What do we really know about corporate career women expatriates?

European Journal of International Management

Volumn 5, Issue 3, 2011, Pages 209-234

  Shortland, Susan ^a   Altman, Yochanan ^a  

^a LONDON METROPOLITAN UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Corporate careers; Expatriates; Gender; International assignments; International management; Women

Indexed keywords

EID: 79955804666     PISSN: 17516757     EISSN: 17516765     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1504/EJIM.2011.039939     Document Type: Article

References (102)

1. Ackers, L. (2004) 'Managing relationships in peripatetic careers: scientific mobility in the European Union', Women's Studies International Forum, Vol. 27, No. 3, pp.189-201. (Pubitemid 39142769)
2. Adler, N.J. (1979) 'Women as androgynous managers: a conceptualization of the potential for American women in international management', International Journal of Intercultural Relations, Vol. 3, No. 4, pp.407-436.
3. Adler, N.J. (1984a) 'Women in international management: where are they?', California Management Review, Vol. 16, No. 4, pp.78-89.
4. Adler, N.J. (1984b) 'Expecting international success: female managers overseas', Columbia Journal of World Business, Vol. 19, No. 3, pp.79-85.
5. Adler, N.J. (1984c) 'Women do not want international careers: and other myths about international management', Organizational Dynamics, Vol. 13, pp.66-79.
6. Adler, N.J. (1986) 'Do MBAs want international careers?', International Journal of Intercultural Relations, Vol. 10, No. 3, pp.277-300.
7. Adler, N.J. (1987) 'Pacific basin managers: a gaijin, not a woman', Human Resource Management, Vol. 26, No. 2, pp.169-191.
8. Adler, N.J. (1993a) 'Competitive frontiers - women managers in the triad', International Studies of Management and Organization, Vol. 23, No. 2, pp.3-23.
9. Adler, N.J. (1993b) 'An international perspective on the barriers to the advancement of women managers', Applied Psychology - An International Review, Vol. 42, No. 4, pp.289-300.
10. Adler, N.J. (1994) 'Competitive frontiers: women managing across borders', Journal of Management Development, Vol. 13, No. 2, pp.24-41.
11. Adler, N.J. (2002) 'Global managers: no longer men alone', The International Journal of Human Resource Management, Vol. 13, No. 5, pp.743-761.
12. Altman, Y. and Shortland, S. (2001) 'Women, aliens and international assignments', Women in Management Review, Vol. 16, No. 3, pp.141-145.
13. Altman, Y. and Shortland, S. (2008) 'Women and international assignments: taking stock - a 25 year review', Human Resource Management, Vol. 42, No. 2, pp.199-216.
14. Andresen, M., Hristozova, E. and Lieberum, U.B. (2006) 'Gender diversity and organizational success: the impact of female foreign assignments', in Morley, M.J., Heraty, N. and Collings, D.G. (Eds): New Directions in Expatriate Research, Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke, pp.142-165.
15. Baruch, Y. and Holtom, B.C. (2008) 'Survey response rate levels and trends in organizational research', Human Relations, Vol. 61, No. 8, pp.1139-1160.
16. Brewerton, P. and Millward, L. (2001) Organizational Research Methods, Sage, London.
17. Brookfield (2009) Global Relocation Trends: 2009 Survey Report, Brookfield Global Relocation Services/National Foreign Trade Council, Chicago.
18. Caligiuri, P.M., Joshi, A. and Lazarova, M. (1999) 'Factors influencing the adjustment of women on global assignments', The International Journal of Human Resource Management, Vol. 10, No. 2, pp.163-179.
19. Caligiuri, P.M. and Tung, R.L. (1999) 'Comparing the success of male and female expatriates from a US-based multinational company', The International Journal of Human Resource Management, Vol. 10, No. 5, pp.763-782.
20. Connerley, M.L., Mecham, R.L. and Strauss, J.P. (2008) 'Gender differences in leadership competencies, expatriate readiness and performance', Gender in Management: An International Journal, Vol. 23, No. 5, pp.300-316.
21. Culpan, O. and Wright, G.H. (2002) 'Women abroad: getting the best results from women managers', The International Journal of Human Resource Management, Vol. 13, No. 5, pp.784-801.
22. Dallalfar, A. and Movahedi, S. (1996) 'Women in multinational corporations: old myths, new constructions and some deconstruction', Organization, Vol. 3, No. 4, pp.546-559. (Pubitemid 126678515)
23. De Cieri, H., Cox, J.W. and Fenwick, M. (2007) 'A review of international human resource management: integration, interrogation, imitation', International Journal of Management Reviews, Vol. 9, No. 4, pp.281-302.
24. Eisenhardt, K.M. (1989) 'Building theories from case study research', Academy of Management Review, Vol. 14, No. 4, pp.532-550.
25. Fischlmayr, I.C. (2002) 'Female self perception as barrier to international careers?', The International Journal of Human Resource Management, Vol. 13, No. 5, pp.773-783.
26. Fish, A. (2005) 'Assisting cross-border manager adjustment: psycho-cultural and socio-cultural interventions', Personnel Review, Vol. 34, No. 2, pp.225-245. (Pubitemid 40687470)
27. Forster, N. (1997) 'The persistent myth of high expatriate failure rates': a reappraisal', The International Journal of Human Resource Management, Vol. 8, No. 4, pp.414-433.
28. Forster, N. (1999) 'Another "glass ceiling": the experiences of women professionals and managers on international assignments', Gender, Work & Organization, Vol. 6, No. 2, pp.79-90. (Pubitemid 29276304)
29. Gordon, G.D. and Teagarden, M.B. (1992) 'Corporate selection strategies and international manager success', Proceedings of 1st International Conference on Expatriate Management, School of Business, Hong Kong Baptist College, Hong Kong, pp.17-24.
30. Hardill, I., Green, A.E., Dudleston, A.C. and Owen, D.W. (1997) 'Who decides what? Decision making in dual-career households', Work, Employment and Society, Vol. 11, pp.313-326.
31. Harris, H. (2002) 'Think international manager, think male: why are women not selected for international management assignments?', Thunderbird International Business Review, Vol. 44, No. 2, pp.175-203.
32. Harris, H. and Dickmann, M. (2005) International Management Development, CIPD, London.
33. Hartl, K. (2004) 'The expatriate career transition and women managers' experiences', Women in Management Review, Vol. 19, No. 1, pp.40-51.
34. Harvey, M. (1997) 'Dual-career expatriates: expectations, adjustment and satisfaction with international relocation', Journal of International Business Studies, Vol. 28, No. 3, pp.627-658.
35. Harvey, M. and Moeller, M. (2009) 'Expatriate managers: a historical review', International Journal of Management Reviews, Vol. 11, No. 3, pp.275-296.
36. Harzing, A-W. (2001) 'An analysis of the functions of international transfer of managers in MNCs', Employee Relations, Vol. 23, No. 6, pp.581-598.
37. Hearn, J., Jyrkinen, M., Piekkari, R. and Oinonen, E. (2008) '"Women home and away": transnational managerial work and gender relations', Journal of Business Ethics, Vol. 83, No. 1, pp.41-54.
38. Holopainen, J. and Björkman, I. (2005) 'The personal characteristics of the successful expatriate: a critical review of the literature and an empirical investigation', Personnel Review, Vol. 34, No. 1, pp.37-50. (Pubitemid 40251284)
39. Hutchings, K., French, E. and Hatcher, T. (2008) 'Lament of the ignored expatriate: an examination of organisational and social network support for female expatriates in China', Equal Opportunities International, Vol. 27, No. 4, pp.372-391.
40. Igbaria, M. and Shayo, C. (1997) 'The impact of race and gender differences on job performance evaluations and career success', Equal Opportunities International, Vol. 16, No. 8, pp.12-23. (Pubitemid 128041162)
41. Izraeli, D. and Zeira. Y, (1993) 'Women managers in international business: a research review and appraisal', Business and the Contemporary World, Vol. 5, pp.35-46.
42. Janssens, M., Cappellen, T. and Zanoni, P. (2006) 'Successful female expatriates as agents: positioning oneself through gender, hierarchy and culture', Journal of World Business, Vol. 41, No. 2, pp.133-148. (Pubitemid 43632412)
43. Jelinek, M. and Adler, N.J. (1988) 'Women: world-class managers for global competition', The Academy of Management Executive, Vol. 2, No. 1, pp.11-19.
44. Julius, C. (1982) 'The human problems of working overseas', in Lewis, B. (Ed.): The Management of Expatriates, Institute of Personnel Management, London, pp.8-60.
45. Kanter, R.M. (1977) Men and Women of the Corporation, Basic Books, New York, NY.
46. Lee, R.M. (1993) Doing Research on Sensitive Topics, Sage, London.
47. Linehan, M. (2001a) 'Women international managers: the European experience', Cross Cultural Management, Vol. 8, Nos. 3-4, pp.68-84. (Pubitemid 33330473)
48. Linehan, M. (2001b) 'Networking for female managers' career development: empirical evidence', Journal of Management Development, Vol. 20, No. 10, pp.823-829.
49. Linehan, M. (2002) 'Senior female international managers: empirical evidence from Western Europe', The International Journal of Human Resource Management, Vol. 13, No. 5, pp.802-814.
50. Linehan, M. and Scullion, H. (2001a) 'European female expatriate careers: critical success factors', Journal of European Industrial Training, Vol. 25, No. 8, pp.392-418. (Pubitemid 33363991)
51. Linehan, M. and Scullion, H. (2001b) 'Selection, training, and development for female international executives', Career Development International, Vol. 6, No. 6, pp.318-323. (Pubitemid 33347887)
52. Linehan, M. and Scullion, H. (2001c) 'Challenges for female international managers: evidence from Europe', Journal of Managerial Psychology, Vol. 16, No. 3, pp.215-228. (Pubitemid 33282363)
53. Linehan, M. and Scullion, H. (2002a) 'Repatriation of European female corporate executives: an empirical study', The International Journal of Human Resource Management, Vol. 13, No. 2, pp.254-267.
54. Linehan, M. and Scullion, H. (2002b) 'The repatriation of female international managers: an empirical study', International Journal of Manpower, Vol. 23, No. 7, pp.649-658. (Pubitemid 36288967)
55. Linehan, M. and Scullion, H. (2002c) 'Repatriation of female executives: empirical evidence from Europe', Women in Management Review, Vol. 17, No. 2, pp.80-88.
56. Linehan, M. and Scullion, H. (2008) 'The development of female global managers: the role of mentoring and networking', Journal of Business Ethics, Vol. 83, No. 1, pp.29-40.
57. Linehan, M., Scullion, H. and Walsh, J.S. (2001) 'Barriers to women's participation in international management', European Business Review, Vol. 13, No. 1, pp.10-18. (Pubitemid 33236221)
58. Linehan, M. and Walsh, J.S. (1999a) 'Senior female international managers: breaking the glass border', Women in Management Review, Vol. 14, No. 7, pp.264-272.
59. Linehan, M. and Walsh, J.S. (1999b) 'Recruiting and developing female managers for international assignments', The Journal of Management Development, Vol. 18, No. 6, pp.521-530.
60. Linehan, M. and Walsh, J.S. (1999c) 'Mentoring relationships and the female managerial career', Career Development International, Vol. 4, No. 7, pp.348-352.
61. Linehan, M. and Walsh, J.S. (2000a) 'Work-family conflict and the senior female international manager', British Journal of Management, Vol. 11, pp.S49-S58.
62. Linehan, M. and Walsh, J.S. (2000b) 'Beyond the traditional linear view of international managerial careers: a new model of the senior female career in an international context', Journal of European Industrial Training, Vol. 24, Nos. 2-4, pp.178-189.
63. Linehan, M. and Walsh, J.S. (2001) 'Key issues in the senior female international career move: a qualitative study in a European context', British Journal of Management, Vol. 12, No. 1, pp.85-95.
64. Mathur-Helm, B. (2002) 'Expatriate women managers: at the crossroads of success, challenges and career goals', Women in Management Review, Vol. 17, No. 1, pp.18-28.
65. Mayerhofer, H., Hartmann, L.C. and Herbert, A. (2004) 'Career management issues for flexpatriate international staff', Thunderbird International Business Review, Vol. 46, No. 6, pp.647-666.
66. Mayrhofer, W. and Scullion, H. (2002) 'Female expatriates in international business: empirical evidence from the German clothing industry', The International Journal of Human Resource Management, Vol. 13, No. 5, pp.815-836.
67. Moore, M.J. (2002) 'Same ticket, different trip: supporting dual-career couples on global assignments', Women in Management Review, Vol. 17, No. 2, pp.61-67.
68. Napier, N.K. and Taylor, S. (2002) 'Experiences of women professionals abroad: comparisons across Japan, China and Turkey', The International Journal of Human Resource Management, Vol. 13, No. 5, pp.837-851.
69. ORC (2005) Dual Careers and International Assignments Survey, Organization Resources Counselors, Inc., London.
70. ORC Worldwide (2008) Dual Careers and International Assignments Survey, Organization Resources Counselors, Inc., New York, NY.
71. Podsakoff, P.M., MacKenzie, S.B., Lee, J-Y. and Podsakoff, N.P. (2003) 'Common method biases in behavioural research: a critical review of the literature and recommended remedies', Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 88, No. 5, pp.879-903. (Pubitemid 37239703)
72. Punnett, B.J., Crocker, O. and Stevens, M.A. (1992) 'The challenge for women expatriates and spouses: some empirical evidence', The International Journal of Human Resource Management, Vol. 3, No. 3, pp.585-592.
73. Richardson, J. and Mallon, M. (2005) 'Career interrupted? The case of the self-directed expatriate', Journal of World Business, Vol. 40, No. 4, pp.409-420. (Pubitemid 41574493)
74. Selmer, J. and Leung, A.S.M. (2002) 'Career management issues of female business expatriates', Career Development International, Vol. 7, No. 6, pp.348-358.
75. Selmer, J. and Leung, A.S.M. (2003a) 'Provision and adequacy of corporate support to male expatriate spouses: an exploratory study', Personnel Review, Vol. 32, No. 1, pp.9-21. (Pubitemid 36294441)
76. Selmer, J. and Leung, A.S.M. (2003b) 'International adjustment of female vs. male business expatriates', The International Journal of Human Resource Management, Vol. 14, No. 7, pp.1117-1131. (Pubitemid 37492126)
77. Selmer, J. and Leung, A.S.M. (2003c) 'Expatriate career intentions of women on foreign assignments and their adjustment', Journal of Managerial Psychology, Vol. 18, No. 3, pp.244-258.
78. Selmer, J. and Leung, A.S.M. (2003d) 'Personal characteristics of female vs. male business expatriates', International Journal of Cross Cultural Management, Vol. 3, No. 2, pp.195-212.
79. Selmer, J. and Leung, A.S.M. (2003e) 'Are corporate career development activities less available to female than to male expatriates?', Journal of Business Ethics, Vol. 43, Nos. 1-2, pp.125-136. (Pubitemid 38097389)
80. Selmer, J. and Leung, A.S.M. (2007) 'Symptom and problem focused coping strategies of business women expatriates and their socio-cultural adjustment in Hong Kong', Women in Management Review, Vol. 22, No. 7, pp.588-605.
81. Selmer, J., Chiu, R.K. and Shenkar, O. (2007) 'Cultural distance asymmetry in expatriate adjustment', Cross Cultural Management: An International Journal, Vol. 14, No. 2, pp.150-160.
82. Sinangil, H.K. and Ones, D.S. (2003) 'Gender differences in expatriate job performance', Applied Psychology: An International Review, Vol. 52, No. 3, pp.461-475. (Pubitemid 36795296)
83. Spector, P.E. (2006) 'Method variance in organizational research - truth or urban legend?', Organizational Research Methods, Vol. 9, No. 2, pp.221-232. (Pubitemid 43907721)
84. Stone, R.J. (1991) 'Expatriate selection and failure', Human Resource Planning, Vol. 14, No. 1, pp.9-18.
85. Stroh, L.K., Varma, A. and Valy-Durbin, S.J. (2000) 'Why are women left at home: are they unwilling to go on international assignments?', Journal of World Business, Vol. 35, No. 3, pp.241-255.
86. Tang, T.L-P. (2010) 'Money, the meaning of money, management, spirituality, and religion', Journal of Management, Spirituality & Religion, Vol. 7, No. 2, pp.173-189.
87. Taylor, S. and Napier, N. (1996a) 'Working in Japan: lessons from women expatriates', Sloan Management Review, Vol. 37, No. 3, pp.76-84.
88. Taylor, S. and Napier, N.K. (1996b) 'Successful women expatriates: the case of Japan', Journal of International Management, Vol. 2, No. 1, pp.51-78.
89. Taylor, S. and Napier, N.K. (2001) 'An American woman in Turkey: adventures unexpected and knowledge unplanned', Human Resource Management, Vol. 40, No. 4, pp.347-364.
90. Terjesen, S. and Singh, V. (2008) 'Female presence on corporate boards: a multi-country study of environmental context', Journal of Business Ethics, Vol. 83, No. 1, pp.55-63.
91. Thang, L.L., MacLachlan, E. and Goda, M. (2002) 'Expatriates on the margins - a study of Japanese women working in Singapore', Geoforum, Vol. 33, No. 4, pp.539-551.
92. Tharenou, P. (2003) 'The initial development of receptivity to working abroad: self-initiated international work opportunities in young graduate employees', Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, Vol. 76, No. 4, pp.489-515. (Pubitemid 38750585)
93. Tharenou, P. (2008) 'Disruptive decisions to leave home: gender and family differences in expatriation choices', Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, Vol. 105, pp.183-200.
94. Tung, R.L. (1998) 'American expatriates abroad: from neophytes to cosmopolitans', Journal of World Business, Vol. 33, No. 2, pp.125-144. (Pubitemid 128638387)
95. Tung, R.L. (2004) 'Female expatriates: the model global manager?', Organizational Dynamics, Vol. 33, No. 3, pp.243-253. (Pubitemid 39195948)
96. Tzeng, R. (2006) 'Gender issues and family concerns for women with international careers: female expatriates in Western multinational corporations in Taiwan', Women in Management Review, Vol. 21, No. 5, pp.376-392. (Pubitemid 44322356)
97. Varma, A. and Stroh, L.K. (2001) 'Different perspectives on selection for international assignments: the impact of LMX and gender', Cross Cultural Management, Vol. 8, Nos. 3-4, pp.85-97. (Pubitemid 33330474)
98. Volkmar, J.A. and Westbrook, K.L. (2005) 'Does a decade make a difference? A second look at western women working in Japan?', Women in Management Review, Vol. 20, No. 7, pp.464-477. (Pubitemid 41600988)
99. West, C. and Zimmerman, D.H. (1987) 'Doing gender', Gender and Society, Vol. 1, pp.125-151.
100. Westwood, R.I. and Leung, S.M. (1994) 'The female expatriate manager experience', International Studies of Management and Organization, Vol. 24, No. 3, pp.64-85.
101. Yeoh, B.S.A. and Khoo, L-M. (1998) 'Home, work and community: skilled international migration and expatriate women in Singapore', International Migration, Vol. 36, No. 2, pp.159-186. (Pubitemid 28359019)
102. Yeoh, B.S.A. and Willis, K. (2005) 'Singaporeans in China: transnational women elites and the negotiation of gendered identities', Geoforum, Vol. 36, No. 2, pp.211-222. (Pubitemid 40240396)