Prevention of atherosclerosis in overweight/obese patients - In need of novel multi-targeted approaches

Circulation Journal

Volumn 75, Issue 5, 2011, Pages 1019-1027

  Lim, Soo ^a   Despres, Jean Pierre ^c   Koh, Kwang Kon ^b  

^a Seoul National University Bundang Hospital   (South Korea)

^b Gachon University College of Medicine   (South Korea)

^c LAVAL UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

Author keywords

Cardiovascular disease; Diabetes mellitus; Obesity; Treatment

Indexed keywords

ADIPONECTIN; AMLODIPINE; ANGIOTENSIN RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENT; ATENOLOL; C REACTIVE PROTEIN; CANDESARTAN; COPPER ZINC SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE; DIPEPTIDYL CARBOXYPEPTIDASE INHIBITOR; ENDOCANNABINOID; ENDOTHELIN 1; FENOFIBRATE; GLITAZONE DERIVATIVE; HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COENZYME A REDUCTASE INHIBITOR; INTERLEUKIN 1BETA; LEPTIN; NITRIC OXIDE; PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR ACTIVATED RECEPTOR AGONIST; PIOGLITAZONE; PLACEBO; PRAVASTATIN; RAMIPRIL; REACTIVE OXYGEN METABOLITE; REDUCED NICOTINAMIDE ADENINE DINUCLEOTIDE PHOSPHATE OXIDASE; RIMONABANT; ROSIGLITAZONE; SIMVASTATIN;

ABDOMINAL OBESITY; ANXIETY DISORDER; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; BLOOD PRESSURE REGULATION; BROWN ADIPOSE TISSUE; CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE; DEPRESSION; DRUG POTENTIATION; DRUG TARGETING; DYSLIPIDEMIA; ENDOTHELIAL DYSFUNCTION; ENDURANCE TRAINING; ENERGY EXPENDITURE; FEEDING BEHAVIOR; HEALTH PROGRAM; HUMAN; HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA; HYPERINSULINEMIA; HYPERTENSION; INCIDENCE; INFLAMMATION; INSULIN SENSITIVITY; INTERVENTION STUDY; INTRAABDOMINAL FAT; LIFESTYLE MODIFICATION; METABOLIC SYNDROME X; NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; NONHUMAN; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PHASE 3 CLINICAL TRIAL (TOPIC); PHYSICAL ACTIVITY; PREVENTIVE MEDICINE; RENIN ANGIOTENSIN ALDOSTERONE SYSTEM; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; WEIGHT REDUCTION;

ATHEROSCLEROSIS; DRUG THERAPY, COMBINATION; HUMANS; OBESITY; OVERWEIGHT;

EID: 79955702903     PISSN: 13469843     EISSN: 13474820     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1253/circj.CJ-10-1240     Document Type: Review

References (91)

1. Olshansky SJ, Passaro DJ, Hershow RC, Layden J, Carnes BA, Brody J, et al. A potential decline in life expectancy in the united states in the 21st century. N Engl J Med 2005; 352: 1138-1145.
2. Calle EE, Rodriguez C, Walker-Thurmond K, Thun MJ. Overweight, obesity, and mortality from cancer in a prospectively studied cohort of U.S. Adults. N Engl J Med 2003; 348: 1625-1638.
3. Oda E. Obesity-related risk factors of cardiovascular disease. Circ J 2009; 73: 2204-2205.
4. Despres JP, Lemieux I, Bergeron J, Pibarot P, Mathieu P, Larose E, et al. Abdominal obesity and the metabolic syndrome: Contribution to global cardiometabolic risk. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2008; 28: 1039-1049.
5. Despres JP, Lemieux I. Abdominal obesity and metabolic syndrome. Nature 2006; 444: 881-887.
6. Marinou K, Tousoulis D, Antonopoulos AS, Stefanadi E, Stefanadis C. Obesity and cardiovascular disease: From pathophysiology to risk stratification. Int J Cardiol 2010; 138: 3-8.
7. Kelley DE, Mandarino LJ. Fuel selection in human skeletal muscle in insulin resistance: A reexamination. Diabetes 2000; 49: 677-683.
8. McGarry JD. Banting lecture 2001: Dysregulation of fatty acid metabolism in the etiology of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes 2002; 51: 7-18.
9. Mazurek T, Zhang L, Zalewski A, Mannion JD, Diehl JT, Arafat H, et al. Human epicardial adipose tissue is a source of inflammatory mediators. Circulation 2003; 108: 2460-2466.
10. Yudkin JS, Eringa E, Stehouwer CD. "Vasocrine" signalling from perivascular fat: A mechanism linking insulin resistance to vascular disease. Lancet 2005; 365: 1817-1820.
11. Rosito GA, Massaro JM, Hoffmann U, Ruberg FL, Mahabadi AA, Vasan RS, et al. Pericardial fat, visceral abdominal fat, cardiovascular disease risk factors, and vascular calcification in a communitybased sample: The Framingham Heart Study. Circulation 2008; 117: 605-613.
12. Kim TH, Yu SH, Choi SH, Yoon JW, Kang SM, Chun EJ, et al. Pericardial fat amount is an independent risk factor of coronary artery stenosis assessed by multidetector-row computed tomography: The Korean Atherosclerosis Study 2. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2010 Oct 14 [Epub ahead of print].
13. Tuomilehto J, Lindstrom J, Eriksson JG, Valle TT, Hamalainen H, Ilanne-Parikka P, et al. Prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus by changes in lifestyle among subjects with impaired glucose tolerance. N Engl J Med 2001; 344: 1343-1350.
14. Knowler WC, Barrett-Connor E, Fowler SE, Hamman RF, Lachin JM, Walker EA, et al. Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin. N Engl J Med 2002; 346: 393-403.
15. Pi-Sunyer X, Blackburn G, Brancati FL, Bray GA, Bright R, Clark JM, et al. Reduction in weight and cardiovascular disease risk factors in individuals with type 2 diabetes: One-year results of the look ahead trial. Diabetes Care 2007; 30: 1374-1383.
16. Lim S, Kim SK, Park KS, Kim SY, Cho BY, Yim MJ, et al. Effect of exercise on the mitochondrial DNA content of peripheral blood in healthy women. Eur J Appl Physiol 2000; 82: 407-412.
17. Petersen KF, Befroy D, Dufour S, Dziura J, Ariyan C, Rothman DL, et al. Mitochondrial dysfunction in the elderly: Possible role in insulin resistance. Science 2003; 300: 1140-1142.
18. Lowell BB, Shulman GI. Mitochondrial dysfunction and type 2 diabetes. Science 2005; 307: 384-387.
19. Petersen KF, Dufour S, Befroy D, Garcia R, Shulman GI. Impaired mitochondrial activity in the insulin-resistant offspring of patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2004; 350: 664-671.
20. Shibata R, Ouchi N, Murohara T. Adiponectin and cardiovascular disease. Circ J 2009; 73: 608-614.
21. Lim S, Choi SH, Jeong IK, Kim JH, Moon MK, Park KS, et al. Insulin-sensitizing effects of exercise on adiponectin and retinolbinding protein-4 concentrations in young and middle-aged women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008; 93: 2263-2268.
22. LaMonte MJ, Barlow CE, Jurca R, Kampert JB, Church TS, Blair SN. Cardiorespiratory fitness is inversely associated with the incidence of metabolic syndrome: A prospective study of men and women. Circulation 2005; 112: 505-512.
23. Noonan V, Dean E. Submaximal exercise testing: Clinical application and interpretation. Phys Ther 2000; 80: 782-807.
24. Kodama S, Saito K, Tanaka S, Maki M, Yachi Y, Asumi M, et al. Cardiorespiratory fitness as a quantitative predictor of all-cause mortality and cardiovascular events in healthy men and women: A meta-analysis. JAMA 2009; 301: 2024-2035.
25. Arsenault BJ, Lachance D, Lemieux I, Almeras N, Tremblay A, Bouchard C, et al. Visceral adipose tissue accumulation, cardiorespiratory fitness, and features of the metabolic syndrome. Arch Intern Med 2007; 167: 1518-1525.
26. Miyachi M, Yazawa H, Furukawa M, Tsuboi K, Ohtake M, Nishizawa T, et al. Exercise training alters left ventricular geometry and attenuates heart failure in dahl salt-sensitive hypertensive rats. Hypertension 2009; 53: 701-707.
27. Garciarena CD, Pinilla OA, Nolly MB, Laguens RP, Escudero EM, Cingolani HE, et al. Endurance training in the spontaneously hypertensive rat: Conversion of pathological into physiological cardiac hypertrophy. Hypertension 2009; 53: 708-714.
28. Celi FS. Brown adipose tissue: When it pays to be inefficient. N Engl J Med 2009; 360: 1553-1556.
29. Cypess AM, Lehman S, Williams G, Tal I, Rodman D, Goldfine AB, et al. Identification and importance of brown adipose tissue in adult humans. N Engl J Med 2009; 360: 1509-1517.
30. Despres JP, Ross R, Boka G, Almeras N, Lemieux I. Effect of rimonabant on the high-triglyceride/low-hdl-cholesterol dyslipidemia, intraabdominal adiposity, and liver fat: The adagio-lipids trial. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2009; 29: 416-423.
31. Mathieu P, Poirier P, Pibarot P, Lemieux I, Despres JP. Visceral obesity: The link among inflammation, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease. Hypertension 2009; 53: 577-584.
32. Christensen R, Kristensen PK, Bartels EM, Bliddal H, Astrup A. Efficacy and safety of the weight-loss drug rimonabant: A metaanalysis of randomised trials. Lancet 2007; 370: 1706-1713.
33. Libby P, Okamoto Y, Rocha VZ, Folco E. Inflammation in atherosclerosis: Transition from theory to practice. Circ J 2010; 74: 213-220.
34. Koh KK, Han SH, Quon MJ. Inflammatory markers and the metabolic syndrome: Insights from therapeutic interventions. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005; 46: 1978-1985.
35. Koh KK, Oh PC, Quon MJ. Does reversal of oxidative stress and inflammation provide vascular protection? Cardiovasc Res 2009; 81: 649-659.
36. Wei Y, Whaley-Connell AT, Chen K, Habibi J, Uptergrove GM, Clark SE, et al. NADPH oxidase contributes to vascular inflammation, insulin resistance, and remodeling in the transgenic (mren2) rat. Hypertension 2007; 50: 384-391.
37. Sydow K, Mondon CE, Schrader J, Konishi H, Cooke JP. Dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase overexpression enhances insulin sensitivity. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2008; 28: 692-697.
38. Vincent MA, Montagnani M, Quon MJ. Molecular and physiologic actions of insulin related to production of nitric oxide in vascular endothelium. Curr Diab Rep 2003; 3: 279-288.
39. Kim JA, Montagnani M, Koh KK, Quon MJ. Reciprocal relationships between insulin resistance and endothelial dysfunction: Molecular and pathophysiological mechanisms. Circulation 2006; 113: 1888-1904.
40. Han SH, Quon MJ, Koh KK. Reciprocal relationships between abnormal metabolic parameters and endothelial dysfunction. Curr Opin Lipidol 2007; 18: 58-65.
41. Muniyappa R, Montagnani M, Koh KK, Quon MJ. Cardiovascular actions of insulin. Endocr Rev 2007; 28: 463-491.
42. Rodriguez-Porcel M, Lerman LO, Herrmann J, Sawamura T, Napoli C, Lerman A. Hypercholesterolemia and hypertension have synergistic deleterious effects on coronary endothelial function. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2003; 23: 885-891.
43. Nickenig G, Baumer AT, Temur Y, Kebben D, Jockenhovel F, Bohm M. Statin-sensitive dysregulated at1 receptor function and density in hypercholesterolemic men. Circulation 1999; 100: 2131-2134.
44. Bokoch GM, Prossnitz V. Isoprenoid metabolism is required for stimulation of the respiratory burst oxidase of hl-60 cells. J Clin Invest 1992; 89: 402-408.
45. Tham DM, Martin-McNulty B, Wang YX, Wilson DW, Vergona R, Sullivan ME, et al. Angiotensin ii is associated with activation of nf-kappab-mediated genes and downregulation of ppars. Physiol Genomics 2002; 11: 21-30.
46. Diep QN, Amiri F, Touyz RM, Cohn JS, Endemann D, Neves MF, et al. Pparalpha activator effects on ang ii-induced vascular oxidative stress and inflammation. Hypertension 2002; 40: 866-871.
47. Sugawara A, Takeuchi K, Uruno A, Ikeda Y, Arima S, Kudo M, et al. Transcriptional suppression of type 1 angiotensin ii receptor gene expression by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptorgamma in vascular smooth muscle cells. Endocrinology 2001; 142: 3125-3134.
48. Calnek DS, Mazzella L, Roser S, Roman J, Hart CM. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma ligands increase release of nitric oxide from endothelial cells. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2003; 23: 52-57.
49. Hwang J, Kleinhenz DJ, Lassegue B, Griendling KK, Dikalov S, Hart CM. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma ligands regulate endothelial membrane superoxide production. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2005; 288: C899-C905.
50. Van Linthout S, Spillmann F, Lorenz M, Meloni M, Jacobs F, Egorova M, et al. Vascular-protective effects of high-density lipoprotein include the downregulation of the angiotensin II type 1 receptor. Hypertension 2009; 53: 682-687.
51. Koh KK, Quon MJ. Targeting converging therapeutic pathways to overcome hypertension. Int J Cardiol 2009; 132: 297-299.
52. Koh KK, Quon MJ, Han SH, Lee Y, Kim SJ, Koh Y, et al. Distinct vascular and metabolic effects of different classes of anti-hypertensive drugs. Int J Cardiol 2010; 140: 73-81.
53. Skurk T, van Harmelen V, Blum WF, Hauner H. Angiotensin II promotes leptin production in cultured human fat cells by an erk1/2-dependent pathway. Obes Res 2005; 13: 969-973.
54. Koh KK, Park SM, Quon MJ. Leptin and cardiovascular disease: Response to therapeutic interventions. Circulation 2008; 117: 3238-3249.
55. Cassis LA, English VL, Bharadwaj K, Boustany CM. Differential effects of local versus systemic angiotensin II in the regulation of leptin release from adipocytes. Endocrinology 2004; 145: 169-174.
56. Koh KK, Quon MJ, Han SH, Chung WJ, Ahn JY, Seo YH, et al. Additive beneficial effects of losartan combined with simvastatin in the treatment of hypercholesterolemic, hypertensive patients. Circulation 2004; 110: 3687-3692.
57. Koh KK, Quon MJ, Waclawiw MA. Are statins effective for simultaneously treating dyslipidemias and hypertension? Atherosclerosis 2008; 196: 1-8.
58. Koh KK, Quon MJ, Han SH, Ahn JY, Jin DK, Kim HS, et al. Vascular and metabolic effects of combined therapy with ramipril and simvastatin in patients with type 2 diabetes. Hypertension 2005; 45: 1088-1093.
59. Kushiro T, Mizuno K, Nakaya N, Ohashi Y, Tajima N, Teramoto T, et al. Pravastatin for cardiovascular event primary prevention in patients with mild-to-moderate hypertension in the management of elevated cholesterol in the primary prevention group of adult Japanese (mega) study. Hypertension 2009; 53: 135-141.
60. Williams B, Lacy PS, Cruickshank JK, Collier D, Hughes AD, Stanton A, et al. Impact of statin therapy on central aortic pressures and hemodynamics: Principal results of the conduit artery function evaluation-lipid-lowering arm (cafe-lla) study. Circulation 2009; 119: 53-61.
61. Koh KK, Quon MJ, Rosenson RS, Chung WJ, Han SH. Vascular and metabolic effects of treatment of combined hyperlipidemia: Focus on statins and fibrates. Int J Cardiol 2008; 124: 149-159.
62. Gabay C, Kushner I. Acute-phase proteins and other systemic responses to inflammation. N Engl J Med 1999; 340: 448-454.
63. Wang CH, Li SH, Weisel RD, Fedak PW, Dumont AS, Szmitko P, et al. C-reactive protein upregulates angiotensin type 1 receptors in vascular smooth muscle. Circulation 2003; 107: 1783-1790.
64. Kleemann R, Verschuren L, de Rooij BJ, Lindeman J, de Maat MM, Szalai AJ, et al. Evidence for anti-inflammatory activity of statins and pparalpha activators in human C-reactive protein transgenic mice in vivo and in cultured human hepatocytes in vitro. Blood 2004; 103: 4188-4194.
65. Torres JL, Ridker PM. Clinical use of high sensitivity c-reactive protein for the prediction of adverse cardiovascular events. Curr Opin Cardiol 2003; 18: 471-478.
66. Koh KK, Son JW, Ahn JY, Jin DK, Kim HS, Choi YM, et al. Comparative effects of diet and statin on no bioactivity and matrix metalloproteinases in hypercholesterolemic patients with coronary artery disease. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2002; 22: e19-e23.
67. Koh KK, Son JW, Ahn JY, Jin DK, Kim HS, Choi YM, et al. Vascular effects of diet and statin in hypercholesterolemic patients. Int J Cardiol 2004; 95: 185-191.
68. Nissen SE, Tuzcu EM, Schoenhagen P, Crowe T, Sasiela WJ, Tsai J, et al. Statin therapy, LDL cholesterol, C-reactive protein, and coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med 2005; 352: 29-38.
69. Ridker PM, Cannon CP, Morrow D, Rifai N, Rose LM, McCabe CH, et al. C-reactive protein levels and outcomes after statin therapy. N Engl J Med 2005; 352: 20-28.
70. Ridker PM, Danielson E, Fonseca FA, Genest J, Gotto AM Jr, Kastelein JJ, et al. Rosuvastatin to prevent vascular events in men and women with elevated c-reactive protein. N Engl J Med 2008; 359: 2195-2207.
71. Sarafidis PA, Nilsson PM. The effects of thiazolidinediones on blood pressure levels: A systematic review. Blood Press 2006; 15: 135-150.
72. Qayyum R, Schulman P. Cardiovascular effects of the thiazolidinediones. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2006; 22: 88-97.
73. Qayyum R, Adomaityte J. A meta-analysis of the effect of thiazolidinediones on blood pressure. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 2006; 8: 19-28.
74. Tao L, Liu HR, Gao E, Teng ZP, Lopez BL, Christopher TA, et al. Antioxidative, antinitrative, and vasculoprotective effects of a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma agonist in hypercholesterolemia. Circulation 2003; 108: 2805-2811.
75. Hsueh WA, Bruemmer D. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma: Implications for cardiovascular disease. Hypertension 2004; 43: 297-305.
76. Nissen SE, Wolski K. Effect of rosiglitazone on the risk of myocardial infarction and death from cardiovascular causes. N Engl J Med 2007; 356: 2457-2471.
77. Home PD, Pocock SJ, Beck-Nielsen H, Curtis PS, Gomis R, Hanefeld M, et al. Rosiglitazone evaluated for cardiovascular outcomes in oral agent combination therapy for type 2 diabetes (record): A multicentre, randomised, open-label trial. Lancet 2009; 373: 2125-2135.
78. Sjostrand M, Eriksson JW. Neuroendocrine mechanisms in insulin resistance. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2009; 297: 104-111.
79. Folli F, Kahn CR, Hansen H, Bouchie JL, Feener EP. Angiotensin II inhibits insulin signaling in aortic smooth muscle cells at multiple levels: A potential role for serine phosphorylation in insulin/angiotensin II crosstalk. J Clin Invest 1997; 100: 2158-2169.
80. Sharma AM, Janke J, Gorzelniak K, Engeli S, Luft FC. Angiotensin blockade prevents type 2 diabetes by formation of fat cells. Hypertension 2002; 40: 609-611.
81. Schupp M, Janke J, Clasen R, Unger T, Kintscher U. Angiotensin type 1 receptor blockers induce peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma activity. Circulation 2004; 109: 2054-2057.
82. Hermann TS, Li W, Dominguez H, Ihlemann N, Rask-Madsen C, Major-Pedersen A, et al. Quinapril treatment increases insulinstimulated endothelial function and adiponectin gene expression in patients with type 2 diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006; 91: 1001-1008.
83. Eriksson JW, Jansson PA, Carlberg B, Hagg A, Kurland L, Svensson MK, et al. Hydrochlorothiazide, but not candesartan, aggravates insulin resistance and causes visceral and hepatic fat accumulation: The mechanisms for the diabetes preventing effect of candesartan (medica) study. Hypertension 2008; 52: 1030-1037.
84. Sever PS, Dahlof B, Poulter NR, Wedel H, Beevers G, Caulfield M, et al. Prevention of coronary and stroke events with atorvastatin in hypertensive patients who have average or lower-than-average cholesterol concentrations, in the anglo-scandinavian cardiac outcomes trial--lipid lowering arm (ascot-lla): A multicentre randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2003; 361: 1149-1158.
85. Demers C, McMurray JJ, Swedberg K, Pfeffer MA, Granger CB, Olofsson B, et al. Impact of candesartan on nonfatal myocardial infarction and cardiovascular death in patients with heart failure. JAMA 2005; 294: 1794-1798.
86. Dahlof B, Sever PS, Poulter NR, Wedel H, Beevers DG, Caulfield M, et al. Prevention of cardiovascular events with an antihypertensive regimen of amlodipine adding perindopril as required versus atenolol adding bendroflumethiazide as required, in the anglo-scandinavian cardiac outcomes trial-blood pressure lowering arm (ascotbpla): A multicentre randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2005; 366: 895-906.
87. Chhatriwalla AK, Nicholls SJ, Wang TH, Wolski K, Sipahi I, Crowe T, et al. Low levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and blood pressure and progression of coronary atherosclerosis. J Am Coll Cardiol 2009; 53: 1110-1115.
88. Han SH, Quon MJ, Kim JA, Koh KK. Adiponectin and cardiovascular disease: Response to therapeutic interventions. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007; 49: 531-538.
89. Koh K. Combination treatment to prevent atherosclerosis. Hypertension 2007; 50: e67.
90. Koh KK, Quon MJ. Combination therapy for treatment or prevention of atherosclerosis. Hypertension 2008; 52: e18; author reply e19.
91. Koh KK, Quon MJ. The importance of considering alternative or combination strategies for lowering LDL-C. Int J Cardiol 2009; 136: 115-119.