Anatomical organization of the melanin-concentrating hormone peptide family in the mammalian brain

General and Comparative Endocrinology

Volumn 172, Issue 2, 2011, Pages 185-197

  Bittencourt, Jackson C ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SÃO PAULO   (Brazil)

Author keywords

Arousal; Feeding behavior; Hypothalamic area; Hypothalamic hormones melanin concentrating hormone; Lateral; Motivated behaviors; Neuropeptides; Oligopeptides neuropeptide ei

Indexed keywords

AGOUTI RELATED PROTEIN; ALPHA INTERMEDIN; BETA ENDORPHIN; BETA LIPOTROPIN; COCAINE AND AMPHETAMINE REGULATED TRANSCRIPT PEPTIDE; GLUTAMATE DECARBOXYLASE 67; MELANIN CONCENTRATING HORMONE; MELANIN CONCENTRATING HORMONE RECEPTOR 1; NEUROPEPTIDE; NEUROPEPTIDE EI; NEUROPEPTIDE GE; OREXIN; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ARCUATE NUCLEUS; AROUSAL; CELLULAR DISTRIBUTION; DORSOMEDIAL HYPOTHALAMIC NUCLEUS; HUMAN; HYPOTHALAMIC PARAVENTRICULAR NUCLEUS; HYPOTHALAMUS VENTROMEDIAL NUCLEUS; LATERAL HYPOTHALAMUS; MAMMILLARY BODY; MOTIVATION; NONHUMAN; NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS; OLFACTORY BULB; PEPTIDERGIC NERVOUS SYSTEM; PERIAQUEDUCTAL GRAY MATTER; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; ZONA INCERTA;

EID: 79955743795     PISSN: 00166480     EISSN: 10956840     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2011.03.028     Document Type: Review

References (132)

1. Abbott C.R., Kennedy A.R., Wren A.M., Rossi M., Murphy K.G., Seal L.J., Todd J.F., Ghatei M.A., Small C.J., Bloom S.R. Identification of hypothalamic nuclei involved in the orexigenic effect of melanin-concentrating hormone. Endocrinology 2003, 144:3943-3949.
2. Anand B.K., Brobeck J.R. Hypothalamic control of food intake in rats and cats. Yale Biol. Med. 1951, 24:123-140.
3. Attademo A.M., Rondini T.A., Rodrigues B.C., Bittencourt J.C., Celis M.E., Elias C.F. Neuropeptide glutamic acid-isoleucine may induce luteinizing hormone secretion via multiple pathways. Neuroendocrinology 2006, 83:313-324.
4. Bayer L., Mairet-Coello G., Risold P.Y., Griffond B. Orexin/hypocretin neurons: chemical phenotype and possible interactions with melanin-concentrating hormone neurons. Regul. Pept. 2002, 104:33-39.
5. Berk M.L., Finkelstein J.A. Efferent connections of the lateral hypothalamic area of the rat: an autoradiographic investigation. Brain Res. Bull. 1982, 8:511-526.
6. Bittencourt J., Celis M.E. Anatomy function and regulation of neuropeptide EI (NEI). Peptides 2008, 29:1441-1450.
7. Bittencourt J.C., Elias C.F. Melanin-concentrating hormone and neuropeptide EI projections from the lateral hypothalamic area and zona incerta to the medial septal nucleus and spinal cord: a study using multiple neuronal tracers. Brain Res. 1998, 805:1-19.
8. Bittencourt J.C., Presse F., Arias C., Peto C., Vaughan J., Nahon J.L., Vale W., Sawchenko P.E. The melanin-concentrating hormone system of the rat bra an immuno- and hybridization histochemical characterization. J. Comp. Neurol. 1992, 319:218-245.
9. Bittencourt J.C., Frigo L., Rissman R.A., Casatti C.A., Nahon J.L., Bauer J.A. The distribution of melanin-concentrating hormone in the monkey brain (Cebus apella). Brain Res. 1998, 804:140-143.
10. Bloch B., Bugnon C., Fellmann D., Lenys D., Gouget A. Neurons of the rat hypothalamus reactive with antisera against endorphins ACTH MSH and beta-LPH. Cell Tissue Res. 1979, 204:1-15.
11. Bloch B., Lenys D., Gouget A., Fellmann D., Bugnon C. Immunocytologic analysis in rat hypothalamus of neurons producing peptides related to endorphin ACTH MSH beta-LPH. Comparison with other peptidergic monoaminergic neurons. C R Seances Soc Biol Fil 1979, 173:719-724.
12. Bluet-Pajot M.T., Presse F., Voko Z., Hoeger C., Mounier F., Epelbaum J., Nahon J.L. Neuropeptide-E-I antagonizes the action of melanin-concentrating hormone on stress-induced release of adrenocorticotropin in the rat. J. Neuroendocrinol. 1995, 7:297-303.
13. Borowsky B., Durkin M.M., Ogozalek K., Marzabadi M.R., DeLeon J., Lagu B., Heurich R., Lichtblau H., Shaposhnik Z., Daniewska I., Blackburn T.P., Branchek T.A., Gerald C., Vaysse P.J., Forray C. Antidepressant anxiolytic and anorectic effects of a melanin-concentrating hormone-1 receptor antagonist. Nat. Med. 2002, 8:825-830.
14. Bresson J.L., Clavequin M.C., Fellmann D., Bugnon C. Human hypothalamic neuronal system revealed with a salmon melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) antiserum. Neurosci. Lett. 1989, 102:39-43.
15. Brischoux F., Cvetkovic V., Griffond B., Fellmann D., Risold P.Y. Time of genesis determines projection and neurokinin-3 expression patterns of diencephalic neurons containing melanin-concentrating hormone. Eur. J. Neurosci. 2002, 16:1672-1680.
16. Broberger C. Hypothalamic cocaine-amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) neurons: histochemical relationship to thyrotropin-releasing hormone melanin-concentrating hormone orexin/hypocretin and neuropeptide Y. Brain Res. 1999, 848:101-113.
17. Broberger C., De Lecea L., Sutcliffe J.G., Hokfelt T. Hypocretin/orexin- and melanin-concentrating hormone-expressing cells form distinct populations in the rodent lateral hypothalamus: relationship to the neuropeptide Y and agouti gene-related protein systems. J. Comp. Neurol. 1998, 402:460-474.
18. Canteras N.S., Goto M. Fos-like immunoreactivity in the periaqueductal gray of rats exposed to a natural predator. Neuroreport 1999, 10:413-418.
19. Cardinal R.N., Parkinson J.A., Hall J., Everitt B.J. Emotion motivation: the role of the amygdala ventral striatum and prefrontal cortex. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 2002, 26:321-352.
20. Cardinaud B., Darre-Toulemonde F., Duhault J., Boutin J.A., Nahon J.L. Comparative analysis of melanin-concentrating hormone structure and activity in fishes and mammals. Peptides 2004, 25:1623-1632.
21. Cardot J., Griffond B., Risold P.Y., Blahser S., Fellmann D. Melanin-concentrating hormone-producing neurons in birds. J. Comp. Neurol. 1999, 411:239-256.
22. Casatti C.A., Elias C.F., Sita L.V., Frigo L., Furlani V.C., Bauer J.A., Bittencourt J.C. Distribution of melanin-concentrating hormone neurons projecting to the medial mammillary nucleus. Neuroscience 2002, 115:899-915.
23. Chen Y., Hu C., Hsu C.K., Zhang Q., Bi C., Asnicar M., Hsiung H.M., Fox N., Slieker L.J., Yang D.D., Heiman M.L., Shi Y. Targeted disruption of the melanin-concentrating hormone receptor-1 results in hyperphagia and resistance to diet-induced obesity. Endocrinology 2002, 143:2469-2477.
24. Chung S., Hopf F.W., Nagasaki H., Li C.Y., Belluzzi J.D., Bonci A., Civelli O. The melanin-concentrating hormone system modulates cocaine reward. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2009, 106:6772-6777.
25. Courseaux A., Nahon J.L. Birth of two chimeric genes in the Hominidae lineage. Science 2001, 291:1293-1297.
26. Cvetkovic V., Poncet F., Fellmann D., Griffond B., Risold P.Y. Diencephalic neurons producing melanin-concentrating hormone are influenced by local and multiple extra-hypothalamic tachykininergic projections through the neurokinin 3 receptor. Neuroscience 2003, 119:1113-1145.
27. de Lecea L., Kilduff T.S., Peyron C., Gao X., Foye P.E., Danielson P.E., Fukuhara C., Battenberg E.L., Gautvik V.T., Bartlett F.S., Frankel W.N., van den Pol A.N., Bloom F.E., Gautvik K.M., Sutcliffe J.G. The hypocretins: hypothalamus-specific peptides with neuroexcitatory activity. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1998, 95:322-327.
28. F.F.B. De Lima, Origins of melanin-concentrating hormone immunoreactivity afferents of the hippocampal formation in rat. Anatomy, vol. Master, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, 2005, p. 135.
29. Elias C.F., Bittencourt J.C. Study of the origins of melanin-concentrating hormone and neuropeptide EI immunoreactive projections to the periaqueductal gray matter. Brain Res. 1997, 755:255-271.
30. Elias C.F., Saper C.B., Maratos-Flier E., Tritos N.A., Lee C., Kelly J., Tatro J.B., Hoffman G.E., Ollmann M.M., Barsh G.S., Sakurai T., Yanagisawa M., Elmquist J.K. Chemically defined projections linking the mediobasal hypothalamus and the lateral hypothalamic area. J. Comp. Neurol. 1998, 402:442-459.
31. Elias C.F., Lee C.E., Kelly J.F., Ahima R.S., Kuhar M., Saper C.B., Elmquist J.K. Characterization of CART neurons in the rat and human hypothalamus. J. Comp. Neurol. 2001, 432:1-19.
32. Elias C.F., Sita L.V., Zambon B.K., Oliveira E.R., Vasconcelos L.A., Bittencourt J.C. Melanin-concentrating hormone projections to areas involved in somatomotor responses. J. Chem. Neuroanat. 2008, 35:188-201.
33. Fellmann D., Bugnon C., Lavry G.N. Immunohistochemical demonstration of a new neurone system in rat brain using antibodies against human growth hormone-releasing factor (1-37). Neurosci. Lett. 1985, 58:91-96.
34. Fellmann D., Bugnon C., Verstegen J., Lavry G.N. Coexpression of human growth hormone-releasing factor 1-37-like and alpha-melanotropin-like immunoreactivities in neurones of the rat lateral dorsal hypothalamus. Neurosci. Lett. 1986, 68:122-126.
35. Fellmann D., Bugnon C., Risold P.Y. Unrelated peptide immunoreactivities coexist in neurons of the rat lateral dorsal hypothalamus: human growth hormone-releasing factor1-37-salmon melanin-concentrating hormone- and alpha-melanotropin-like substances. Neurosci. Lett. 1987, 74:275-280.
36. Gallardo M.G., Chiocchio S.R., Tramezzani J.H. Changes of melanin-concentrating hormone related to LHRH release in the median eminence of rats. Brain Res. 2004, 1030:152-158.
37. Geeraedts L.M., Nieuwenhuys R., Veening J.G. Medial forebrain bundle of the rat: III. Cytoarchitecture of the rostral (telencephalic) part of the medial forebrain bundle bed nucleus. J. Comp. Neurol. 1990, 294:507-536.
38. Geeraedts L.M., Nieuwenhuys R., Veening J.G. Medial forebrain bundle of the rat: IV. Cytoarchitecture of the caudal (lateral hypothalamic) part of the medial forebrain bundle bed nucleus. J. Comp. Neurol. 1990, 294:537-568.
39. Georgescu D., Sears R.M., Hommel J.D., Barrot M., Bolanos C.A., Marsh D.J., Bednarek M.A., Bibb J.A., Maratos-Flier E., Nestler E.J., DiLeone R.J. The hypothalamic neuropeptide melanin-concentrating hormone acts in the nucleus accumbens to modulate feeding behavior and forced-swim performance. J. Neurosci. 2005, 25:2933-2940.
40. Gomori A., Ishihara A., Ito M., Mashiko S., Matsushita H., Yumoto M., Tanaka T., Tokita S., Moriya M., Iwaasa H., Kanatani A. Chronic intracerebroventricular infusion of MCH causes obesity in mice melanin-concentrating hormone. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 2003, 284:E583-E588.
41. Goto M., Canteras N.S., Burns G., Swanson L.W. Projections from the subfornical region of the lateral hypothalamic area. J. Comp. Neurol. 2005, 493:412-438.
42. Guesdon B., Paradis E., Samson P., Richard D. Effects of intracerebroventricular and intra-accumbens melanin-concentrating hormone agonism on food intake and energy expenditure. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 2009, 296:R469-R475.
43. Guy J., Leclerc R., Vaudry H., Pelletier G. Identification of a second category of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH) neurons in the rat hypothalamus. Brain Res. 1980, 199:135-146.
44. Guyon A., Conductier G., Rovere C., Enfissi A., Nahon J.L. Melanin-concentrating hormone producing neurons: Activities and modulations. Peptides 2009, 30:2031-2039.
45. C.A.S. Haemmerle, Study of melanin-concentrating hormone immunoreactivity afferents origins of nucleus accumbens in the rat. Anatomy, vol. Master, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, 2010, p. 101.
46. Hahn J.D. Comparison of melanin-concentrating hormone and hypocretin/orexin peptide expression patterns in a current parceling scheme of the lateral hypothalamic zone. Neurosci. Lett. 2010, 468:12-17.
47. Harthoorn L.F., Sane A., Nethe M., Van Heerikhuize J.J. Multi-transcriptional profiling of melanin-concentrating hormone and orexin-containing neurons. Cell Mol. Neurobiol. 2005, 25:1209-1223.
48. Hintermann E., Tanner H., Talke-Messerer C., Schlumberger S., Zumsteg U., Eberle A.N., (MCH) Interaction of melanin-concentrating hormone, (NEI) neuropeptide E-I, (NGE) neuropeptide G-E and alpha-MSH with melanocortin and MCH receptors on mouse B16 melanoma cells. J. Recept. Signal Transduct. Res. 2001, 21:93-116.
49. Inglis W.L., Winn P. The pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus: where the striatum meets the reticular formation. Prog. Neurobiol. 1995, 47:1-29.
50. Jo Y.H., Chen Y.J., Chua S.C., Talmage D.A., Role L.W. Integration of endocannabinoid and leptin signaling in an appetite-related neural circuit. Neuron 2005, 48:1055-1066.
51. Kawano H., Daikoku S., Shibasaki T. CRF-containing neuron systems in the rat hypothalamus: retrograde tracing and immunohistochemical studies. J. Comp. Neurol. 1988, 272:260-268.
52. Kawauchi H., Kawazoe I., Tsubokawa M., Kishida M., Baker B.I. Characterization of melanin-concentrating hormone in chum salmon pituitaries. Nature 1983, 305:321-323.
53. Kelley A.E. Ventral striatal control of appetitive motivation: role in ingestive behavior and reward-related learning. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 2004, 27:765-776.
54. Kelley A.E., Berridge K.C. The neuroscience of natural rewards: relevance to addictive drugs. J. Neurosci. 2002, 22:3306-3311.
55. Kelly J., Swanson L.W. Additional forebrain regions projecting to the posterior pituitary: preoptic region, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, and zona incerta. Brain Res. 1980, 197:1-9.
56. Kesner R.P. Behavioral functions of the CA3 subregion of the hippocampus. Learn Mem. 2007, 14:771-781.
57. Khachaturian H., Akil H., Brownstein M.J., Olney J.W., Voigt K.H., Watson S.J. Further characterization of the extra-arcuate alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone-like material in hypothalamus: biochemical and anatomical studies. Neuropeptides 1986, 7:291-313.
58. Kishida M., Baker B.I., Bird D.J. Localisation and identification of melanocyte-stimulating hormones in the fish brain. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 1988, 71:229-242.
59. Kiss J.Z., Mezey E., Cassell M.D., Williams T.H., Mueller G.P., O'Donohue T.L., Palkovits M. Topographical distribution of pro-opiomelanocortin-derived peptides (ACTH/beta-END/alpha-MSH) in the rat median eminence. Brain Res. 1985, 329:169-176.
60. Kistler-Heer V., Schlumpf M., Lichtensteiger W. Melanocortin and MCH precursor-derived NEI effects on striatum-midbrain co-cultures. Peptides 1998, 19:1317-1327.
61. Knollema S., Brown E.R., Vale W., Sawchenko P.E. Novel hypothalamic and preoptic sites of prepro-melanin-concentrating hormone messenger ribonucleic acid and peptide expression in lactating rats. J. Neuroendocrinol. 1992, 4:709-717.
62. Lechan R.M., Nestler J.L., Jacobson S. The tuberoinfundibular system of the rat as demonstrated by immunohistochemical localization of retrogradely transported wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) from the median eminence. Brain Res. 1982, 245:1-15.
63. Lind R.W., Van Hoesen G.W., Johnson A.K. An HRP study of the connections of the subfornical organ of the rat. J. Comp. Neurol. 1982, 210:265-277.
64. Ludwig D., Mountjoy K.G., Tatro J.B., Gillette J.A., Frederich R.C., Flier J.S., Maratos-Flier E. Melanin-concentrating hormone: a functional melanocortin antagonist in the hypothalamus. Am. J. Physiol. 274 (Endocrinol. Metab. 1998, 37:E627-E633.
65. Mena-Segovia J., Bolam J.P., Magill P.J. Pedunculopontine nucleus and basal ganglia: distant relatives or part of the same family?. Trends Neurosci. 2004, 27:585-588.
66. O.E. Millhouse, A Golgi anatomy of the rodent hypothalamus. in: P.J. Morgane, J. Panksepp (Eds.), Handbook of the Hypothalamus: Anatomy of the Hypothalamus, vol. 1, Marcel Dekker, INC., New York, 1979, pp. 221-265.
67. Miselis R.R. The efferent projections of the subfornical organ of the rat: a circumventricular organ within a neural network subserving water balance. Brain Res. 1981, 230:1-23.
68. Monzon M.E., de Souza M.M., Izquierdo L.A., Izquierdo I., Barros D.M., de Barioglio S.R. Melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) modifies memory retention in rats. Peptides 1999, 20:1517-1519.
69. P.J. Morgane, Historical and modern concepts of hypothalamic organization and function. in: P.J. Morgane, J. Panksepp (Eds.), Handbook of the Hypothalamus: Anatomy of the Hypothalamus, vol. 1, Marcel Dekker, INC., New York, 1979, pp. 1-64.
70. Morganstern I., Chang G.Q., Chen Y.W., Barson J.R., Zhiyu Y., Hoebel B.G., Leibowitz S.F. Role of melanin-concentrating hormone in the control of ethanol consumption: region-specific effects revealed by expression and injection studies. Physiol. Behav. 2010, 101:428-437.
71. S.R. Mota-Ortiz, A.R. Oliveira, G.F. Xavier, C.F. Elias, J. Bittencourt, N.S. Canteras, Study of MCH neurons during predatory behavior and the normal peak of food ingestion. Society for Neuroscience Meeting Abstract, San Diego, 2007.
72. Nahon J.L., Presse F., Bittencourt J.C., Sawchenko P.E., Vale W. The rat melanin-concentrating hormone messenger ribonucleic acid encodes multiple putative neuropeptides coexpressed in the dorsolateral hypothalamus. Endocrinology 1989, 125:2056-2065.
73. J.L. Nahon, F. Presse, J. Vaughan, W.H. Fischer, J.C. Bittencourt, C. Hoeger, R. Schoepfer, J. Rivier, P.E. Sawchenko, W. Vale, Characterization of mammalian melanin concentrating hormones and their precursors, Recent Adv. Basic Clin. Neuroendocrinol. 1989 (1989) 15-23.
74. Nakamura S., Tsumori T., Yokota S., Oka T., Yasui Y. Amygdaloid axons innervate melanin-concentrating hormone- and orexin-containing neurons in the mouse lateral hypothalamus. Brain Res. 2009, 1278:66-74.
75. Nieuwenhuys R., Geeraedts L.M., Veening J.G. The medial forebrain bundle of the rat. I. General introduction. J. Comp. Neurol. 1982, 206:49-81.
76. Okada K., Okaichi H. Functional cooperation between the hippocampal subregions and the medial septum in unreinforced and reinforced spatial memory tasks. Behav. Brain Res. 2010, 209:295-304.
77. R.B. Page, The pituitary portal system. in: D. Ganten, D. Pfaff (Eds.), Morphology of Hypothalamus and its Connections, vol. 7, Springer Verlag, Berlin, 1986, pp. 1-47.
78. G. Paxinos, C. Watson, The Rat Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2007.
79. Pelletier G., Guy J., Desy L., Li S., Eberle A.N., Vaudry H. Melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) is colocalized with alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH) in the rat but not in the human hypothalamus. Brain Res. 1987, 423:247-253.
80. Perello M., Stuart R.C., Nillni E.A. Differential effects of fasting and leptin on proopiomelanocortin peptides in the arcuate nucleus and in the nucleus of the solitary tract. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 2007, 292:E1348-E1357.
81. Qu D., Ludwig D.S., Gammeltoft S., Piper M., Pelleymounter M.A., Cullen M.J., Mathes W.F., Przypek J., Kanarek R., Maratos-Flier E. A role for melanin-concentrating hormone in the central regulation of feeding behaviour. Nature 1996, 380:243-247.
82. Qu D., Ludwig D.S., Gammeltoft S., Piper M., Pelleymounter M.A., Cullen M.J., Mathes W.F., Przypek R., Kanarek R., Maratos-Flier E. A role for melanin-concentrating hormone in the central regulation of feeding behaviour. Nature 1996, 380:243-247.
83. Rance T., Baker B.I. The teleost melanin-concentrating hormone - a pituitary hormone of hypothalamic origin. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 1979, 37:64-73.
84. Robbins T.W., Everitt B.J. Neurobehavioural mechanisms of reward and motivation. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 1996, 6:228-236.
85. Rondini T.A., Rodrigues Bde C., de Oliveira A.P., Bittencourt J.C., Elias C.F. Melanin-concentrating hormone is expressed in the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus only in female rats. Brain Res. Bull. 2007, 74:21-28.
86. Rondini T.A., Donato J., Rodrigues Bde C., Bittencourt J.C., Elias C.F. Chemical identity and connections of medial preoptic area neurons expressing melanin-concentrating hormone during lactation. J. Chem. Neuroanat. 2010, 39:51-62.
87. Rossi M., Choi S.J., O'Shea D., Miyoshi T., Ghatei M.A., Bloom S.R. Melanin-concentrating hormone acutely stimulates feeding but chronic administration has no effect on body weight. Endocrinology 1997, 138:351-355.
88. Rye D.B., Saper C.B., Lee H.J., Wainer B.H. Pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus of the rat: cytoarchitecture cytochemistry and some extrapyramidal connections of the mesopontine tegmentum. J. Comp. Neurol. 1987, 259:483-528.
89. Sahu A. Interactions of neuropeptide Y hypocretin-I (orexin A) and melanin-concentrating hormone on feeding in rats. Brain Res. 2002, 944:232-238.
90. Saito Y., Nothacker H.P., Wang Z., Lin S.H., Leslie F., Civelli O. Molecular characterization of the melanin-concentrating hormone receptor. Nature 1999, 400:265-269.
91. Saito Y., Cheng M., Leslie F.M., Civelli O. Expression of the melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) receptor mRNA in the rat brain. J. Comp. Neurol. 2001, 435:26-40.
92. Sakurai T., Amemiya A., Ishii M., Matsuzaki I., Chemelli R.M., Tanaka H., Williams S.C., Richardson J.A., Kozlowski G.P., Wilson S., Arch J.R., Buckingham R.E., Haynes A.C., Carr S.A., Annan R.S., McNulty D.E., Liu W.S., Terrett J.A., Elshourbagy N.A., Bergsma D.J., Yanagisawa M. Orexins and orexin receptors: a family of hypothalamic neuropeptides and G protein-coupled receptors that regulate feeding behavior. Cell 1998, 92:573-585.
93. Sanchez M., Baker B.I., Celis M. Melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) antagonizes the effects of alpha- MSH and neuropeptide E-I on grooming and locomotor activities in the rat. Peptides 1997, 18:393-396.
94. Sanchez M.S., Cremer M.C., Celis M.E. Effects and interactions between alpha-MSH and MCH/NEI upon striatal cAMP levels. Peptides 1999, 20:611-614.
95. Sanchez M.S., Salvatierra N.A., Vettori G., Celis M.E. Effect of neuropeptide-EI on the binding of [3H] SCH 23390 to the dopamine D1 receptor in rat striatal membranes. Neurochem. Res. 2001, 26:533-537.
96. Saper C.B., Akil H., Watson S.J. Lateral hypothalamic innervation of the cerebral cortex: immunoreactive staining for a peptide resembling but immunochemically distinct from pituitary/arcuate alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone. Brain Res. Bull. 1986, 16:107-120.
97. Sawchenko P.E. Toward a new neurobiology of energy balance appetite and obesity: the anatomists weigh in. J. Comp. Neurol. 1998, 402:435-441.
98. Sawchenko P.E., Swanson L.W., Joseph S.A. The distribution and cells of origin of ACTH(1-39)-stained varicosities in the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei. Brain Res. 1982, 232:365-374.
99. Sears R.M., Liu R.J., Narayanan N.S., Sharf R., Yeckel M.F., Laubach M., Aghajanian G.K., DiLeone R.J. Regulation of nucleus accumbens activity by the hypothalamic neuropeptide melanin-concentrating hormone. J. Neurosci. 2010, 30:8263-8273.
100. Segal-Lieberman G., Rubinfeld H., Glick M., Kronfeld-Schor N., Shimon I. Melanin-concentrating hormone stimulates human growth hormone secretion: a novel effect of MCH on the hypothalamic-pituitary axis. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 2006, 290:E982-E988.
101. Shearman L.P., Camacho R.E., Sloan Stribling D., Zhou D., Bednarek M.A., Hreniuk D.L., Feighner S.D., Tan C.P., Howard A.D., Van der Ploeg L.H., MacIntyre D.E., Hickey G.J., Strack A.M. Chronic MCH-1 receptor modulation alters appetite body weight and adiposity in rats. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 2003, 475:37-47.
102. Shimada M., Tritos N.A., Lowell B.B., Flier J.S., Maratos-Flier E. Mice lacking melanin-concentrating hormone are hypophagic and lean. Nature 1998, 396:670-674.
103. Shirayama Y., Chaki S. Neurochemistry of the nucleus accumbens and its relevance to depression and antidepressant action in rodents. Curr. Neuropharmacol. 2006, 4:277-291.
104. Sita L.V., Elias C.F., Bittencourt J.C. Connectivity pattern suggests that incerto-hypothalamic area belongs to the medial hypothalamic system. Neuroscience 2007, 148:949-969.
105. Skinner R.D., Garcia-Rill E. The mesencephalic locomotor region (MLR) in the rat. Brain Res. 1984, 323:385-389.
106. Skinner R.D., Kinjo N., Henderson V., Garcia-Rill E. Locomotor projections from the pedunculopontine nucleus to the spinal cord. Neuroreport 1990, 1:183-186.
107. Skofitsch G., Jacobowitz D.M., Zamir N. Immunohistochemical localization of a melanin concentrating hormone-like peptide in the rat brain. Brain Res. Bull. 1985, 15:635-649.
108. Smith P.M., Chambers A.P., Price C.J., Ho W., Hopf C., Sharkey K.A., Ferguson A.V. The subfornical organ: a central nervous system site for actions of circulating leptin. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 2009, 296:R512-R520.
109. Steckler T., Inglis W., Winn P., Sahgal A. The pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus: a role in cognitive processes?. Brain Res. Brain Res. Rev. 1994, 19:298-318.
110. Steininger T.L., Rye D.B., Wainer B.H. Afferent projections to the cholinergic pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus adjacent midbrain extrapyramidal area in the albino rat. I. Retrograde tracing studies. J Comp Neurol 1992, 321:515-543.
111. J.A.F. Stevenson, Neural control of food and water intake. in: W. Haymaker, E. Anderson, W.J.H. Nauta (Eds.), The Hypothalamus, CC Thomas, Springfield, 1969, pp. 524-621.
112. Sukikara M.H., Mota-Ortiz S.R., Baldo M.V., Felicio L.F., Canteras N.S. The periaqueductal gray and its potential role in maternal behavior inhibition in response to predatory threats. Behav. Brain Res. 2010, 209:226-233.
113. L.W. Swanson, The hypothalamus. in: A. Bjorklund, T.Hokfelt, L.W.Swanson (Eds.), Handbook of Chemical Neuroanatomy, vol. 5, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1987, pp. 1-124.
114. L.W. Swanson, Brain Maps: Structure of the Rat Brain, Academic Press, San Diego, 2004, 215pp.
115. Swanson L.W., Sanchez-Watts G., Watts A.G. Comparison of melanin-concentrating hormone and hypocretin/orexin mRNA expression patterns in a new parceling scheme of the lateral hypothalamic zone. Neurosci. Lett. 2005, 387:80-84.
116. Sziklas V., Petrides M. Memory and the region of the mammillary bodies. Prog. Neurobiol. 1998, 54:55-70.
117. Takekawa S., Asami A., Ishihara Y., Terauchi J., Kato K., Shimomura Y., Mori M., Murakoshi H., Suzuki N., Nishimura O., Fujino M. T-226296: a novel orally active and selective melanin-concentrating hormone receptor antagonist. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 2002, 438:129-135.
118. Torterolo P., Sampogna S., Morales F.R., Chase M.H. MCH-containing neurons in the hypothalamus of the cat: searching for a role in the control of sleep and wakefulness. Brain Res. 2006, 1119:101-114.
119. Vaughan J.M., Fischer W.H., Hoeger C., Rivier J., Vale W. Characterization of melanin-concentrating hormone from rat hypothalamus. Endocrinology 1989, 125:1660-1665.
120. Veening J.G., Swanson L.W., Cowan W.M., Nieuwenhuys R., Geeraedts L.M. The medial forebrain bundle of the rat. II. An autoradiographic study of the topography of the major descending ascending components. J. Comp. Neurol. 1982, 206:82-108.
121. Viale A., Zhixing Y., Breton C., Pedeutour F., Coquerel A., Jordan D., Nahon J.L. The melanin-concentrating hormone gene in human: flanking region analysis fine chromosome mapping and tissue-specific expression. Mol. Brain Res. 1997, 46:243-255.
122. Viale A., Courseaux A., Presse F., Ortola C., Breton C., Jordan D., Nahon J.L. Structure and expression of the variant melanin-concentrating hormone genes: only PMCHL1 is transcribed in the developing human brain and encodes a putative protein. Mol. Biol. Evol. 2000, 17:1626-1640.
123. Watson S.J., Akil H. The presence of two alpha-MSH positive cell groups in rat hypothalamus. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 1979, 58:101-103.
124. Watson S.J., Akil H. Alpha-MSH occurrence within and outside of beta-endorphin neurons alpha-MSH in rat bra. Brain Res. 1980, 182:217-223.
125. Watts A.G., Sanchez-Watts G. Rapid and preferential activation of Fos protein in hypocretin/orexin neurons following the reversal of dehydration-anorexia. J. Comp. Neurol. 2007, 502:768-782.
126. Wiegand S.J., Price J.L. Cells of origin of the afferent fibers to the median eminence in the rat. J. Comp. Neurol. 1980, 192:1-19.
127. Winn P. How best to consider the structure and function of the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus: evidence from animal studies. J. Neurol. Sci. 2006, 248:234-250.
128. Zachariou V., Bolanos C.A., Selley D.E., Theobald D., Cassidy M.P., Kelz M.B., Shaw-Lutchman T., Berton O., Sim-Selley L.J., Dileone R.J., Kumar A., Nestler E.J. An essential role for DeltaFosB in the nucleus accumbens in morphine action. Nat. Neurosci. 2006, 9:205-211.
129. Zamir N., Skofitsch G., Bannon M.J., Jacobowitz D.M. Melanin-concentrating hormone: unique peptide neuronal system in the rat brain and pituitary gland. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1986, 83:1528-1531.
130. Zhang Y., Proenca R., Maffei M., Barone M., Leopold L., Friedman J.M. Positional cloning of the mouse obese gene and its human homologue. Nature 1994, 372:425-432.
131. Zimmerman E.A., Antunes J.L. Organization of the hypothalamic-pituitary system: current concepts from immunohistochemical studies. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 1976, 24:807-815.
132. Zimmerman E.A., Stillman M.A., Recht L.D., Antunes J.L., Carmel P.W., Goldsmith P.C. Vasopressin and corticotropin-releasing factor: an axonal pathway to portal capillaries in the zona externa of the median eminence containing vasopressin and its interaction with adrenal corticoids. Ann. N Y Acad. Sci. 1977, 297:405-419.