Candidate genes for idiopathic epilepsy in four dog breeds

BMC Genetics

Volumn 12, Issue , 2011, Pages

  Ekenstedt, Kari J ^a   Patterson, Edward E ^a   Minor, Katie M ^a   Mickelson, James R ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

4 AMINOBUTYRIC ACID A RECEPTOR ALPHA1; 4 AMINOBUTYRIC ACID A RECEPTOR GAMMA2; BUNGAROTOXIN RECEPTOR; NICOTINIC RECEPTOR; NICOTINIC RECEPTOR ALPHA4; NICOTINIC RECEPTOR BETA2; POTASSIUM CHANNEL KCNQ2; POTASSIUM CHANNEL KCNQ3; POTASSIUM CHANNEL KCNQ5; POTASSIUM CHANNEL KV1.1; PROTEIN CHRNA9; PROTEIN CHRNB1; PROTEIN CLCN2; SODIUM CHANNEL NAV1.1; SODIUM CHANNEL NAV1.2; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; MICROSATELLITE DNA;

ANIMAL EXPERIMENT; ARTICLE; CONTROLLED STUDY; DOG; EPILEPSY; GENE EXPRESSION; GENETIC ASSOCIATION; GENETIC LINKAGE; GENOTYPE; IDIOPATHIC EPILEPSY; MICROSATELLITE MARKER; NERVOUS TISSUE; NONHUMAN; ANIMAL; ANIMAL DISEASE; BREEDING; DOG DISEASE; GENETIC PREDISPOSITION; GENETICS;

CANIS FAMILIARIS; MURINAE;

ANIMALS; BREEDING; DOG DISEASES; DOGS; EPILEPSY; GENETIC LINKAGE; GENETIC PREDISPOSITION TO DISEASE; MICROSATELLITE REPEATS;

EID: 79954991060     PISSN: None     EISSN: 14712156     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1186/1471-2156-12-38     Document Type: Article

References (75)

1. Sander JW. The epidemiology of epilepsy revisited. Curr Opin Neurol 2003, 16(2):165-70. 10.1097/00019052-200304000-00008, 12644744.
2. Jallon P, Latour P. Epidemiology of idiopathic generalized epilepsies. Epilepsia 2005, 46(Suppl 9):10-4.
3. Noebels JL. Exploring new gene discoveries in idiopathic generalized epilepsy. Epilepsia 2003, 44(Suppl 2):16-21.
4. Scheffer IE, Berkovic SF. The genetics of human epilepsy. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2003, 24(8):428-33. 10.1016/S0165-6147(03)00194-9, 12915053.
5. Gourfinkel-An I, Baulac S, Nabbout R, Ruberg M, Baulac M, Brice A, LeGuern E. Monogenic idiopathic epilepsies. Lancet Neurol 2004, 3(4):209-218. 10.1016/S1474-4422(04)00706-9, 15039033.
6. Steinlein OK. Genes and mutations in human idiopathic epilepsy. Brain Dev 2004, 26(4):213-8. 10.1016/S0387-7604(03)00149-9, 15130686.
7. Lu Y, Wang X. Genes associated with idiopathic epilepsies: a current overview. Neurol Res 2009, 31(2):135-43. 10.1179/174313209X393942, 19298753.
8. Berendt M, Gredal H, Alving J. Characteristics and phenomenology of epileptic partial seizures in dogs: similarities with human seizure semiology. Epilepsy Res 2004, 61:167-73. 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2004.07.009, 15451018.
9. Leppik IE, Patterson E, Hardy B, Cloyd JC. Canine status epilepticus: Proof of principle studies. Epilepsia 2009, 50(Suppl 12):14-5.
10. Chandler K. Canine epilepsy: what can we learn from human seizure disorders?. Vet J 2006, 172(2):207-17. 10.1016/j.tvjl.2005.07.001, 16154785.
11. Knowles K. Idiopathic epilepsy. Clin Tech Small Anim Pract 1998, 13(3):144-51. 10.1016/S1096-2867(98)80035-2, 9775504.
12. Bielfelt SW, Redman HC, McClellan RO. Sire- and sex-related differences in rates of epileptiform seizures in a purebred beagle dog colony. Am J Vet Res 1971, 32(12):2039-48.
13. Falco MJ, Barker J, Wallace ME. The genetics of epilepsy in the British Alsatian. J Small Anim Pract 1974, 15(11):685-92. 10.1111/j.1748-5827.1974.tb05651.x, 4449202.
14. Hall SJ, Wallace ME. Canine epilepsy: a genetic counselling programme for keeshonds. Vet Rec 1996, 138(15):358-60. 10.1136/vr.138.15.358, 8737262.
15. Jaggy A, Faissler D, Gaillard C, Srenk P, Graber H. Genetic aspects of idiopathic epilepsy in Labrador retrievers. J Small Anim Pract 1998, 39(6):275-80. 10.1111/j.1748-5827.1998.tb03650.x, 9673903.
16. Srenk P, Jaggy A, Gaillard C, Busato A, Horin P. Genetic basis of idiopathic epilepsy in the golden retriever. Tierarztl Prax 1994, 22(6):574-8.
17. Srenk P, Jaggy A. Interictal electroencephalographic findings in a family of golden retrievers with idiopathic epilepsy. J Small Anim Pract 1996, 37(7):317-21. 10.1111/j.1748-5827.1996.tb02398.x, 8840251.
18. Kathmann I, Jaggy A, Busato A, Bartschi M, Gaillard C. Clinical and genetic investigations of idiopathic epilepsy in the Bernese mountain dog. J Small Anim Pract 1999, 40(7):319-25. 10.1111/j.1748-5827.1999.tb03089.x, 10444751.
19. Famula TR, Oberbauer AM, Brown KN. Heritability of epileptic seizures in the Belgian tervueren. J Small Anim Pract 1997, 38(8):349-52. 10.1111/j.1748-5827.1997.tb03483.x, 9282341.
20. Famula TR, Oberbauer AM. Segregation analysis of epilepsy in the Belgian tervueren dog. Vet Rec 2000, 147(8):218-21. 10.1136/vr.147.8.218, 10994924.
21. Nielen AL, Janss LL, Knol BW. Heritability estimations for diseases, coat color, body weight, and height in a birth cohort of Boxers. Am J Vet Res 2001, 62(8):1198-206. 10.2460/ajvr.2001.62.1198, 11497438.
22. Morita T, Shimada A, Takeuchi T, Hikasa Y, Sawada M, Ohiwa S, Takahashi M, Kubo N, Shibahara T, Miyata H, Ohama E. Cliniconeuropathologic findings of familial frontal lobe epilepsy in Shetland sheepdogs. Can J Vet Res 2002, 66(1):35-41. 226980, 11858647.
23. Patterson EE, Mickelson JR, Da Y, Roberts MC, McVey AS, O'Brien DP, Johnson GS, Armstrong PJ. Clinical characteristics and inheritance of idiopathic epilepsy in Vizslas. J Vet Intern Med 2003, 17(3):319-25. 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2003.tb02455.x, 12774973.
24. Patterson EE, Armstrong PJ, O'Brien DP, Roberts MC, Johnson GS, Mickelson JR. Clinical description and mode of inheritance of idiopathic epilepsy in English springer spaniels. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2005, 226(1):54-8. 10.2460/javma.2005.226.54, 15646572.
25. Casal ML, Munuve RM, Janis MA, Werner P, Henthorn PS. Epilepsy in Irish Wolfhounds. J Vet Intern Med 2006, 20(1):131-5. 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2006.tb02832.x, 16496932.
26. Licht BG, Lin S, Luo Y, Hyson LL, Licht MH, Harper KM, Sullivan SA, Fernandez SA, Johnston EV. Clinical characteristics and mode of inheritance of familial focal seizures in Standard Poodles. J Am Vet med Assoc 2007, 231(10):1520-8. 10.2460/javma.231.10.1520, 18020993.
27. Lohi H, Young EJ, Fitzmaurice SN, Rusbridge C, Chan EM, Vervoort M, Turnbull J, Zhao XC, Ianzano L, Paterson AD, Sutter NB, Ostrander EA, Andre C, Shelton GD, Ackerley CA, Scherer SW, Minassian BA. Expanded repeat in canine epilepsy. Science 2005, 307(5706):81. 10.1126/science.1102832, 15637270.
28. Ostrander EA, Kruglyak L. Unleashing the canine genome. Genome Res 2000, 10(9):1271-4. 10.1101/gr.155900, 10984444.
29. Mellersh C. Microsatellite-based candidate gene linkage analysis studies. Methods Mol Biol 2008, 439:75-86. 10.1007/978-1-59745-188-8_5, 18370096.
30. Aridon P, Marini C, Di Resta C, Brilli E, De Fusco M, Politi F, Parrini E, Manfredia I, Pisano T, Pruna D, Curia G, Cianchetti C, Pasqualetti M, Becchetti A, Guerrini R, Casari G. Increased sensitivity of the neuronal nicotinic receptor alpha 2 subunit causes familial epilepsy with nocturnal wandering and ictal fear. Am J Hum Genet 2006, 79(2):342-50. 10.1086/506459, 1559502, 16826524.
31. Phillips HA, Scheffer IE, Berkovic SF, Hollway GE, Sutherland GR, Mulley JC. Localization of a gene for autosomal dominant nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy to chromosome 20q 13.2. Nat Genet 1995, 10(1):117-8. 10.1038/ng0595-117, 7647781.
32. Charlier C, Singh NA, Ryan SG, Lewis TB, Reus BE, Leach RJ, Leppert M. A pore mutation in a novel KQT-like potassium channel gene in an idiopathic epilepsy family. Nat Genet 1998, 18(1):53-5. 10.1038/ng0198-53, 9425900.
33. Wallace RH, Wang DW, Singh R, Scheffer IE, George AL, Phillips HA, Saar K, Reis A, Johnson EW, Sutherland GR, Berkovic SF, Mulley JC. Febrile seizures and generalized epilepsy associated with a mutation in the Na+-channel beta1 subunit gene SCN1B. Nat Genet 1998, 19(4):366-70. 10.1038/1252, 9697698.
34. Escayg A, MacDonald BT, Meisler MH, Baulac S, Huberfeld G, An-Gourfinkel I, Brice A, LeGuern E, Moulard B, Chaigne D, Buresi C, Malafosse A. Mutations of SCN1A, encoding a neuronal sodium channel, in two families with GEFS+2. Nat Genet 2000, 24(4):343-5. 10.1038/74159, 10742094.
35. Weber YG, Lerche H. Genetic mechanisms in idiopathic epilepsies. Dev Med Child Neurol 2008, 50(9):648-54. 10.1111/j.1469-8749.2008.03058.x, 18754913.
36. Lindblad-Toh K, Wade CM, Mikkelsen TS, Karlsson EK, Jaffe DB, Kamal M, Clamp M, Chang JL, Kulbokas EJ, Zody MC, Mauceli E, Xie X, Breen M, Wayne RK, Ostrander EA, Ponting CP, Galibert F, Smith DR, DeJong PJ, Kirkness E, Alvarez P, Biagi T, Brockman W, Butler J, Chin CW, Cook A, Cuff J, Daly MJ, DeCaprio D, Gnerre S, Grabherr M, Kellis M, Kleber M, Bardeleben C, Goodstadt L, Heger A, Hitte C, Kim L, Koepfli KP, Parker HG, Pollinger JP, Searle SM, Sutter NB, Thomas R, Webber C, Baldwin J, Abebe A, Abouelleil A, Aftuck L, Ait-Zahra M, Aldredge T, Allen N, An P, Anderson S, Antoine C, Arachchi H, Aslam A, Ayotte L, Bachantsang P, Barry A, Bayul T, Benamara M, Berlin A, Bessette D, Blitshteyn B, Bloom T, Blye J, Boguslavskiy L, Bonnet C, Boukhgalter B, Brown A, Cahill P, Calixte N, Camarata J, Cheshatsang Y, Chu J, Citroen M, Collymore A, Cooke P, Dawoe T, Daza R, Decktor K, DeGray S, Dhargay N, Dooley K, Dooley K, Dorje P, Dorjee K, Dorris L, Duffey N, Dupes A, Egbiremolen O, Elong R, Falk J, Farina A, Faro S, Ferguson D, Ferreira P, Fisher S, FitzGerald M, Foley K, Foley C, Franke A, Friedrich D, Gage D, Garber M, Gearin G, Giannoukos G, Goode T, Goyette A, Graham J, Grandbois E, Gyaltsen K, Hafez N, Hagopian D, Hagos B, Hall J, Healy C, Hegarty R, Honan T, Horn A, Houde N, Hughes L, Hunnicutt L, Husby M, Jester B, Jones C, Kamat A, Kanga B, Kells C, Khazanovich D, Kieu AC, Kisner P, Kumar M, Lance K, Landers T, Lara M, Lee W, Leger JP, Lennon N, Leuper L, LeVine S, Liu J, Liu X, Lokyitsang Y, Lokyitsang T, Lui A, Macdonald J, Major J, Marabella R, Maru K, Matthews C, McDonough S, Mehta T, Meldrim J, Melnikov A, Meneus L, Mihalev A, Mihova T, Miller K, Mittelman R, Mlenga V, Mulrain L, Munson G, Navidi A, Naylor J, Nguyen T, Nguyen N, Nguyen C, Nguyen T, Nicol R, Norbu N, Norbu C, Novod N, Nyima T, Olandt P, O'Neill B, O'Neill K, Osman S, Oyono L, Patti C, Perrin D, Phunkhang P, Pierre F, Priest M, Rachupka A, Raghuraman S, Rameau R, Ray V, Raymond C, Rege F, Rise C, Rogers J, Rogov P, Sahalie J, Settipalli S, Sharpe T, Shea T, Sheehan M, Sherpa N, Shi J, Shih D, Sloan J, Smith C, Sparrow T, Stalker J, Stange-Thomann N, Stavropoulos S, Stone C, Stone S, Sykes S, Tchuinga P, Tenzing P, Tesfaye S, Thoulutsang D, Thoulutsang Y, Topham K, Topping I, Tsamla T, Vassiliev H, Venkataraman V, Vo A, Wangchuk T, Wangdi T, Weiand M, Wilkinson J, Wilson A, Yadav S, Yang S, Yang X, Young G, Yu Q, Zainoun J, Zembek L, Zimmer A, Lander ES. Genome sequence, comparative analysis and haplotype structure of the domestic dog. Nature 2005, 438(7069):803-19. 10.1038/nature04338, 16341006.
37. Steinlein OK. New insights into the molecular and genetic mechanisms underlying idiopathic epilepsies. Clin Genet 1998, 54(3):169-75.
38. Heron SE, Scheffer IE, Berkovic SF, Dibbens LM, Mulley JC. Channelopathies in idiopathic epilepsy. Neurotherapeutics 2007, 4(2):295-304. 10.1016/j.nurt.2007.01.009, 17395140.
39. Sanchez-Carpintero Abad R, Sanmarti Vilaplana FX, Serratosa JM. Genetic Causes of Epilepsy. Neurologist 2007, 13(6 Suppl 1):S47-S51.
40. Oberbauer AM, Belanger JM, Grossman DI, Regan KR, Famula TR. Genome-wide linkage scan for loci associated with epilepsy in Belgian shepherd dogs. BMC Genet 2010, 11:35. 2877138, 20441595.
41. Kumar RA, KaraMohamed S, Sudi J, Conrad DF, Brune C, Badner JA, Gilliam TC, Nowak NJ, Cook EH, Dobyns WB, Christian SL. Recurrent 16p11.2 microdeletions in autism. Hum Mol Genet 2008, 17(4):628-38.
42. Weiss LA, Shen Y, Korn JM, Arking DE, Miller DT, Fossdal R, Saemundsen E, Stefansson H, Ferreira MA, Green T, Platt OS, Ruderfer DM, Walsh CA, Altshuler D, Chakravarti A, Tanzi RE, Stefansson K, Santangelo SL, Gusella JF, Sklar P, Wu BL, Daly MJ, . Autisim Consortium Association between microdeletion and microduplication at 16p11.2 and autism. N Engl J Med 2008, 358(7):667-75. 10.1056/NEJMoa075974, 18184952, Autisim Consortium.
43. Walsh T, McClellan JM, McCarthy SE, Addington AM, Pierce SB, Cooper GM, Nord AS, Kusenda M, Malhotra D, Bhandari A, Stray SM, Rippey CF, Roccanova P, Makarov V, Lakshmi B, Findling RL, Sikich L, Stromberg T, Merriman B, Gogtay N, Butler P, Eckstrand K, Noory L, Gochman P, Long R, Chen Z, Davis S, Baker C, Eichler EE, Meltzer PS, Nelson SF, Singleton AB, Lee MK, Rapoport JL, King MC, Sebat J. Rare structural variants disrupt multiple genes in neurodevelopmental pathways in schizophrenia. Science 2008, 320(5875):539-43. 10.1126/science.1155174, 18369103.
44. Xu B, Roos JL, Levy S, van Rensburg EJ, Gogos JA, Karayiorgou M. Strong association of de novo copy number mutations with sproadic schizophrenia. Nat Genet 2008, 40(7):880-5. 10.1038/ng.162, 18511947.
45. Mefford HC, Muhle H, Ostertag P, von Spiczak S, Buysse K, Baker C, Franke A, Malafosse A, Genton P, Thomas P, Gurnett CA, Schreiber S, Bassuk AG, Guipponi M, Stephani U, Helbig I, Eichler EE. Genome-wide copy number variation in epilepsy: novel susceptibility loci in idiopathic generalized and focal epilepsies. PLoS Genet 2010, 6(5):e1000962. 10.1371/journal.pgen.1000962, 2873910, 20502679.
46. Podell M, Fenner WR, Powers JD. Seizure classification in dogs from a nonreferral-based population. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1995, 206(11):1721-8.
47. Cadieu E, Neff MW, Quignon P, Walsh K, Chase K, Parker HG, Vonholdt BM, Rhue A, Boyko A, Byers A, Wong A, Mosher DS, Elkahloun AG, Spady TC, Andre C, Lark KG, Cargill M, Bustamante CD, Wayne RK, Ostrander EA. Coat variation in the domestic dog is governed by variants in three genes. Science 2009, 326(5949):150-3. 10.1126/science.1177808, 2897713, 19713490.
48. Chan EM, Young EJ, Ianzano L, Munteanu I, Zhao X, Christopoulos CC, Avanzini G, Elia M, Ackerley CA, Jovic NJ, Bohlega S, Andermann E, Rouleau GA, Delgado-Escueta AV, Minassian BA, Scherer SW. Mutations in NHLRC1 cause progressive myoclonus epilepsy. Nat Genet 2003, 35(2):125-7. 10.1038/ng1238, 12958597.
49. Gardiner M. Genetics of idiopathic generalized epilepsies. Epilepsia 2005, 46(Suppl 9):15-20.
50. Turnbull J, Lohi H, Kearney JA, Rouleau GA, Delgado-Escueta AV, Meisler MH, Cossette P, Minassian BA. Sacred disease secrets revealed: the genetics of human epilepsy. Hum Mol Genet 2005, 14(17):2491-500. 10.1093/hmg/ddi250, 16278970.
51. Gomez-Abad C, Gomez-Garre P, Gutierrez-Delicado E, Saygi S, Michelucci R, Tassinari CA, Rodriguez de Cordoba S, Serratosa JM. Lafora disease due to EPM2B mutations: a clinical and genetic study. Neurology 2005, 64(6):982-6.
52. Gurnett CA, Hedera P. New ideas in epilepsy genetics: novel epilepsy genes, copy number alterations, and gene regulation. Arch Neurol 2007, 64(3):324-8. 10.1001/archneur.64.3.324, 17353374.
53. Kato M, Saitoh S, Kamei A, Shiraishi H, Ueda Y, Akasaka M, Tohyama J, Akasaka N, Hayasaka K. A longer polyalanine expansion mutation in the ARX gene causes early infantile epileptic encephalopathy with suppression-burst pattern (Ohtahara syndrome). Am J Hum Genet 2007, 81(2):361-6. 10.1086/518903, 1950814, 17668384.
54. Wallerstein R, Sugalski R, Cohn L, Jawetz R, Friez M. Expansion of the ARX spectrum. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2008, 110(6):631-4. 10.1016/j.clineuro.2008.03.007, 18462864.
55. Barclay J, Balaguero N, Mione M, Ackerman SL, Letts VA, Brodbeck J, Canti C, Meir A, Page KM, Kusumi K, Perez-Reyes E, Lander ES, Frankel WN, Gardiner RM, Dolphin AC, Rees M. Ducky mouse phenotype of epilepsy and ataxia is associated with mutations in the Cacna2d2 gene and decreased calcium channel current in cerebellar Purkinje cells. J Neurosci 2001, 21(16):6095-104.
56. Frankel WN. Detecting genes in new and old mouse models for epilepsy: a prospectus through the magnifying glass. Epilepsy Res 1999, 36:97-110. 10.1016/S0920-1211(99)00044-3, 10515158.
57. Elmslie FV, Rees M, Williamson MP, Kerr M, Kjeldsen MJ, Pang KA, Sundqvist A, Friis ML, Chadwick D, Richens A, Covanis A, Santos M, Arzimanoglou A, Panayiotopoulos CP, Curtis D, Whitehouse WP, Gardiner RM. Genetic mapping of a major susceptibility locus for juvenile myoclonic epilepsy on chromosome 15q. Hum Mol Genet 1997, 6(8):1329-34. 10.1093/hmg/6.8.1329, 9259280.
58. Patterson EE, Minor KM, Tchernatynskaia AV, Taylor SM, Shelton GD, Ekenstedt KJ, Mickelson JR. A canine DNM1 mutation is highly associated with the syndrome of exercise-induced collapse. Nat Genet 2008, 40(10):1235-9. 10.1038/ng.224, 18806795.
59. Boumil RM, Letts VA, Roberts MC, Lenz C, Mahaffey CL, Zhang ZW, Moser T, Frankel WN. A missense mutation in a highly conserved alternate exon of dynamin-1 causes epilepsy in fitful mice. PLoS Genet 2010, 6(8):e1001046. 10.1371/journal.pgen.1001046, 2916854, 20700442.
60. National Center for Biotechnology Information. , http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
61. UC Santa Cruz Genome Browser Home. , http://genome.ucsc.edu/
62. Primer3. , http://frodo.wi.mit.edu/
63. Oetting WS, Armstrong CM, Ronan SM, Young TL, Sellers TA, King RA. Multiplexed short tandem repeat polymorphisms of the Weber 8A set of markers using tailed primers and infrared fluorescence detection. Electrophoresis 1998, 19(18):3079-83. 10.1002/elps.1150191806, 9932797.
64. Ott J. Analysis of Human Genetic Linkage 1999, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 3.
65. Ott J. Computer-simulation methods in human linkage analysis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1989, 86(11):4175-8. 10.1073/pnas.86.11.4175, 287412, 2726769.
66. Weeks DE, Ott J, Lathrop GM. SLINK: a general simulation program for linkage analysis [abstract]. Am J Hum Genet 1990, 47(A204).
67. Cottingham RW, Idury RM, Schaffer AA. Faster sequential genetic linkage computations. Am J Hum Genet 1993, 53(1):252-63. 1682239, 8317490.
68. Gordon D, Corwin MB, Mellersh CS, Ostrander EA, Ott J. Establishing appropriate genome-wide significance levels for canine linkage analysis. J Hered 2003, 94(1):1-7. 10.1093/jhered/esg009, 12692155.
69. Lathrop GM, Lalouel JM. Easy calculations of lod scores and genetic risks on small computers. Am J Hum Genet 1984, 36(2):460-5. 1684427, 6585139.
70. Lathrop GM, Lalouel JM, Julier C, Ott J. Strategies for multilocus linkage analysis in humans. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1984, 81(11):3443-6. 10.1073/pnas.81.11.3443, 345524, 6587361.
71. Lathrop GM, Lalouel JM, White RL. Construction of human linkage maps: likelihood calculations for multilocus linkage analysis. Genet Epidemiol 1986, 3(1):39-52. 10.1002/gepi.1370030105, 3957003.
72. Schaffer AA. Faster linkage analysis computations for pedigrees with loops or unused alleles. Hum Hered 1996, 46(4):226-35. 10.1159/000154358, 8807326.
73. Moore DS, McCabe GP. Introduction to the Practice of Statistics 2006, New York: WH Freeman and Company, 5.
74. UC Davis Canine Genetic Linkage Map. , http://www.vgl.ucdavis.edu/dogmap
75. Dog (Canis familiaris) Ensembl Website. , http://www.ensembl.org/canis_familiaris/