and black are perceptual symbols of moral purity and pollution. Psychological Science 2009, 20(8):1019-1025.
60. Sikula A., Costa A. Are women more ethical than men?. Journal of Business Ethics 1994, 13(11):859-871.
61. Snyder M.L., Kleck R.E., Strenta A., Mentzer S.J. Avoidance of the handicapped: An attributional ambiguity analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1979, 12:2297-2306.
62. Tenbrunsel A.E., Smith-Crowe K. Ethical decision making: Where we've been and where we're going. Academy of Management Annals 2008, 2:545-607.
63. Treviño L.K. Moral reasoning and business ethics: Implications for research, education, and management. Journal of Business Ethics 1992, 11:445-459.
64. Treviño L.K., Butterfield K.D., McCabe D.L. The ethical context in organizations: Influences on employee attitudes and behaviors. Business Ethics Quarterly 1998, 8:447-477.
65. Treviño L.K., Victor B. Peer reporting of unethical behavior: A social context perspective. Academy of Management Journal 1992, 35(1):38-64.
66. Treviño L.K., Weaver G.R., Reynolds S.J. Behavioral ethics in organizations: A review. Journal of Management 2006, 32:951-990.
67. Treviño L.K., Youngblood S.A. Bad apples in bad barrels: A causal analysis of ethical decision-making behavior. Journal of Applied Psychology 1990, 75:378-385.
68. Tsang J. Moral rationalization and the integration of situational factors and psychological processes in immoral behavior. Review of General Psychology 2002, 6(1):25-50.
69. Turillo C.J., Folger R., Lavelle J.J., Umphress E.E., Gee J. Is virtue its own reward? Self-sacrificial decisions for the sake of fairness. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 2002, 89(1):839-865.
70. Uhlmann E.L., Cohen G.L. Constructed criteria: Redefining merit to justify discrimination. Psychological Science 2005, 16:474-480.
71. Vermeir I., Van Kenhove P. Gender differences in double standards. Journal of Business Ethics 2008, 81:281-295.
72. Victor B., Treviño L.K., Shapiro D. Peer reporting of unethical behavior: The influence of justice evaluations and social context factors. Journal of Business Ethics 1993, 12:253-263.
73. White T. Business, ethics, and Carol Gilligan's " Two voices''. Business Ethics Quarterly 1992, 2(1):51-61.
74. Zhong C.B., Bohns V.B., Gino F. A good lamp is the best police: Darkness increases dishonesty and self-interested behavior. Psychological Science 2010, 21:311-314.
75. Zuckoff M. Ponzi's scheme: The true story of a financial legend 2005, Random House, New York.