Changes in the referent body location and configuration may underlie human gait, as confirmed by findings of multi-muscle activity minimizations and phase resetting

Experimental Brain Research

Volumn 210, Issue 1, 2011, Pages 91-115

  Feldman, Anatol G ^a,b   Krasovsky, Tal ^b,c   Baniña, Melanie C ^b,c   Lamontagne, Anouk ^b,c   Levin, Mindy F ^b,c  

^a UNIVERSITÉ DE MONTRÉAL   (Canada)

^b JEWISH REHABILITATION HOSPITAL   (Canada)

^c MCGILL UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

Author keywords

Equilibrium point hypothesis; Feed forward control; Locomotion; Multi muscle coordination; Posture and gait; Redundancy problems; Spatial frames of reference

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ARTICLE; BODY EQUILIBRIUM; BODY POSTURE; CONTROLLED STUDY; ELECTROMYOGRAPHY; FALLING; FEMALE; GAIT; HUMAN; HUMAN EXPERIMENT; LEG MUSCLE; LIMB MOVEMENT; LOCOMOTION; MALE; MUSCLE CONTRACTION; NORMAL HUMAN; PREDICTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REFERENT BODY CONFIGURATION; REFERENT BODY LOCATION; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; TASK PERFORMANCE;

ADULT; BODY IMAGE; FEMALE; GAIT; HUMANS; LOCOMOTION; MALE; MOVEMENT; MUSCLE, SKELETAL; POSTURE; WALKING; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 79953838822     PISSN: 00144819     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00221-011-2608-0     Document Type: Article

References (96)

1. Adamovich SV, Levin MF, Feldman AG (1994) Merging different motor patterns: coordination between rhythmical and discrete single-joint movements. Exp Brain Res 99:325-337 (Pubitemid 24169603)
2. Archambault PS, Mihaltchev P, Levin MF, Feldman AG (2005) Basic elements of arm postural control analyzed by unloading. Exp Brain Res 164:225-241 (Pubitemid 41124235)
3. Arshavsky YI, Deliagina TG, Orlovsky GN (1997) Pattern generation. Curr Opin Neurobiol 7:781-789 (Pubitemid 28052300)
4. Asatryan DG, Feldman AG (1965) Functional tuning of nervous system with control of movement or maintenance of a steady posture. I. Mechanographic analysis of the work of the joint on execution of a postural task. Biophysics 10:925-935
5. Berens P, Velasco J (2009) The circular statistics toolbox for Matlab. MPI Technical Report 184
6. Berger W, Dietz V, Quintern J (1984) Corrective reactions to stumbling in man: neuronal co-ordination of bilateral leg muscle activity during gait. J Physiol 357:109-125 (Pubitemid 15175335)
7. Bernstein N (1967) The co-ordination and regulation of movement. Pergamon Press, Elmsford, NY
8. Bigland B, Lippold OCJ (1954) The relation between force, velocity and integrated electrical activity in human muscles. J Physiol 123:214-224
9. Bridgeman B (2007) Efference copy and its limitations. Comput Biol Med 37:924-929
10. Collins SH, Wisse M, Ruina A (2001) Three-dimensional passive-dynamic walking robot with two legs and knees. Int J Robot Res 20:607-615 (Pubitemid 34566118)
11. Conway BA, Hultborn H, Kiehn O (1987) Proprioceptive input resets central locomotor rhythm in the spinal cat. Exp Brain Res 68:643-656 (Pubitemid 17159451)
12. Deubel H, Koch C, Bridgeman B (2010) Landmarks facilitate visual space constancy across saccades and during fixation. Vision Res 50:249-259
13. Dietz V (2002) Do human bipeds use quadrupedal coordination? Trends Neurosci 25:462-467
14. Dietz V, Quintern J, Boos G, Berger W (1986) Obstruction of the swing phase during gait: phase-dependent bilateral leg muscle coordination. Brain Res 384:166-169 (Pubitemid 16001368)
15. Dietz V, Quintern J, Sillem M (1987) Stumbling reactions in man: significance of proprioceptive and pre-programmed mechanisms. J Physiol 386:149-163 (Pubitemid 17059711)
16. Drew T, Rossignol S (1987) A kinematic and electromyographic study of cutaneous reflexes evoked from the forelimb of unrestrained walking cats. J Neurophysiol 57:1160-1184 (Pubitemid 17059753)
17. Duysens J, Crommert HWAA (1998) Neural control of locomotion; Part 1: the central pattern generator from cats to humans. Gait Posture 7:131-141
18. Duysens J, Stein RB (1978) Reflexes induced by nerve stimulation in walking cats with implanted cuff electrodes. Exp Brain Res 32:213-224 (Pubitemid 8361661)
19. Eng JJ, Winter DA, Patla AE (1994) Strategies for recovery from a trip in early and late swing during human walking. Exp Brain Res 102:339-349
20. Fajen BR, Warren WH (2003) Behavioral dynamics of steering, obstacle avoidance, and route selection. J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform 29:343-362 (Pubitemid 37189349)
21. Feldman AG (1986) Once more on the equilibrium-point hypothesis (lambda model) for motor control. J Mot Behav 18:17-54
22. Feldman AG (2009) New insights into action-perception coupling. Exp Brain Res 194:39-58
23. Feldman AG (2010) Space and time in the context of the equilibrium-point hypothesis. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Cognitive Science. Article first published online: 31 AUG 2010
24. Feldman AG, Latash ML (2005) Testing hypotheses and the advancement of science: recent attempts to falsify the equilibrium point hypothesis. Exp Brain Res 161:91-103 (Pubitemid 40238873)
25. Feldman AG, Levin MF (1995) The origin and use of positional frames of reference in motor control. Behav Brain Sci 18:723-728
26. Feldman AG, Levin MF (2009) The equilibrium-point hypothesis - past, present and future. In: Sternad D (ed) Progr motor contl. Springer, Berlin, pp 699-726
27. Feldman AG, Orlovsky GN (1972) The influence of different descending systems on the tonic stretch reflex in the cat. Exp Neurol 37:481-494
28. Feldman AG, Levin MF, Mitnitski AB, Archambault PS (1998) Multi-muscle control in human movements; ISEK congress keynote lecture. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 8:383-390
29. Feldman AG, Goussev V, Sangole A, Levin MF (2007) Threshold position control and the principle of minimal interaction in motor actions. In: Paul Chisek, Trevor Drew, John Kalaska (eds) Computational Neuroscience: Theoretical Insights into Brain Function. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 267-281
30. Feldman AG, Krasovsky T, Baniña M, Lamontagne A, Levin MF (2009) A new approach to understanding the relationship between human posture and gait. Soc for Neurosci annual meeting, Chicago
31. Foisy M, Feldman A (2006) Threshold control of arm posture and movement adaptation to load. Exp Brain Res 175:726-744 (Pubitemid 44715514)
32. Grillner S (2006) Biological pattern generation: the cellular and computational logic of networks in motion. Neuron 52:751-766
33. Grimble MJ, Johnson MA (2005) Optimum wiener filter. In: Zaknich A (ed) Principles of adaptive filters and self-learning systems. Springer, London, pp 159-172
34. Günther M, Ruder H (2003) Synthesis of two-dimensional human walking: a test of the k-model. Biol Cybern 89:89-106
35. Highstein SM, Fay RR, Popper AN (2004) The vestibular system. Springer, Berlin
36. Jammalamadaka SR, Sengupta A (2001) Topics in circular statistics. World Scientific, Singapore
37. Kay BA, Kelso JAS, Saltzman EL, Schoner G (1987) The spacetime behavior of single and bimanual rhythmical movements: Data and model. J Exp Psychol:Hum Percep Perform 13:178-192
38. Kay BA, Saltzman EL, Kelso JAS (1991) Steady-state and perturbed rhythmical movements: a dynamical analysis. J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform 17:183-197
39. Kiehn O (2006) Locomotor circuits in the mammalian spinal cord. Ann Rev Neurosci 29:279-306
40. Kobayashi M, Nomura T, Sato S (2000) Phase-dependent response during human locomotion to impulsive perturbation and its interpretation based on neural mechanism. Jpn J Med Electron Biol Eng 38:20-32 (Pubitemid 30238373)
41. Krasovsky T, Baniña M, Levin MF, Lamontagne A, Feldman AG (2008) Global effects of perturbation of leg movement during gait. The Soc Neurosci annual meeting, Washington
42. Krawitz S, Fedirchuk B, Dai Y, Jordan LM, McCrea DA (2001) State-dependent hyperpolarization of voltage threshold enhances motoneurone excitability during fictive locomotion in the cat. J Physiol 532:271-281 (Pubitemid 32303289)
43. Lajoie Y, Teasdale N, Cole JD, BurnettM, Bard C, Fleury M, Forget R, Paillard J, Lamarre Y (1996) Gait of a deafferented subject without large myelinated sensory fibers belowthe neck. Neurol 47:109-115 (Pubitemid 26243869)
44. Lametti DR, Houle G, Ostry DJ (2007) Control of movement variability and the regulation of limb impedance. J Neurophysiol 98:3516-3524
45. Lamontagne A, Paquette C, Fung J (2007) Stroke affects the coordination of gaze and posture during preplanned turns while walking. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 21:62-67 (Pubitemid 44926973)
46. Latash ML (2008) Synergy. Oxford University Press, New York
47. Lennard PR (1985) Afferent perturbations during "monopodal" swimming movements in the turtle: phase-dependent cutaneous modulation and proprioceptive resetting of the locomotor rhythm. J Neurosci 5:1434-1445
48. Lepelley MC, Thullier F, Koral J, Lestienne F (2006) Muscle coordination in complex movements during Jetée in skilled ballet dancers. Exp Brain Res 175:321-331 (Pubitemid 44624490)
49. Levin MF, Dimov M (1997) Spatial zones for muscle coactivation and the control of postural stability. Brain Res 757:43-59 (Pubitemid 27244620)
50. Marigold DS, Misiaszek JE (2009) Whole-body responses: neural control and implications for rehabilitation and fall prevention. Neuroscientist 15:36-46
51. Marigold AE, Bethune DS, Patla AJ (2003) Role of the unperturbed limb and arms in the reactive recovery response to an unexpected slip during locomotion. J Neurophysiol 89:1727-1737
52. Matthews PBC (1959) The dependence of tension upon extension in the stretch reflex of the soleus muscle of the decerebrate cat. J Physiol 147:521-546
53. McCrea DA, Rybak IA (2008) Organization of mammalian locomotor rhythm and pattern generation. Brain Res Rev 57:134-146 (Pubitemid 350213105)
54. McNeely M, Earhart G (2010) Evidence for limb-independent control of locomotor trajectory. Exp Brain Res 201:613-618
55. Menant JC, Perry SD, Steele JR, Menz HB, Munro BJ, Lord SR (2008) Effects of shoe characteristics on dynamic stability when walking on even and uneven surfaces in young and older people. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 89:1970-1976
56. Misiaszek J (2003) Early activation of arm and leg muscles following pulls to the waist during walking. Exp Brain Res 151:318-329
57. Murray MP, Seireg AA, Sepic SB (1975) Normal postural stability and steadiness: quantitative assessment. J Bone Joint Surg Am 57:510-516
58. Musampa NK, Mathieu PA, Levin MF (2007) Relationship between stretch reflex thresholds and voluntary arm muscle activation in patients with spasticity. Exp Brain Res 181:579-593 (Pubitemid 47106410)
59. Nashner LM (1980) Balance adjustments of humans perturbed while walking. J Neurophysiol 44:650-664
60. Nichols TR, Steeves JD (1986) Resetting of resultant stiffness in ankle flexor and extensor muscles in the decerebrate cat. Exp Brain Res 62:401-410 (Pubitemid 16119884)
61. O'Keefe J, Dostrovsky J (1971) The hippocampus as a spatial map. Preliminary evidence from unit activity in the freely-moving rat. Brain Res 34:171-175
62. O'Keefe J, Nadel L (1978) The hippocampus as a cognitive map. Oxford University Press, Oxford
63. Oldfield RC (1971) The assessment and analysis of handedness: the Edinburgh inventory. Neuropsychologia 9:97-113
64. Orlovsky GN (1972) The effect of different descending systems on flexor and extensor activity during locomotion. Brain Res 40:359-372
65. Orlovsky GN, Deliagina TG, Grillner S (1999) Neuronal control of locomotion. University Press, Oxford
66. Ostry D, Feldman A (2003) A critical evaluation of the force control hypothesis in motor control. Exp Brain Res 153:275-288 (Pubitemid 37463969)
67. Pai Y-C, Maki BE, Iqbal K, McIlroy WE, Perry SD (2000) Thresholds for step initiation induced by support-surface translation: a dynamic center-of-mass model provides much better prediction than a static model. J Biomech 33:387-392
68. Patla A (1993) Age-related changes in visually guided locomotion over different terrains: major issues. In: Stelmach GE, Hoberg V (eds) Sensory-motor impairments in the elderly (NATO ASI Series volume). Kluwer Academic Publishers, Amsterdam, pp 231-252
69. Pilon JF, Feldman A (2006) Threshold control of motor actions prevents destabilizing effects of proprioceptive delays. Exp Brain Res 174:229-239
70. Raptis H, Burtlet L, Forget R, Feldman AG (2010) Control of wrist position and muscle relaxation by shifting spatial frames of reference for motoneuronal recruitment: possible involvement of corticospinal pathways. J Physiol 588:1551-1570
71. Rho MJ, Lavoie S, Drew T (1999) Effects of red nucleus microstimulation on the locomotor pattern and timing in the intact cat: a comparison with the motor cortex. J Neurophysiol 81:2297-2315 (Pubitemid 29262560)
72. Rossignol S, Barrière G, Frigon A, Barthélemy D, Bouyer L, Provencher J, Leblond H, Bernard G (2008) Plasticity of locomotor sensorimotor interactions after peripheral and/or spinal lesions. Brain Res Rev 57:228-240 (Pubitemid 350218167)
73. Rybak IA, Stecina K, Shevtsova NA, McCrea DA (2006) Modelling spinal circuitry involved in locomotor pattern generation: insights from the effects of afferent stimulation. J Physiol 577:641-658 (Pubitemid 44804018)
74. Saltiel P, Rossignol S (2004a) Critical points in the forelimb fictive locomotor cycle and motor coordination: effects of phasic retractions and protractions of the shoulder in the cat. J Neurophysiol 92:1342-1356 (Pubitemid 39100636)
75. Saltiel P, Rossignol S (2004b) Critical points in the forelimb fictive locomotor cycle and motor coordination: evidence from the effects of tonic proprioceptive perturbations in the cat. J Neurophysiol 92:1329-1341 (Pubitemid 39100635)
76. Sarre G, Berard J, Fung J, Lamontagne A (2008) Steering behaviour can be modulated by different optic flows during walking. Neurosci Lett 436:96-101
77. Schillings AM, Van Wezel BMH, Duysens J (1996) Mechanically induced stumbling during human treadmill walking. J Neurosci Methods 67:11-17 (Pubitemid 26246801)
78. Schomburg ED, Petersen N, Barajon I, Hultborn H (1998) Flexor reflex afferents reset the step cycle during fictive locomotion in the cat. Exp Brain Res 122:339-350 (Pubitemid 28448569)
79. Sperry RW (1952) Neurology and the mid-brain problem. Am Sci 40:291-312
80. Stein PSG (2008) Motor pattern deletions and modular organization of turtle spinal cord. Brain Res Rev 57:118-124
81. Stepp N, Turvey MT (2010) On strong anticipation. Cogn Syst Res 11:148-164
82. St-Onge N, Feldman A (2004) Referent configuration of the body: a global factor in the control of multiple skeletal muscles. Exp Brain Res 155:291-300 (Pubitemid 38396792)
83. Tang PF, Woollacott MH, Chong RKY (1998) Control of reactive balance adjustments in perturbed human walking: roles of proximal and distal postural muscle activity. Exp Brain Res 119:141-152 (Pubitemid 28098506)
84. Vaughan CL (2003) Theories of bipedal walking: an odyssey. J Biomech 36:513-523
85. Von Helmholtz H (1867). Handbuch der physiologischen Optik, 1st ed., section 29, Leipzig: Voss, pp 599-601.
86. English translation by Southall JPC (1925). Helmholtz's treatise on physiological optics, 3: 243-245. Menasha, Wisconsin: Optical Society of America
87. Von Holst E, Mittelstaedt H (1950) Das reafferenzprinzip. Naturwissenschaften 20: 464-476.
88. English translation. 1973.The reafference principle. pp 139-173. in: The behavioral physiology of animals and man. The collected papers of Erich von Holst. Martin R (translator) University of Miami Press, Coral Gables, Florida
89. Winter DA (2009) The biomechanics and motor control of human movement. Wiley, New York
90. Wolpert DM, Flanagan JR (2001) Motor prediction. Curr Biol 11:R729-R732
91. Wolpert DM, Ghahramani Z, Flanagan JR (2001) Perspectives and problems in motor learning. Trends cogn sci 5:487-494 (Pubitemid 33000520)
92. Woollacott MH, Tang PF (1997) Balance control during walking in the older adult: research and its implications. Phys Ther 77:646-660 (Pubitemid 27259743)
93. Yamasaki T, Nomura T, Sato S (2003) Possible functional roles of phase resetting during walking. Biol Cybern 88:468-496
94. Yang F, Feldman AG (2009) Reach-to-grasp movement as a minimization process. Exp Brain Res 201:75-92
95. You JY, Chou YL, Lin CJ, Su FC (2001) Effect of slip on movement of body center of mass relative to base of support. Clin Biomech 16:167-173
96. Zeng W, Glass L, Shrier A (1992) The topology of phase response curves induced by single and paired stimuli in spontaneously oscillating chick heart cell aggregates. J Biol Rhythms 7:89-104