메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 9, Issue 4, 2011, Pages 503-512

Targeting specific genes for RNA interference is crucial to the development of strong resistance to Rice stripe virus

Author keywords

RNA interference; Tenuivirus; Transgenic rice; Viral resistance

Indexed keywords

NUCLEOCAPSID PROTEIN;

EID: 79954601688     PISSN: 14677644     EISSN: 14677652     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-7652.2010.00571.x     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (61)

References (55)
  • 1
    • 0023045284 scopus 로고
    • Delay of disease development in transgenic plants that express the tobacco mosaic virus coat protein gene
    • Abel, P.P., Nelson, R.S., De, B., Hoffmann, N., Rogers, S.G., Fraley, R.T. and Beachy, R.N. (1986) Delay of disease development in transgenic plants that express the tobacco mosaic virus coat protein gene. Science, 232, 738-743.
    • (1986) Science , vol.232 , pp. 738-743
    • Abel, P.P.1    Nelson, R.S.2    De, B.3    Hoffmann, N.4    Rogers, S.G.5    Fraley, R.T.6    Beachy, R.N.7
  • 2
    • 0030481107 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mechanisms of pathogen-derived resistance to viruses in transgenic plants
    • Baulcombe, D.C. (1996) Mechanisms of pathogen-derived resistance to viruses in transgenic plants. Plant Cell, 8, 1833-1844.
    • (1996) Plant Cell , vol.8 , pp. 1833-1844
    • Baulcombe, D.C.1
  • 4
    • 0035905766 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Role for a bidentate ribonuclease in the initiation step of RNA interference
    • Bernstein, E., Caudy, A.A., Hammond, S.M. and Hannon, G.J. (2001) Role for a bidentate ribonuclease in the initiation step of RNA interference. Nature, 409, 363-366.
    • (2001) Nature , vol.409 , pp. 363-366
    • Bernstein, E.1    Caudy, A.A.2    Hammond, S.M.3    Hannon, G.J.4
  • 5
    • 34250674830 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • RNAi-mediated resistance to Bean golden mosaic virus in genetically engineered common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris)
    • Bonfim, K., Faria, J.C., Nogueira, E.O.P.L., Mendes, É.A. and Aragão, F.J.L. (2007) RNAi-mediated resistance to Bean golden mosaic virus in genetically engineered common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris). Mol. Plant Microbe Interact. 20, 717-726.
    • (2007) Mol. Plant Microbe Interact. , vol.20 , pp. 717-726
    • Bonfim, K.1    Faria, J.C.2    Nogueira, E.O.P.L.3    Mendes, É.A.4    Aragão, F.J.L.5
  • 6
    • 33746561720 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An antagonistic function for Arabidopsis DCL2 in development and a new function for DCL4 in generating viral siRNAs
    • Bouché, N., Lauressergues, D., Gasciolli, V. and Vaucheret, H. (2006) An antagonistic function for Arabidopsis DCL2 in development and a new function for DCL4 in generating viral siRNAs. EMBO J. 25, 3347-3356.
    • (2006) EMBO J. , vol.25 , pp. 3347-3356
    • Bouché, N.1    Lauressergues, D.2    Gasciolli, V.3    Vaucheret, H.4
  • 7
    • 33646137364 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The diversity of RNA silencing pathways in plants
    • Brodersen, P. and Voinnet, O. (2006) The diversity of RNA silencing pathways in plants. Trends Genet. 22, 268-280.
    • (2006) Trends Genet. , vol.22 , pp. 268-280
    • Brodersen, P.1    Voinnet, O.2
  • 9
    • 8744247225 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • High frequency induction of RNA-mediated resistance against Cucumber mosaic virus using inverted repeat constructs
    • Chen, Y.K., Lohuis, D., Goldbach, R. and Prins, M. (2004) High frequency induction of RNA-mediated resistance against Cucumber mosaic virus using inverted repeat constructs. Mol. Breed. 14, 215-226.
    • (2004) Mol. Breed. , vol.14 , pp. 215-226
    • Chen, Y.K.1    Lohuis, D.2    Goldbach, R.3    Prins, M.4
  • 10
    • 0026816010 scopus 로고
    • Maize polyubiquitin genes: structure, thermal perturbation of expression and transcript splicing, and promoter activity following transfer to protoplasts by electroporation
    • Christensen, A.H., Sharrock, R.A. and Quail, P.H. (1992) Maize polyubiquitin genes: structure, thermal perturbation of expression and transcript splicing, and promoter activity following transfer to protoplasts by electroporation. Plant Mol. Biol. 18, 675-689.
    • (1992) Plant Mol. Biol. , vol.18 , pp. 675-689
    • Christensen, A.H.1    Sharrock, R.A.2    Quail, P.H.3
  • 12
    • 28244479938 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hairpin RNA-mediated silencing of Plum pox virus P1 and HC-Pro genes for efficient and predictable resistance to the virus
    • Di Nicola-Negri, E., Brunetti, A., Tavazza, M. and Ilardi, V. (2005) Hairpin RNA-mediated silencing of Plum pox virus P1 and HC-Pro genes for efficient and predictable resistance to the virus. Transgenic Res. 14, 989-994.
    • (2005) Transgenic Res. , vol.14 , pp. 989-994
    • Di Nicola-Negri, E.1    Brunetti, A.2    Tavazza, M.3    Ilardi, V.4
  • 13
    • 34547587566 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antiviral immunity directed by small RNAs
    • Ding, S.W. and Voinnet, O. (2007) Antiviral immunity directed by small RNAs. Cell, 130, 413-426.
    • (2007) Cell , vol.130 , pp. 413-426
    • Ding, S.W.1    Voinnet, O.2
  • 14
    • 0025978277 scopus 로고
    • A simple and rapid method for the preparation of plant genomic DNA for PCR analysis
    • Edwards, K., Johnstone, C. and Thompson, C. (1991) A simple and rapid method for the preparation of plant genomic DNA for PCR analysis. Nucleic Acids Res. 19, 1349.
    • (1991) Nucleic Acids Res. , vol.19 , pp. 1349
    • Edwards, K.1    Johnstone, C.2    Thompson, C.3
  • 15
    • 0035863097 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • RNA interference is mediated by 21- and 22-nucleotide RNAs
    • Elbashir, S.M., Lendeckel, W. and Tuschl, T. (2001) RNA interference is mediated by 21- and 22-nucleotide RNAs. Genes Dev. 15, 188-200.
    • (2001) Genes Dev. , vol.15 , pp. 188-200
    • Elbashir, S.M.1    Lendeckel, W.2    Tuschl, T.3
  • 16
    • 0031684262 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Biology and molecular biology of viruses in the genus Tenuivirus
    • Falk, B.W. and Tsai, J.H. (1998) Biology and molecular biology of viruses in the genus Tenuivirus. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 36, 139-163.
    • (1998) Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. , vol.36 , pp. 139-163
    • Falk, B.W.1    Tsai, J.H.2
  • 17
    • 0032545933 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Potent and specific genetic interference by double-stranded RNA in Caenorhabditis elegans
    • Fire, A., Xu, S., Montgomery, M.K., Kostas, S.A., Driver, S.E. and Mello, C.C. (1998) Potent and specific genetic interference by double-stranded RNA in Caenorhabditis elegans. Nature, 391, 806-811.
    • (1998) Nature , vol.391 , pp. 806-811
    • Fire, A.1    Xu, S.2    Montgomery, M.K.3    Kostas, S.A.4    Driver, S.E.5    Mello, C.C.6
  • 19
    • 0037418322 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • RNA interference of influenza virus production by directly targeting mRNA for degradation and indirectly inhibiting all viral RNA transcription
    • Ge, Q., McManus, M.T., Nguyen, T., Shen, C.H., Sharp, P.A., Eisen, H.N. and Chen, J. (2003) RNA interference of influenza virus production by directly targeting mRNA for degradation and indirectly inhibiting all viral RNA transcription. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 100, 2718-2723.
    • (2003) Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA , vol.100 , pp. 2718-2723
    • Ge, Q.1    McManus, M.T.2    Nguyen, T.3    Shen, C.H.4    Sharp, P.A.5    Eisen, H.N.6    Chen, J.7
  • 20
    • 0033615491 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A species of small antisense RNA in posttranscriptional gene silencing in plants
    • Hamilton, A.J. and Baulcombe, D.C. (1999) A species of small antisense RNA in posttranscriptional gene silencing in plants. Science, 286, 950-952.
    • (1999) Science , vol.286 , pp. 950-952
    • Hamilton, A.J.1    Baulcombe, D.C.2
  • 21
    • 0037009520 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Two classes of short interfering RNA in RNA silencing
    • Hamilton, A., Voinnet, O., Chappell, L. and Baulcombe, D. (2002) Two classes of short interfering RNA in RNA silencing. EMBO J. 21, 4671-4679.
    • (2002) EMBO J. , vol.21 , pp. 4671-4679
    • Hamilton, A.1    Voinnet, O.2    Chappell, L.3    Baulcombe, D.4
  • 22
    • 0034673638 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An RNA-directed nuclease mediates post-transcriptional gene silencing in Drosophila cells
    • Hammond, S.M., Bernstein, E., Beach, D. and Hannon, G.J. (2000) An RNA-directed nuclease mediates post-transcriptional gene silencing in Drosophila cells. Nature, 404, 293-296.
    • (2000) Nature , vol.404 , pp. 293-296
    • Hammond, S.M.1    Bernstein, E.2    Beach, D.3    Hannon, G.J.4
  • 24
    • 0029661735 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Biology and epidemiology of rice viruses
    • Hibino, H. (1996) Biology and epidemiology of rice viruses. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 34, 249-274.
    • (1996) Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. , vol.34 , pp. 249-274
    • Hibino, H.1
  • 25
    • 0028483231 scopus 로고
    • Efficient transformation of rice (Oryza sativa L.) mediated by Agrobacterium and sequence analysis of the boundaries of the T-DNA
    • Hiei, Y., Ohta, S., Komari, T. and Kumashiro, T. (1994) Efficient transformation of rice (Oryza sativa L.) mediated by Agrobacterium and sequence analysis of the boundaries of the T-DNA. Plant J. 6, 271-282.
    • (1994) Plant J. , vol.6 , pp. 271-282
    • Hiei, Y.1    Ohta, S.2    Komari, T.3    Kumashiro, T.4
  • 26
    • 0036678833 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The occurrence of CMV-specific short Rnas in transgenic tobacco expressing virus-derived double-stranded RNA is indicative of resistance to the virus
    • Kalantidis, K., Psaradakis, S., Tabler, M. and Tsagris, M. (2002) The occurrence of CMV-specific short Rnas in transgenic tobacco expressing virus-derived double-stranded RNA is indicative of resistance to the virus. Mol. Plant Microbe Interact. 15, 826-833.
    • (2002) Mol. Plant Microbe Interact. , vol.15 , pp. 826-833
    • Kalantidis, K.1    Psaradakis, S.2    Tabler, M.3    Tsagris, M.4
  • 27
    • 34547148929 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Transgenic Nicotiana benthamiana plants resistant to cucumber green mottle mosaic virus based on RNA silencing
    • Kamachi, S., Mochizuki, A., Nishiguchi, M. and Tabei, Y. (2007) Transgenic Nicotiana benthamiana plants resistant to cucumber green mottle mosaic virus based on RNA silencing. Plant Cell Rep. 26, 1283-1288.
    • (2007) Plant Cell Rep. , vol.26 , pp. 1283-1288
    • Kamachi, S.1    Mochizuki, A.2    Nishiguchi, M.3    Tabei, Y.4
  • 29
    • 4444329589 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Construct hairpin RNA to fight against rice dwarf virus
    • Ma, Z.L., Yang, H.Y., Wang, R. and Tien, P. (2004) Construct hairpin RNA to fight against rice dwarf virus. J. Integr. Plant Biol. 46, 332-336.
    • (2004) J. Integr. Plant Biol. , vol.46 , pp. 332-336
    • Ma, Z.L.1    Yang, H.Y.2    Wang, R.3    Tien, P.4
  • 31
    • 2342577446 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Simple RNAi vectors for stable and transient suppression of gene function in rice
    • Miki, D. and Shimamoto, K. (2004) Simple RNAi vectors for stable and transient suppression of gene function in rice. Plant Cell Physiol. 45, 490-495.
    • (2004) Plant Cell Physiol. , vol.45 , pp. 490-495
    • Miki, D.1    Shimamoto, K.2
  • 32
    • 30344485789 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • RNA silencing of single and multiple members in a gene family of rice
    • Miki, D., Itoh, R. and Shimamoto, K. (2005) RNA silencing of single and multiple members in a gene family of rice. Plant Physiol. 138, 1903-1913.
    • (2005) Plant Physiol. , vol.138 , pp. 1903-1913
    • Miki, D.1    Itoh, R.2    Shimamoto, K.3
  • 33
    • 0031603825 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • History of coat protein-mediated protection
    • Miller, E.D. and Hemenway, C. (1998) History of coat protein-mediated protection. Methods Mol. Biol. 81, 25-38.
    • (1998) Methods Mol. Biol. , vol.81 , pp. 25-38
    • Miller, E.D.1    Hemenway, C.2
  • 34
    • 4444296566 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Generation of transgenic potato plants highly resistant to potato virus Y (PVY) through RNA silencing
    • Missiou, A., Kalantidis, K., Boutla, A., Tzortzakaki, S., Tabler, M. and Tsagris, M. (2004) Generation of transgenic potato plants highly resistant to potato virus Y (PVY) through RNA silencing. Mol. Breed. 14, 185-197.
    • (2004) Mol. Breed. , vol.14 , pp. 185-197
    • Missiou, A.1    Kalantidis, K.2    Boutla, A.3    Tzortzakaki, S.4    Tabler, M.5    Tsagris, M.6
  • 35
    • 0011115995 scopus 로고
    • Infectivity of rice viruses to the varieties resistant to rice stripe virus
    • and () ., in Japanese).
    • Noda, S., Omura, T., Murakami, M. and Tsuchizaki, T. (1991) Infectivity of rice viruses to the varieties resistant to rice stripe virus. Ann. Phytopathol. Soc. Jpn. 57, 259-262 (in Japanese).
    • (1991) Ann. Phytopathol. Soc. Jpn. , vol.57 , pp. 259-262
    • Noda, S.1    Omura, T.2    Murakami, M.3    Tsuchizaki, T.4
  • 36
    • 0030633480 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Replicase-mediated resistance to plant virus disease
    • Palukaitis, P. and Zaitlin, M. (1997) Replicase-mediated resistance to plant virus disease. Adv. Virus Res. 48, 349-377.
    • (1997) Adv. Virus Res. , vol.48 , pp. 349-377
    • Palukaitis, P.1    Zaitlin, M.2
  • 38
    • 0022398009 scopus 로고
    • The concept of parasite-derived resistance-driving resistance genes from the parasite's own genome
    • Sanford, J.C. and Johnston, S.A. (1985) The concept of parasite-derived resistance-driving resistance genes from the parasite's own genome. J. Theor. Biol. 113, 395-405.
    • (1985) J. Theor. Biol. , vol.113 , pp. 395-405
    • Sanford, J.C.1    Johnston, S.A.2
  • 39
    • 73149085487 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Selective modification of rice (Oryza sativa) gene expression by rice stripe virus infection
    • Satoh, K., Kondoh, H., Sasaya, T., Shimizu, T., Choi, I.R., Omura, T. and Kikuchi, S. (2010) Selective modification of rice (Oryza sativa) gene expression by rice stripe virus infection. J. Gen. Virol. 91, 294-305.
    • (2010) J. Gen. Virol. , vol.91 , pp. 294-305
    • Satoh, K.1    Kondoh, H.2    Sasaya, T.3    Shimizu, T.4    Choi, I.R.5    Omura, T.6    Kikuchi, S.7
  • 40
    • 0029864271 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Non-viral sequences at the 5' termini of mRNAs derived from virus-sense and virus-complementary sequences of the ambisense RNA segments of rice stripe tenuivirus
    • Shimizu, T., Toriyama, S., Takahashi, M., Akutsu, K. and Yoneyama, K. (1996) Non-viral sequences at the 5' termini of mRNAs derived from virus-sense and virus-complementary sequences of the ambisense RNA segments of rice stripe tenuivirus. J. Gen. Virol. 77, 541-546.
    • (1996) J. Gen. Virol. , vol.77 , pp. 541-546
    • Shimizu, T.1    Toriyama, S.2    Takahashi, M.3    Akutsu, K.4    Yoneyama, K.5
  • 41
    • 57649171916 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Silencing by RNAi of the gene for Pns12, a viroplasm matrix protein of Rice dwarf virus, results in strong resistance of transgenic rice plants to the virus
    • Shimizu, T., Yoshii, M., Wei, T., Hirochika, H. and Omura, T. (2009) Silencing by RNAi of the gene for Pns12, a viroplasm matrix protein of Rice dwarf virus, results in strong resistance of transgenic rice plants to the virus. Plant Biotechnol. J. 7, 24-32.
    • (2009) Plant Biotechnol. J. , vol.7 , pp. 24-32
    • Shimizu, T.1    Yoshii, M.2    Wei, T.3    Hirochika, H.4    Omura, T.5
  • 42
    • 0011918831 scopus 로고
    • Comparison of four serological methods for practical detection of ten viruses of rice in plants and insects
    • Takahashi, Y., Omura, T., Shohara, K. and Tsuchizaki, T. (1991) Comparison of four serological methods for practical detection of ten viruses of rice in plants and insects. Plant Dis. 75, 458-461.
    • (1991) Plant Dis. , vol.75 , pp. 458-461
    • Takahashi, Y.1    Omura, T.2    Shohara, K.3    Tsuchizaki, T.4
  • 43
    • 0027458850 scopus 로고
    • Nucleotide sequence and possible ambisense coding strategy of rice stripe virus RNA segment 2
    • Takahashi, M., Toriyama, S., Hamamatsu, C. and Ishihama, A. (1993) Nucleotide sequence and possible ambisense coding strategy of rice stripe virus RNA segment 2. J. Gen. Virol. 74, 769-773.
    • (1993) J. Gen. Virol. , vol.74 , pp. 769-773
    • Takahashi, M.1    Toriyama, S.2    Hamamatsu, C.3    Ishihama, A.4
  • 44
    • 79954599912 scopus 로고
    • Rice stripe virus. CMI/AAB Descriptions of Plant Viruses, number 269.
    • Toriyama, S. (1983) Rice stripe virus. CMI/AAB Descriptions of Plant Viruses, number 269.
    • (1983)
    • Toriyama, S.1
  • 45
    • 0028610528 scopus 로고
    • Nucleotide sequence of RNA 1, the largest genomic segment of rice stripe virus, the prototype of the tenuiviruses
    • Toriyama, S., Takahashi, M., Sano, Y., Shimizu, T. and Ishihama, A. (1994) Nucleotide sequence of RNA 1, the largest genomic segment of rice stripe virus, the prototype of the tenuiviruses. J. Gen. Virol. 75, 3569-3579.
    • (1994) J. Gen. Virol. , vol.75 , pp. 3569-3579
    • Toriyama, S.1    Takahashi, M.2    Sano, Y.3    Shimizu, T.4    Ishihama, A.5
  • 47
    • 14344252157 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Induction and suppression of RNA silencing: insights from viral infections
    • Voinnet, O. (2005) Induction and suppression of RNA silencing: insights from viral infections. Nat. Rev. Genet. 6, 206-220.
    • (2005) Nat. Rev. Genet. , vol.6 , pp. 206-220
    • Voinnet, O.1
  • 48
    • 0032506226 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Virus resistance and gene silencing in plants can be induced by simultaneous expression of sense and antisense RNA
    • Waterhouse, P.M., Graham, M.W. and Wang, M.B. (1998) Virus resistance and gene silencing in plants can be induced by simultaneous expression of sense and antisense RNA. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 95, 13959-13964.
    • (1998) Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA , vol.95 , pp. 13959-13964
    • Waterhouse, P.M.1    Graham, M.W.2    Wang, M.B.3
  • 50
    • 57349168102 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Identification of a movement protein of the Tenuivirus rice stripe virus
    • Xiong, R., Wu, J., Zhou, Y. and Zhou, X. (2008) Identification of a movement protein of the Tenuivirus rice stripe virus. J. Virol. 82, 12304-12311.
    • (2008) J. Virol. , vol.82 , pp. 12304-12311
    • Xiong, R.1    Wu, J.2    Zhou, Y.3    Zhou, X.4
  • 51
    • 63749087829 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Characterization and subcellular localization of an RNA silencing suppressor encoded by Rice stripe tenuivirus
    • Xiong, R., Wu, J., Zhou, Y. and Zhou, X. (2009) Characterization and subcellular localization of an RNA silencing suppressor encoded by Rice stripe tenuivirus. Virology, 387, 29-40.
    • (2009) Virology , vol.387 , pp. 29-40
    • Xiong, R.1    Wu, J.2    Zhou, Y.3    Zhou, X.4
  • 52
    • 33750061917 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Computational estimation and experimental verification of off-target silencing during posttranscriptional gene silencing in plants
    • Xu, P., Zhang, Y., Kang, L., Roossinck, M.J. and Mysore, K.S. (2006) Computational estimation and experimental verification of off-target silencing during posttranscriptional gene silencing in plants. Plant Physiol. 142, 429-440.
    • (2006) Plant Physiol. , vol.142 , pp. 429-440
    • Xu, P.1    Zhang, Y.2    Kang, L.3    Roossinck, M.J.4    Mysore, K.S.5
  • 53
    • 0034737298 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • RNAi: double-stranded RNA directs the ATP-dependent cleavage of mRNA at 21 to 23 nucleotide intervals
    • Zamore, P.D., Tuschl, T., Sharp, P.A. and Bartel, D.P. (2000) RNAi: double-stranded RNA directs the ATP-dependent cleavage of mRNA at 21 to 23 nucleotide intervals. Cell, 101, 25-33.
    • (2000) Cell , vol.101 , pp. 25-33
    • Zamore, P.D.1    Tuschl, T.2    Sharp, P.A.3    Bartel, D.P.4
  • 54
    • 0025905624 scopus 로고
    • Complete nucleotide sequence of RNA 3 of rice stripe virus: an ambisense coding strategy
    • Zhu, Y., Hayakawa, T., Toriyama, S. and Takahashi, M. (1991) Complete nucleotide sequence of RNA 3 of rice stripe virus: an ambisense coding strategy. J. Gen. Virol. 72, 763-767.
    • (1991) J. Gen. Virol. , vol.72 , pp. 763-767
    • Zhu, Y.1    Hayakawa, T.2    Toriyama, S.3    Takahashi, M.4
  • 55
    • 0026534760 scopus 로고
    • Complete nucleotide sequence of RNA 4 of rice stripe virus isolate T, and comparison with another isolate and with maize stripe virus
    • Zhu, Y., Hayakawa, T. and Toriyama, S. (1992) Complete nucleotide sequence of RNA 4 of rice stripe virus isolate T, and comparison with another isolate and with maize stripe virus. J. Gen. Virol. 73, 1309-1312.
    • (1992) J. Gen. Virol. , vol.73 , pp. 1309-1312
    • Zhu, Y.1    Hayakawa, T.2    Toriyama, S.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.