An overview of occult hepatitis B virus infection

World Journal of Gastroenterology

Volumn 17, Issue 15, 2011, Pages 1927-1938

  Said, Zeinab Nabil Ahmed ^a  

^a AL AZHAR UNIVERSITY   (Egypt)

Author keywords

Chronic liver disease; Hepatitis B surface antigen; Hepatitis B virus; Hepatocellular carcinoma; Occult hepatitis B; Occult hepatitis B virus infection; Occult infection

Indexed keywords

HEPATITIS B SURFACE ANTIGEN; VIRUS DNA;

ARTICLE; CHRONIC LIVER DISEASE; GENE AMPLIFICATION; GOLD STANDARD; HEPATITIS B; HEPATITIS B VIRUS; HUMAN; LIVER CELL CARCINOMA; NONHUMAN; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PATHOGENESIS; VIRUS INFECTIVITY; VIRUS REPLICATION;

EID: 79955935855     PISSN: 10079327     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v17.i15.1927     Document Type: Article

References (119)

1. Candotti D, Allain JP. Transfusion-transmitted hepatitis B virus infection. J Hepatol 2009; 51: 798-809
2. Liu Y, Li P, Li C, Zhou J, Wu C, Zhou YH. Detection of hepatitis B virus DNA among accepted blood donors in Nanjing, China. Virol J 2010; 7: 193
3. Liu CJ, Chen DS, Chen PJ. Epidemiology of HBV infection in Asian blood donors: emphasis on occult HBV infection and the role of NAT. J Clin Virol 2006; 36 Suppl 1: S33-S44
4. Niederhauser C, Mansouri Taleghani B, Graziani M, Stolz M, Tinguely C, Schneider P. Blood donor screening: how to decrease the risk of transfusion-transmitted hepatitis B virus? Swiss Med Wkly 2008; 138: 134-141
5. Calderón GM, González-Velázquez F, González-Bonilla CR, Novelo-Garza B, Terrazas JJ, Martínez-Rodríguez ML, Cortés-Márquez SR, Blanco-Flores JP, Rodríguez-Rodríguez A, del Campo MA, Cortés-Gómez R, Mejía-Bocanegra MG. Prevalence and risk factors of hepatitis C virus, hepatitis B virus, and human immunodefciency virus in multiply transfused recipients in Mexico. Transfusion 2009; 49: 2200-2207
6. Kafi-abad SA, Rezvan H, Abolghasemi H, Talebian A. Prevalence and trends of human immunodefciency virus, hepatitis B virus, and hepatitis C virus among blood donors in Iran, 2004 through 2007. Transfusion 2009; 49: 2214-2220
7. Allain JP. REVIEW ARTICLE: Occult hepatitis B virus infection Hepatitis B Annual 2009; 14-30. Available from: URL:http://www.hepatitisbannual.org
8. De Mitri MS, Cassini R, Bernardi M. Hepatitis B virus-related hepatocarcinogenesis: molecular oncogenic potential of clear or occult infections. Eur J Cancer 2010; 46: 2178-2186
9. Tabor E, Hoofnagle JH, Smallwood LA, Drucker JA, Pineda-Tamondong GC, Ni LY, Greenwalt TJ, Barker LF, Gerety RJ. Studies of donors who transmit posttransfusion hepatitis. Transfusion 1979; 19: 725-731
10. Raimondo G, Allain JP, Brunetto MR, Buendia MA, Chen DS, Colombo M, Craxì A, Donato F, Ferrari C, Gaeta GB, Gerlich WH, Levrero M, Locarnini S, Michalak T, Mondelli MU, Pawlotsky JM, Pollicino T, Prati D, Puoti M, Samuel D, Shouval D, Smedile A, Squadrito G, Trépo C, Villa E, Will H, Zanetti AR, Zoulim F. Statements from the Taormina expert meeting on occult hepatitis B virus infection. J Hepatol 2008; 49: 652-657
11. Hollinger FB. Hepatitis B virus infection and transfusion medicine: science and the occult. Transfusion 2008; 48: 1001-1026
12. Giudice CL, Martinengo M, Pietrasanta P, Bocciardo L, Ma-lavasi C, Rastelli S, Faraci M, Tripodi G. Occult hepatitis B virus infection: a case of reactivation in a patient receiving immunosuppressive treatment for allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. Blood Transfus 2008; 6: 46-50
13. Raimondo G, Pollicino T, Romanò L, Zanetti AR. A 2010 update on occult hepatitis B infection. Pathol Biol (Paris) 2010; 58: 254-257
14. Allain JP. Occult hepatitis B virus infection: implications in transfusion. Vox Sang 2004; 86: 83-91
15. Allain JP. Occult hepatitis B virus infection. Transfus Clin Biol 2004; 11: 18-25
16. Bremer CM, Saniewski M, Wend UC, Torres P, Lelie N, Gerlich WH, Glebe D. Transient occult hepatitis B virus infection in a blood donor with high viremia. Transfusion 2009; 49: 1621-1629
17. Raimondo G, Pollicino T, Cacciola I, Squadrito G. Occult hepatitis B virus infection. J Hepatol 2007; 46: 160-170
18. Kleinman SH, Busch MP. Assessing the impact of HBV NAT on window period reduction and residual risk. J Clin Virol 2006; 36 Suppl 1: S23-S29
19. Gerlich WH, Bremer C, Saniewski M, Schüttler CG, Wend UC, Willems WR, Glebe D. Occult hepatitis B virus infection: detection and signifcance. Dig Dis 2010; 28: 116-125
20. Raimondo G, Navarra G, Mondello S, Costantino L, Col-loredo G, Cucinotta E, di Vita G, Scisca C, Squadrito G, Pollicino T. Occult hepatitis B virus in liver tissue of individuals without hepatic disease. J Hepatol 2008; 48: 743-746
21. Hollinger FB, Sood G. Occult hepatitis B virus infection: a covert operation. J Viral Hepat 2010; 17: 1-15
22. Prati D, Gerosa A, Porretti L. Occult HBV infection and blood transfusion. J Hepatol 2006; 44: 818; author reply 819
23. Rehermann B, Ferrari C, Pasquinelli C, Chisari FV. The hepatitis B virus persists for decades after patients' recovery from acute viral hepatitis despite active maintenance of a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte response. Nat Med 1996; 2: 1104-1108
24. Hollinger FB. Hepatitis B virus infection and transfusion medicine: science and the occult. Transfusion 2008; 48: 1001-1012
25. Ozaslan E, Purnak T. Controversies about occult hepatitis B virus infection. World J Gastroenterol 2009; 15: 4986-4987
26. Penna A, Artini M, Cavalli A, Levrero M, Bertoletti A, Pilli M, Chisari FV, Rehermann B, del Prete G, Fiaccadori F, Ferrari C. Long-lasting memory T cell responses following self-limited acute hepatitis B. J Clin Invest 1996; 98: 1185-1194
27. Zerbini A, Pilli M, Boni C, Fisicaro P, Penna A, di Vincenzo P, Giuberti T, Orlandini A, Raffa G, Pollicino T, Raimondo G, Ferrari C, Missale G. The characteristics of the cell-mediated immune response identify different profiles of occult hepatitis B virus infection. Gastroenterology 2008; 134: 1470-1481
28. Gutiérrez C, Devesa M, Loureiro CL, León G, Liprandi F, Pujol FH. Molecular and serological evaluation of surface antigen negative hepatitis B virus infection in blood donors from Venezuela. J Med Virol 2004; 73: 200-207
29. Jeantet D, Chemin I, Mandrand B, Tran A, Zoulim F, Merle P, Trepo C, Kay A. Cloning and expression of surface antigens from occult chronic hepatitis B virus infections and their recognition by commercial detection assays. J Med Virol 2004; 73: 508-515
30. Fang Y, Teng X, Xu WZ, Li D, Zhao HW, Fu LJ, Zhang FM, Gu HX. Molecular characterization and functional analysis of occult hepatitis B virus infection in Chinese patients infected with genotype C. J Med Virol 2009; 81: 826-835
31. Candotti D, Grabarczyk P, Ghiazza P, Roig R, Casamitjana N, Iudicone P, Schmidt M, Bird A, Crookes R, Brojer E, Mic-eli M, Amiri A, Li C, Allain JP. Characterization of occult hepatitis B virus from blood donors carrying genotype A2 or genotype D strains. J Hepatol 2008; 49: 537-547
32. el Chaar M, Candotti D, Crowther RA, Allain JP. Impact of hepatitis B virus surface protein mutations on the diagnosis of occult hepatitis B virus infection. Hepatology 2010; 52: 1600-1610
33. van Hemert FJ, Zaaijer HL, Berkhout B, Lukashov VV. Oc-cult hepatitis B infection: an evolutionary scenario. Virol J 2008; 5: 146
34. Hu KQ. Occult hepatitis B virus infection and its clinical implications. J Viral Hepat 2002; 9: 243-257
35. Zhang JM, Xu Y, Wang XY, Yin YK, Wu XH, Weng XH, Lu M. Coexistence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and heterologous subtype-specifc antibodies to HBsAg among patients with chronic hepatitis B virus infection. Clin Infect Dis 2007; 44: 1161-1169
36. Sagnelli E, Coppola N, Scolastico C, Filippini P, Santan-tonio T, Stroffolini T, Piccinino F. Virologic and clinical expressions of reciprocal inhibitory effect of hepatitis B, C, and delta viruses in patients with chronic hepatitis. Hepatol-ogy 2000; 32: 1106-1110
37. Sheen IS, Liaw YF, Lin DY, Chu CM. Role of hepatitis C and delta viruses in the termination of chronic hepatitis B surface antigen carrier state: a multivariate analysis in a longitudinal follow-up study. J Infect Dis 1994; 170: 358-361
38. Bellecave P, Gouttenoire J, Gajer M, Brass V, Koutsoudakis G, Blum HE, Bartenschlager R, Nassal M, Moradpour D. Hepatitis B and C virus coinfection: a novel model system reveals the absence of direct viral interference. Hepatology 2009; 50: 46-55
39. Guido M, Thung SN, Fattovich G, Cusinato R, Leandro G, Cecchetto A, Cesaro S, Panese P, Rugge M. Intrahepatic expression of hepatitis B virus antigens: effect of hepatitis C virus infection. Mod Pathol 1999; 12: 599-603
40. Chu CJ, Lee SD. Hepatitis B virus/hepatitis C virus coinfiection: epidemiology, clinical features, viral interactions and treatment. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2008; 23: 512-520
41. Said ZN, El-Sayed MH, El-Bishbishi IA, El-Fouhil DF, Ab-del-Rheem SE, El-Abedin MZ, Salama II. High prevalence of occult hepatitis B in hepatitis C-infected Egyptian children with haematological disorders and malignancies. Liver Int 2009; 29: 518-524
42. Chemin I, Trépo C. Clinical impact of occult HBV infections. J Clin Virol 2005; 34 Suppl 1: S15-S21
43. Zaghloul H, El-Sherbiny W. Detection of occult hepatitis C and hepatitis B virus infections from peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Immunol Invest 2010; 39: 284-291
44. Kannangai R, Vivekanandan P, Netski D, Mehta S, Kirk GD, Thomas DL, Torbenson M. Liver enzyme fares and occult hepatitis B in persons with chronic hepatitis C infection. J Clin Virol 2007; 39: 101-105
45. Katsoulidou A, Paraskevis D, Magiorkinis E, Moschidis Z, Haida C, Hatzitheodorou E, Varaklioti A, Karafoulidou A, Hatzitaki M, Kavallierou L, Mouzaki A, Andrioti E, Veneti C, Kaperoni A, Zervou E, Politis C, Hatzakis A. Molecular characterization of occult hepatitis B cases in Greek blood donors. J Med Virol 2009; 81: 815-825
46. Biswas R, Tabor E, Hsia CC, Wright DJ, Laycock ME, Fiebig EW, Peddada L, Smith R, Schreiber GB, Epstein JS, Nemo GJ, Busch MP. Comparative sensitivity of HBV NATs and HBsAg assays for detection of acute HBV infection. Transfusion 2003; 43: 788-798
47. Scheiblauer H, Soboll H, Nick S. Evaluation of 17 CE-marked HBsAg assays with respect to clinical sensitivity, analytical sensitivity, and hepatitis B virus mutant detection. J Med Virol 2006; 78 Suppl 1: S66-S70
48. Yoshikawa A, Gotanda Y, Minegishi K, Taira R, Hino S, Tadokoro K, Ohnuma H, Miyakawa K, Tachibana K, Mizoguchi H. Lengths of hepatitis B viremia and antigenemia in blood donors: preliminary evidence of occult (hepatitis B surface antigen-negative) infection in the acute stage. Transfusion 2007; 47: 1162-1171
49. Yuan Q, Ge S, Xiong J, Yan Q, Li Z, Hao X, Tian D, Niu J, Su Z, Chen C, Shih JW, Zhang J, Xia N. A novel immunoassay for PreS1 and/or corerelated antigens for detection of HBsAg variants. J Virol Methods 2010; 168: 108-113
50. Urbani S, Fagnoni F, Missale G, Franchini M. The role of anti-core antibody response in the detection of occult hepatitis B virus infection. Clin Chem Lab Med 2010; 48: 23-29
51. Allain JP, Candotti D, Soldan K, Sarkodie F, Phelps B, Giachetti C, Shyamala V, Yeboah F, Anokwa M, Owusu-Ofori S, Opare-Sem O. The risk of hepatitis B virus infection by transfusion in Kumasi, Ghana. Blood 2003; 101: 2419-2425
52. Roth WK, Seifried E. The German experience with NAT. Transfus Med 2002; 12: 255-258
53. Kleinman SH, Kuhns MC, Todd DS, Glynn SA, McNamara A, DiMarco A, Busch MP. Frequency of HBV DNA detection in US blood donors testing positive for the presence of anti-HBc: implications for transfusion transmission and donor screening. Transfusion 2003; 43: 696-704
54. Huang XY, Li XD, Huang XJ, Shen Q. [Occult HBV infection in patients with anti-HBc positive alone]. Zhonghua Shiyan He Linchuang Bingduxue Zazhi 2010; 24: 221-223
55. Panigrahi R, Biswas A, Datta S, Banerjee A, Chandra PK, Mahapatra PK, Patnaik B, Chakrabarti S, Chakravarty R. Anti-hepatitis B core antigen testing with detection and characterization of occult hepatitis B virus by an in-house nucleic acid testing among blood donors in Behrampur, Ganjam, Orissa in southeastern India: implications for transfusion. Virol J 2010; 7: 204
56. Boxall EH, Sira J, Standish RA, Davies P, Sleight E, Dhillon AP, Scheuer PJ, Kelly DA. Natural history of hepatitis B in perinatally infected carriers. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2004; 89: F456-F460
57. Gigi E, Lalla T, Orphanou E, Sinakos E, Vrettou E, Rapto-poulou-Gigi M. Long term follow-up of a large cohort of inactive HBsAg (+)/ HBeAg (-)/ anti-HBe (+) carriers in Greece. J Gastrointestin Liver Dis 2007; 16: 19-22
58. Zacharakis G, Koskinas J, Kotsiou S, Pouliou E, Papoutselis M, Tzara F, Vafeiadis N, Maltezos E, Archimandritis A, Pa-poutselis K. Natural history of chronic hepatitis B virus infection in children of different ethnic origins: a cohort study with up to 12 years' follow-up in northern Greece. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2007; 44: 84-91
59. Coffin CS, Pham TN, Mulrooney PM, Churchill ND, Michalak TI. Persistence of isolated antibodies to woodchuck hepatitis virus core antigen is indicative of occult infection. Hepatology 2004; 40: 1053-1061
60. Baylis SA, Heath AB, Chudy M, Pisani G, Klotz A, Kerby S, Gerlich W. An international collaborative study to establish the 2nd World Health Organization International Standard for hepatitis B virus DNA nucleic acid amplifcation technology-based assays. Vox Sang 2008; 94: 358-362
61. Sato S, Ohhashi W, Ihara H, Sakaya S, Kato T, Ikeda H. Comparison of the sensitivity of NAT using pooled donor samples for HBV and that of a serologic HBsAg assay. Transfusion 2001; 41: 1107-1113
62. Yotsuyanagi H, Yasuda K, Moriya K, Shintani Y, Fujie H, Tsutsumi T, Nojiri N, Juji T, Hoshino H, Shimoda K, Hino K, Kimura S, Iino S, Koike K. Frequent presence of HBV in the sera of HBsAg-negative, anti-HBc-positive blood donors. Transfusion 2001; 41: 1093-1099
63. Koppelman MH, Sjerps MC, Reesink HW, Cuypers HT. Evaluation of COBAS AmpliPrep nucleic acid extraction in conjunction with COBAS AmpliScreen HBV DNA, HCV RNA and HIV-1 RNA amplification and detection. Vox Sang 2005; 89: 193-200
64. Kleinman SH, Strong DM, Tegtmeier GG, Holland PV, Gor-lin JB, Cousins C, Chiacchierini RP, Pietrelli LA. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA screening of blood donations in mini-pools with the COBAS AmpliScreen HBV test. Transfusion 2005; 45: 1247-1257
65. Hennig H, Puchta I, Luhm J, Schlenke P, Goerg S, Kirchner H. Frequency and load of hepatitis B virus DNA in first-time blood donors with antibodies to hepatitis B core antigen. Blood 2002; 100: 2637-2641
66. Chevrier MC, St-Louis M, Perreault J, Caron B, Castilloux C, Laroche J, Delage G. Detection and characterization of hepatitis B virus of anti-hepatitis B core antigen-reactive blood donors in Quebec with an in-house nucleic acid testing assay. Transfusion 2007; 47: 1794-1802
67. O'Brien SF, Fearon MA, Yi QL, Fan W, Scalia V, Muntz IR, Vamvakas EC. Hepatitis B virus DNA-positive, hepatitis B surface antigen-negative blood donations intercepted by anti-hepatitis B core antigen testing: the Canadian Blood Services experience. Transfusion 2007; 47: 1809-1815
68. Hourfar MK, Jork C, Schottstedt V, Weber-Schehl M, Brixner V, Busch MP, Geusendam G, Gubbe K, Mahnhardt C, Mayr-Wohlfart U, Pichl L, Roth WK, Schmidt M, Seifried E, Wright DJ. Experience of German Red Cross blood do nor services with nucleic acid testing: results of screening more than 30 million blood donations for human immuno- defciency virus-1, hepatitis C virus, and hepatitis B virus. Transfusion 2008; 48: 1558-1566
69. Stramer SL. Current risks of transfusion-transmitted agents: a review. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2007; 131: 702-707
70. Brojer E, Grabarczyk P, Liszewski G, Mikulska M, Allain JP, Letowska M. Characterization of HBV DNA+/HBsAg-blood donors in Poland identifed by triplex NAT. Hepatology 2006; 44: 1666-1674
71. Velati C, Romanò L, Fomiatti L, Baruff L, Zanetti AR. Impact of nucleic acid testing for hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, and human immunodeficiency virus on the safety of blood supply in Italy: a 6-year survey. Transfusion 2008; 48: 2205-2213
72. Ramia S, Ramlawi F, Kanaan M, Klayme S, Naman R. Frequency and significance of antibodies against hepatitis B core (anti-HBc) antigen as the only serological marker for hepatitis B infection in Lebanese blood donors. Epidemiol Infect 2005; 133: 695-699
73. Katsoulidou A, Moschidis Z, Sypsa V, Chini M, Papatheodo-ridis GV, Tassopoulos NC, Mimidis K, Karafoulidou A, Hatzakis A. Analytical and clinical sensitivity of the Procleix Ultrio HIV-1/HCV/HBV assay in samples with a low viral load. Vox Sang 2007; 92: 8-14
74. Manzini P, Girotto M, Borsotti R, Giachino O, Guaschino R, Lanteri M, Testa D, Ghiazza P, Vacchini M, Danielle F, Pizzi A, Valpreda C, Castagno F, Curti F, Magistroni P, Abate ML, Smedile A, Rizzetto M. Italian blood donors with anti-HBc and occult hepatitis B virus infection. Haematologica 2007; 92: 1664-1670
75. Owusu-Ofori S, Temple J, Sarkodie F, Anokwa M, Candotti D, Allain JP. Predonation screening of blood donors with rapid tests: implementation and effcacy of a novel approach to blood safety in resource-poor settings. Transfusion 2005; 45: 133-140
76. Vermeulen M, Lelie N, Sykes W, Crookes R, Swanevelder J, Gaggia L, le Roux M, Kuun E, Gulube S, Reddy R. Impact of individual-donation nucleic acid testing on risk of human immunodefciency virus, hepatitis B virus, and hepatitis C virus transmission by blood transfusion in South Africa. Transfusion 2009; 49: 1115-1125
77. Margaritis AR, Brown SM, Seed CR, Kiely P, D'Agostino B, Keller AJ. Comparison of two automated nucleic acid testing systems for simultaneous detection of human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis C virus RNA and hepatitis B virus DNA. Transfusion 2007; 47: 1783-1793
78. Nantachit N, Thaikruea L, Thongsawat S, Leetrakool N, Fongsatikul L, Sompan P, Fong YL, Nichols D, Ziermann R, Ness P, Nelson KE. Evaluation of a multiplex human immunodeficiency virus-1, hepatitis C virus, and hepatitis B virus nucleic acid testing assay to detect viremic blood donors in northern Thailand. Transfusion 2007; 47: 1803-1808
79. Li L, Chen PJ, Chen MH, Chak KF, Lin KS, Tsai SJ. A pilot study for screening blood donors in Taiwan by nucleic acid amplification technology: detecting occult hepatitis B virus infections and closing the serologic window period for hepatitis C virus. Transfusion 2008; 48: 1198-1206
80. Makroo RN, Choudhury N, Jagannathan L, Parihar-Mal-hotra M, Raina V, Chaudhary RK, Marwaha N, Bhatia NK, Ganguly AK. Multicenter evaluation of individual donor mm-nucleic acid testing (NAT) for simultaneous detection of human immunodeficiency virus -1 & hepatitis B & C viruses in Indian blood donors. Indian J Med Res 2008; 127: 140-147
81. Barcena R, Moraleda G, Moreno J, Martín MD, de Vicente E, Nuño J, Mateos ML, del Campo S. Prevention of de novo HBV infection by the presence of anti-HBs in transplanted patients receiving core antibody-positive livers. World J Gastroenterol 2006; 12: 2070-2074
82. Dodson SF. Prevention of de novo hepatitis B infection after liver transplantation with allografts from hepatitis B core antibody positive donors. Clin Transplant 2000; 14 Suppl 2: 20-24
83. Roque-Afonso AM, Feray C, Samuel D, Simoneau D, Roche B, Emile JF, Gigou M, Shouval D, Dussaix E. Antibodies to hepatitis B surface antigen prevent viral reactivation in recipients of liver grafts from anti-HBC positive donors. Gut 2002; 50: 95-99
84. Roche B, Feray C, Gigou M, Roque-Afonso AM, Arulnaden JL, Delvart V, Dussaix E, Guettier C, Bismuth H, Samuel D. HBV DNA persistence 10 years after liver transplantation despite successful anti-HBS passive immunoprophylaxis. Hepatology 2003; 38: 86-95
85. Prince AM, Lee DH, Brotman B. Infectivity of blood from PCR-positive, HBsAg-negative, anti-HBs-positive cases of resolved hepatitis B infection. Transfusion 2001; 41: 329-332
86. Matsumoto C, Tadokoro K, Fujimura K, Hirakawa S, Mitsunaga S, Juji T. Analysis of HBV infection after blood transfusion in Japan through investigation of a comprehensive donor specimen repository. Transfusion 2001; 41: 878-884
87. Minuk GY, Sun DF, Uhanova J, Zhang M, Caouette S, Nicolle LE, Gutkin A, Doucette K, Martin B, Giulivi A. Occult hepatitis B virus infection in a North American community-based population. J Hepatol 2005; 42: 480-485
88. Shi YH, Shi CH. Molecular characteristics and stages of chronic hepatitis B virus infection. World J Gastroenterol 2009; 15: 3099-3105
89. Torbenson M, Thomas DL. Occult hepatitis B. Lancet Infect Dis 2002; 2: 479-486
90. Levicnik-Stezinar S, Rahne-Potokar U, Candotti D, Lelie N, Allain JP. Anti-HBs positive occult hepatitis B virus carrier blood infectious in two transfusion recipients. J Hepatol 2008; 48: 1022-1025
91. Satake M, Taira R, Yugi H, Hino S, Kanemitsu K, Ikeda H, Tadokoro K. Infectivity of blood components with low hepatitis B virus DNA levels identifed in a lookback program. Transfusion 2007; 47: 1197-1205
92. Bouike Y, Imoto S, Mabuchi O, Kokubunji A, Kai S, Okada M, Taniguchi R, Momose S, Uchida S, Nishio H. Infectivity of HBV DNA positive donations identifed in look-back studies in Hyogo-Prefecture, Japan. Transfus Med 2011; 21: 107-115
93. Wang JT, Lee CZ, Chen PJ, Wang TH, Chen DS. Transfusion-transmitted HBV infection in an endemic area: the necessity of more sensitive screening for HBV carriers. Transfusion 2002; 42: 1592-1597
94. Gerlich WH, Wagner FF, Chudy M, Harrishoj LH, Latter-menn A, Wienzek S, Glebe D, Saniewski M, Schüttler CG, Wend U C, Willems W R, Bauerfeind U, Jork C, Bein G, Platz P, Ullum H, Dickmeiss E. HBsAg non-reactive HBV infection in blood donors: transmission and pathogenicity. J Med Virol 2007; 79: S32-S36
95. Soldan K, Barbara JA, Dow BC. Transfusion-transmitted hepatitis B virus infection in the UK: a small and moving target. Vox Sang 2002; 83: 305-308
96. Su TH, Chen PJ, Chen TC, Cheng HR, Li L, Lin KS, Kao JH, Chen DS, Liu CJ. The clinical signifcance of occult hepatitis B transfusion in Taiwan--a look-back study. Transfus Med 2011; 21: 33-41
97. Liu Y, Li P, Li C, Zhou J, Wu C, Zhou YH. Detection of hepatitis B virus DNA among accepted blood donors in Nanjing, China. Virol J 2010; 7: 193
98. Panigrahi R, Biswas A, Datta S, Banerjee A, Chandra PK, Mahapatra PK, Patnaik B, Chakrabarti S, Chakravarty R. Anti-hepatitis B core antigen testing with detection and characterization of occult hepatitis B virus by an in-house nucleic acid testing among blood donors in Behrampur, Ganjam, Orissa in southeastern India: implications for transfusion. Virol J 2010; 7: 204
99. Yuen MF, Lee CK, Wong DK, Fung J, Hung I, Hsu A, But DY, Cheung TK, Chan P, Yuen JC, Fung FK, Seto WK, Lin CK, Lai CL. Prevalence of occult hepatitis B infection in a highly endemic area for chronic hepatitis B: a study of a large blood donor population. Gut 2010; 59: 1389-1393
100. Liu CJ, Lo SC, Kao JH, Tseng PT, Lai MY, Ni YH, Yeh SH, Chen PJ, Chen DS. Transmission of occult hepatitis B virus by transfusion to adult and pediatric recipients in Taiwan. J Hepatol 2006; 44: 39-46
101. Allain JP. Occult hepatitis B virus infection and transfusion. J Hepatol 2006; 44: 617-619; author reply
102. Mrani S, Chemin I, Menouar K, Guillaud O, Pradat P, Borghi G, Trabaud MA, Chevallier P, Chevallier M, Zoulim F, Trépo C. Occult HBV infection may represent a major risk factor of non-response to antiviral therapy of chronic hepatitis C. J Med Virol 2007; 79: 1075-1081
103. Ikeda M, Kato N. Life style-related diseases of the digestive system: cell culture system for the screening of anti-hepatitis C virus (HCV) reagents: suppression of HCV replication by statins and synergistic action with interferon. J Pharmacol Sci 2007; 105: 145-150
104. Matsuoka S, Nirei K, Tamura A, Nakamura H, Matsumura H, Oshiro S, Arakawa Y, Yamagami H, Tanaka N, Moriyama M. Infuence of occult hepatitis B virus coinfection on the incidence of fibrosis and hepatocellular carcinoma in chronic hepatitis C. Intervirology 2008; 51: 352-361
105. Leung VK, Lee CK, Chau TN, Cheung WI, Lo FH, Lai KB, Lin CK. A probable case of transfusion-transmitted hepatitis B virus infection in an immunosuppressed recipient caused by an occult HBV-infected donor with negative ID-NAT. Transfus Med 2010; 20: 276-277
106. Ikeda K, Kobayashi M, Someya T, Saitoh S, Hosaka T, Aku-ta N, Suzuki F, Suzuki Y, Arase Y, Kumada H. Occult hepatitis B virus infection increases hepatocellular carcinogenesis by eight times in patients with non-B, non-C liver cirrhosis: a cohort study. J Viral Hepat 2009; 16: 437-443
107. Hamabe J, Fukushima Y, Harada N, Abe K, Matsuo N, Nagai T, Yoshioka A, Tonoki H, Tsukino R, Niikawa N. Molecular study of the Prader-Willi syndrome: deletion, RFLP, and phenotype analyses of 50 patients. Am J Med Genet 1991; 41: 54-63
108. Knöll A, Boehm S, Hahn J, Holler E, Jilg W. Long-term surveillance of haematopoietic stem cell recipients with resolved hepatitis B: high risk of viral reactivation even in a recipient with a vaccinated donor. J Viral Hepat 2007; 14: 478-483
109. di Stefano M, Volpe A, Stallone G, Tartaglia L, Prato R, Martinelli D, Pastore G, Gesualdo L, Fiore JR. Occult HBV infection in hemodialysis setting is marked by presence of isolated antibodies to HBcAg and HCV. J Nephrol 2009; 22: 381-386
110. Aghakhani A, Banifazl M, Kalantar E, Eslamifar A, Ahmadi F, Razeghi E, Atabak S, Amini M, Khadem-Sadegh A, Ramezani A. Occult hepatitis B virus infection in hemodialysis patients with isolated hepatitis B core antibody: a multi-center study. Ther Apher Dial 2010; 14: 349-353
111. Jardim RN, Gonçales NS, Pereira JS, Fais VC, Gonçales FL. Occult hepatitis B virus infection in immunocom-promised patients. Braz J Infect Dis 2008; 12: 300-305
112. Demir M, Serin E, Göktürk S, Ozturk NA, Kulaksizoglu S, Ylmaz U. The prevalence of occult hepatitis B virus infection in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2008; 20: 668-673
113. Ghisetti V, Marzano A, Zamboni F, Barbui A, Franchello A, Gaia S, Marchiaro G, Salizzoni M, Rizzetto M. Occult hepatitis B virus infection in HBsAg negative patients undergoing liver transplantation: clinical signifcance. Liver Transpl 2004; 10: 356-362
114. Cholongitas E, Papatheodoridis GV, Burroughs AK. Liver grafts from anti-hepatitis B core positive donors: a systematic review. J Hepatol 2010; 52: 272-279
115. Satterthwaite R, Ozgu I, Shidban H, Aswad S, Sunga V, Zapanta R Jr, Asai P, Bogaard T, Khetan U, Mendez RG, Mendez R. Risks of transplanting kidneys from hepatitis B surface antigen-negative, hepatitis B core antibody-positive donors. Transplantation 1997; 64: 432-435
116. Pinney SP, Cheema FH, Hammond K, Chen JM, Edwards NM, Mancini D. Acceptable recipient outcomes with the use of hearts from donors with hepatitis-B core antibodies. J Heart Lung Transplant 2005; 24: 34-37
117. Schmeltzer P, Sherman KE. Occult hepatitis B: clinical implications and treatment decisions. Dig Dis Sci 2010; 55: 3328-3335
118. Zervou EK, Dalekos GN, Boumba DS, Tsianos EV. Value of anti-HBc screening of blood donors for prevention of HBV infection: results of a 3-year prospective study in Northwestern Greece. Transfusion 2001; 41: 652-658
119. Bréchot C, Thiers V, Kremsdorf D, Nalpas B, Pol S, Paterli-ni-Bréchot P. Persistent hepatitis B virus infection in subjects without hepatitis B surface antigen: clinically signifcant or purely "occult"? Hepatology 2001; 34: 194-203