Renal cell cancer among African Americans: An epidemiologic review

BMC Cancer

Volumn 11, Issue , 2011, Pages

  Lipworth, Loren ^a,b   Tarone, Robert E ^a,b   McLaughlin, Joseph K ^a,b  

^a INTERNATIONAL EPIDEMIOLOGY INSTITUTE   (United States)

^b VANDERBILT UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANALGESIC AGENT; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COENZYME A REDUCTASE INHIBITOR; ORAL CONTRACEPTIVE AGENT;

AFRICAN AMERICAN; ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION; CANCER INCIDENCE; CANCER MORTALITY; CANCER RISK; CANCER STAGING; CARCINOGENESIS; CAUCASIAN; CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE; CIGARETTE SMOKING; DIET; EPIDEMIOLOGICAL DATA; GENETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY; HIGH RISK POPULATION; HUMAN; HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA; HYPERTENSION; KIDNEY CARCINOMA; LIFESTYLE; NEGRO; OBESITY; OCCUPATION; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; UNITED STATES; ARTICLE; CHRONIC KIDNEY FAILURE; ETHNOLOGY; FEMALE; GENETIC PREDISPOSITION; GENETICS; KIDNEY TUMOR; MALE; SMOKING;

AFRICAN AMERICANS; AFRICAN CONTINENTAL ANCESTRY GROUP; CARCINOMA, RENAL CELL; FEMALE; GENETIC PREDISPOSITION TO DISEASE; HUMANS; HYPERTENSION; KIDNEY FAILURE, CHRONIC; KIDNEY NEOPLASMS; MALE; OBESITY; RISK FACTORS; SMOKING;

EID: 79953838399     PISSN: None     EISSN: 14712407     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-11-133     Document Type: Review

References (127)

1. Jemal A, Siegel R, Xu J, Ward E. Cancer statistics, 2010. Ca Cancer J Clin 2010, 60:277-300. 10.3322/caac.20073, 20610543.
2. National Cancer Institute DCCPS, Surveillance Research Program, Cancer Statistics Branch. SEER Program 17 Registries Public Use Tapes (1973-2007, varying), November 2008 Submission Released April 2009, National Cancer Institute.
3. McLaughlin JK, Lipworth L, Tarone RE, Blot WJ. Renal cancer. Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention 2006, 1087-1100. New York: Oxford University Press, Schottenfeld D, Fraumeni JF Jr, 3.
4. Mathew A, Devesa SS, Fraumeni JF, Chow WH. Global increases in kidney cancer incidence, 1973-1992. Eur J Cancer Prev 2002, 11:171-178. 10.1097/00008469-200204000-00010, 11984136.
5. Nguyen MM, Gill IS, Ellison LM. The evolving presentation of renal carcinoma in the United States: trends of the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program. J Urol 2006, 176:2397-2400. 10.1016/j.juro.2006.07.144, 17085111.
6. Hollingsworth JM, Miller DC, Daignault S, Hollenbeck BK. Rising incidence of small renal masses: a need to reassess treatment effect. J Natl Cancer Inst 2006, 98:1331-1334. 10.1093/jnci/djj362, 16985252.
7. Kosary CL, McLaughlin JK. Kidney and renal pelvis. Cancer Statistics Review: 1973-1990 1993, Xl-X22. National Cancer Institute. NIH Pub. No. 93-2789, Miller BA, Ries LAG, Hankey BE.
8. Jemal A, Thun MJ, Ries LAG, Howe HL, Weir HK, Center MM, Ward E, Wu X-C, Eheman C, Anderson R, Ajani UA, Kohler B, Edwards BK. Annual report to the nation on the status of cancer, 1975-2005, featuring trends in lung cancer, tobacco use, and tobacco control. J Natl Cancer Inst 2008, 100:1672-1694. 10.1093/jnci/djn389, 2639291, 19033571.
9. Lipworth L, McLaughlin JK, Tarone RE, Blot WJ. Renal cancer paradox: Higher incidence but not higher mortality among African Americans. Eur J Cancer Prev
10. Vaishampayan N, Do H, Hussain M, Schwartz K. Racial disparity in incidence patterns and outcome of kidney cancer. Urol 2003, 62:1012-1017. 10.1016/j.urology.2003.07.010, 14665346.
11. Geronimus AT, Bound J, Waidmann TA, Hillemeier MM, Burns PB. Excess mortality among blacks and whites in the United States. N Engl J Med 1996, 335:1552-1558. 10.1056/NEJM199611213352102, 8900087.
12. McClellan W, Warnock DG, McClure L, Campbell RC, Newcome BB, Howard V, Cushman M, Howard G. Racial differences in the prevalence of chronic kidney disease among participants in the Reasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) Cohort Study. J Am Soc Nephrol 2006, 17:1710-1715. 10.1681/ASN.2005111200, 16641151.
13. Zini L, Perrotte P, Capitanio U, Jeldres C, Duclos A, Arjane P, Villers A, Montorsi F, Patard J-J, Karakiewicz PI. Race affects access to nephrectomy but not survival in renal cell carcinoma. BJU Int 2008, 103:889-893. 10.1111/j.1464-410X.2008.08119.x, 19021607.
14. Berndt SI, Carter HB, Schoenberg MP, Newschaffer CJ. Disparities in treatment and outcome for renal cell cancer among older black and white patients. J Clin Oncol 2007, 25:3589-3595. 10.1200/JCO.2006.10.0156, 17704406.
15. Stafford HS, Saltzstein SL, Shimasaki S, Sanders C, Downs TM, Sadler GR. Racial/ethnic and gender disparities in renal cell carcinoma incidence and survival. J Urol 2008, 179:1704-1708. 10.1016/j.juro.2008.01.027, 2677163, 18343443.
16. Miller DC, Ruterbusch J, Colt JS, Davis FG, Linehan WM, Chow WH, Schwartz K. Contemporary clinical epidemiology of renal cell carcinoma: insight from a population based case-control study. J Urol 2010, 184:2254-2258. 10.1016/j.juro.2010.08.018, 20952033.
17. Theis RP, Dolwick Grieb SM, Burr D, Siddiqui T, Asal NR. Smoking, environmental tobacco smoke, and risk for renal cell cancer: results from a population-based case-control study. BMC Cancer 2008, 8:837.
18. Grieb SM, Theis RP, Burr D, Benardot D, Siddiqui T, Asal NR. Food groups and renal cell carcinoma: results from a case-control study. J Am Diet Assoc 2009, 109:656-667. 10.1016/j.jada.2008.12.020, 19328261.
19. Asal NR, Theis RP, Dolwick Grieb SM, Burr D, Benardot D, Siddiqui T. Obesity, body composition and risk of renal cell cancer: a population-based case-control study. Int J Health Sci 2009, 2:167-175.
20. Setiawan VW, Stram DO, Nomura AMY, Kolonel LN, Henderson BE. Risk factors for renal cell cancer: the multiethnic cohort. Am J Epidemiol 2007, 166:932-940. 10.1093/aje/kwm170, 17656615.
21. Choyke PL, Glenn GM, Walther MM, Zbar B, Linehan WM. Hereditary renal cancers. Radiology 2003, 226:33-46. 10.1148/radiol.2261011296, 12511666.
22. Clague J, Lin J, Cassidy A, Matin S, Tannir NM, Tamboli P, Wood CG, Wu X. Family history and risk of renal cell carcinoma: results from a case-control study and systemic meta-analysis. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009, 18:801-807. 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-08-0601, 2747496, 19240244.
23. Risch N. The genetic epidemiology of cancer: interpreting family and twin studies and their implications for molecular genetic approaches. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2001, 10:733-741.
24. Karami S, Schwartz K, Purdue MP, Davis FG, Ruterbusch JJ, Mumuo SS, Wacholder S, Braubard BI, Colt JS, Chow WH. Family history of cancer and renal cell cancer risk in Caucasians and African Americans. Br J Cancer 2010, 102:1676-1680. 10.1038/sj.bjc.6605680, 20442711.
25. Ricketts C, Woodward ER, Killick P, Morris MR, Astuti D, Latif F, Maher ER. Germline SDHB mutations and familial renal cell carcinoma. J Natl Cancer Inst 2008, 100:1260-1262. 10.1093/jnci/djn254, 18728283.
26. Cohen HT, McGovern FJ. Renal cell carcinoma. N Eng J Med 2005, 353:2477-2490.
27. Tsaras G, Awusu-Ansah A, Boateng FO, Amoateng-Adjepong Y. Complications associated with sickle cell trait: a brief narrative review. Am J Med 2009, 122:507-512. 10.1016/j.amjmed.2008.12.020, 19393983.
28. Davis CJ, Mostofi FK, Sestarhenn IA. Renal medullary carcinoma. The seventh sickle cell nephropathy. Am J Surg Pathol 1995, 19:1-11. 10.1097/00000478-199501000-00001, 7528470.
29. Watanabe IC, Billis A, Guimaraes MS, Alvarenga M, de Matos AC, Cardinalli IA, Filippi RZ, de Castro MG, Suzigan S. Renal medullary carcinoma: report of seven cases from Brazil. Mod Pathol 2007, 20:914-920. 10.1038/modpathol.3800934, 17643096.
30. Riegert-Johnson DL, Gleeson FC, Roberts M, Tholen K, Youngborg L, Bullock M, Boardman LA. Cancer and Lhermitte-Duclos disease are common in Cowden syndrome patients. Hered Cancer Clin Pract 2010, 8:6. 10.1186/1897-4287-8-6, 2904729, 20565722.
31. Linehan WM, Lerman MI, Zbar B. Identification of the von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) gene. Its role in renal cancer. JAMA 1995, 273:564-570. 10.1001/jama.273.7.564, 7837390.
32. Purdue MP, Johansson M, Zelenika D, Toro JR, Scelo G, Moore LE, Prokhortchouk E, Wu X, Kiemeney LA, Gaborieau V, Jacobs KB, Chow WH, Zaridze D, Matveev V, Lubinski J, Trubicka J, Szeszenia-Dabrowska N, Lissowska J, Rudnai P, Fabianova E, Bucur A, Bencko V, Foretova L, Janout V, Boffetta P, Colt JS, Davis FG, Schwartz KL, Banks RE, Selby PJ, Harnden P, Berg CD, Hsing AW, Grubb RL, Boeing H, Vineis P, Clavel-Chapelon F, Palli D, Tumino R, Krogh V, Panico S, Duell EJ, Quirós JR, Sanchez MJ, Navarro C, Ardanaz E, Dorronsoro M, Khaw KT, Allen NE, Bueno-de-Mesquita HB, Peeters PH, Trichopoulos D, Linseisen J, Ljungberg B, Overvad K, Tjønneland A, Romieu I, Riboli E, Mukeria A, Shangina O, Stevens VL, Thun MJ, Diver WR, Gapstur SM, Pharoah PD, Easton DF, Albanes D, Weinstein SJ, Virtamo J, Vatten L, Hveem K, Njølstad I, Tell GS, Stoltenberg C, Kumar R, Koppova K, Cussenot O, Benhamou S, Oosterwijk E, Vermeulen SH, Aben KK, van der Marel SL, Ye Y, Wood CG, Pu X, Mazur AM, Boulygina ES, Chekanov NN, Foglio M, Lechner D, Gut I, Heath S, Blanche H, Hutchinson A, Thomas G, Wang Z, Yeager M, Fraumeni JF, Skryabin KG, McKay JD, Rothman N, Chanock SJ, Lathrop M, Brennan P. Genome-wide association study of renal cell carcinoma identifies two susceptibility loci on 2p21 and 11q13.3. Nat Genet 2011, 43:60-65. 10.1038/ng.723, 21131975.
33. Melendez B, Rodriguez-Perales S, Martinez-Delgado B, Otero I, Robledo M, Martinez-Ramirez A, Ruiz-Llorente S, Urioste M, Cigudosa JC, Benitez J. Molecular study of a new family with hereditary renal cell carcinoma and a translocation t(3;8)(p13;q24.1). Hum Genet 2003, 112:178-185.
34. Drabkin HA, Gemmill RM. Obesity, cholesterol, and clear-cell renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Adv Cancer Res 2010, 107:39-56. full_text, 20399960.
35. Poland KS, Azim M, Folsom M, Goldfarb R, Naeem R, Korch C, Drabkin HA, Gemmill RM, Plon SE. A constitutional balanced t(3;8)(p14;q24.1) translocation results in disruption of the TRC8 gene and predisposition to clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2007, 46:805-812. 10.1002/gcc.20466, 17539022.
36. Linehan WM, Srinivasan R, Schmidt LS. The genetic basis of kidney cancer: a metabolic disease. Nat Rev Urol 2010, 7:277-85. 10.1038/nrurol.2010.47, 20448661.
37. Bennett KL, Mester J, Eng C. Germline epigenetic regulation of KILLIN in Cowden and Cowden-like syndrome. JAMA 2010, 304:2724-2732. 10.1001/jama.2010.1877, 21177507.
38. Stengel B. Chronic kidney disease and cancer: a troubling connection. J Nephrol 2010, 23:253-262.
39. Maisonneuve P, Agodoa L, Gellert R, Stewart JH, Buccianti G, Lowenfels AB, Wolfe RA, Jones E, Disney AP, Briggs D, McCredie M, Boyle P. Cancer in patients on dialysis for end-stage renal disease: an international collaborative study. Lancet 1999, 354:93-99. 10.1016/S0140-6736(99)06154-1, 10408483.
40. Adami J, Gabel H, Lindelof B, Ekstrom K, Rydh B, Blimelius B, Ekbom A, Adami HO, Granath F. Cancer risk following organ transplantation: a nationwide cohort study in Sweden. Br J Cancer 2003, 89:1221-1227. 10.1038/sj.bjc.6601219, 2394311, 14520450.
41. Kasiske BL, Snyder JJ, Gilbertson DT, Wang C. Cancer after kidney transplantation in the United States. Am J Transplant 2004, 4:905-913. 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2004.00450.x, 15147424.
42. Vajdic CM, McDonald SP, McCredie MR, van Leeuwen MT, Stewart JH, Law M, Chapman JR, Webster AC, Kaldor JM, Grulich AE. Cancer incidence before and after kidney transplantation. JAMA 2006, 296:2823-2831. 10.1001/jama.296.23.2823, 17179459.
43. Villeneuve PJ, Schaubel DE, Fenton SS, Shepherd FA, Jiang Y, Mao Y. Cancer incidence among Canadian kidney transplant recipients. Am J Transplant 2007, 7:941-948. 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2007.01736.x, 17331115.
44. Stewart JH, Buccianti G, Agodoa L, Gellert R, McCredie MR, Lowenfels AB, Disney AP, Wolfe RA, Boyle P, Maisonneuve P. Cancers of the kidney and urinary tract in patients on dialysis for end-stage renal disease: analysis of data from the United States, Europe, and Australia and New Zealand. J Am Soc Nephrol 2003, 14:197-207. 10.1097/01.ASN.0000039608.81046.81, 12506152.
45. Mandayam S, Shahinian VB. Are chronic dialysis patients at increased risk for cancer?. J Nephrol 2008, 21:166-174.
46. Jorgensen L, Heuch I, Jenssen T, Jacobsen BK. Association of albuminuria and cancer incidence. J Am Soc Nephrol 2008, 19:992-998. 10.1681/ASN.2007060712, 2386729, 18256361.
47. Martins D, Tareen N, Norris KC. The epidemiology of end-stage renal disease among African Americans. Am J Med Sci 2002, 323:65-71. 10.1097/00000441-200202000-00002, 11863081.
48. US Renal Data System, USRDS 2009 Annual Data Report Atlas of end-stage renal disease in the United States. 2009, Bethesda, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, US Renal Data System, USRDS 2009 Annual Data Report., http://www.usrds.org/atlas.htm
49. Klein JB, Nguyen CT, Saffore L, Modlin CT, Modlin CS. Racial disparities in urologic health care. J Natl Med Assoc 2010, 102:108-117.
50. Clase CM, Garg AX, Kiberd BA. Prevalence of low glomerular filtration rate in nondiabetic Americans: Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III). J Am Soc Nephrol 2002, 13:1338-1349. 10.1097/01.ASN.0000013291.78621.26, 11961022.
51. Coresh J, Astor BC, Greene T, Eknoyan G, Levey AS. Prevalence of chronic kidney disease and decreased kidney function in the adult US population: Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Am J Kidney Dis 2003, 41:1-12. 10.1053/ajkd.2003.50007, 12500213.
52. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Prevalence of chronic kidney disease and associated risk factors - United States, 1999-2004. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2007, 56:161-165. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).
53. McClellan WM, Newsome BB, McClure LA, Howard G, Volkova N, Audhya P, Warnock DG. Poverty and racial disparities in kidney disease: the REGARDS study. Am J Nephrol 2010, 32:38-46. 10.1159/000313883, 20516678.
54. Walker WG, Neaton JD, Cutler JA, Neuwirth R, Cohen JD. Renal function change in hypertensive members of the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial. Racial and treatment effects. The MRFIT Research Group. JAMA 1992, 268:3085-3091. 10.1001/jama.268.21.3085, 1433739.
55. Hebert LA, Kusek JW, Greene T, Agodoa LY, Jones CA, Levey AS, Breyer JA, Faubert P, Rolin HA, Wang SR. Effects of blood pressure control on pregressive renal disease in blacks and whites. Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study Group. Hypertension 1997, 30:428-435.
56. McClellan W, Tuttle E, Issa A. Racial differences in the incidence of hypertensive end-stage renal disease (ESRD) are not entirely explained by differences in the prevalence of hypertension. Am J Kidney Dis 1988, 12:285-290.
57. Genovese G, Friedman DJ, Ross MD, Lecordier L, Uzureau P, Freedman BI, Bowden DW, Langefeld CD, Oleksyk TK, Knob AU, Bernhardy AJ, Hicks PJ, Nelson GW, Vanhollebeke B, Winkler CA, Kopp JB, Pays E, Pollak MR. Association of trypanolytic ApoL1 variants with kidney disease in African-Americans. Science 2010, 329:841-845. 10.1126/science.1193032, 2980843, 20647424.
58. Samanic C, Gridley G, Chow W-H, Lubin J, Hoover RN, Fraumeni JF. Obesity and cancer risk among white and black United States veterans. Cancer Causes Control 2003, 15:35-43.
59. Samanic C, Chow WH, Gridley G, Jarvholm B, Fraumeni JF. Relation of body mass index to cancer risk in 362,552 Swedish men. Cancer Causes Control 2006, 17:901-909. 10.1007/s10552-006-0023-9, 16841257.
60. Ildaphonse G, George PS, Mathew A. Obesity and kidney cancer risk in men - a meta-analysis (1992-2008). Asian Pacific J Cancer Prev 2009, 10:279-286.
61. Mathew A, George PS, Ildaphonse G. Obesity and kidney cancer risk in women - a meta-analysis (1992-2008). Asian Pacific J Cancer Prev 2009, 10:471-478.
62. Renehan AG, Tyson M, Egger M, Heller RF, Zwahlen M. Body mass index and incidence of cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective observational studies. Lancet 2008, 371:569-578. 10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60269-X, 18280327.
63. Flegal KM, Carroll MD, Ogden CL, Johnson CL. Prevalence trends in obesity among US adults, 1999-2000. JAMA 2002, 288:1723-1727. 10.1001/jama.288.14.1723, 12365955.
64. World Health Organization Obesity: preventing and managing the global epidemic. Report of a HO consultation on obesity. WHO technical report series (no. 894) 2000, Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization, World Health Organization.
65. Flegal KM, Carroll MD, Ogden CL, Curtin LR. Prevalence and trends in obesity among US adults, 1999-2008. JAMA 2010, 303:235-241. 10.1001/jama.2009.2014, 20071471.
66. Centers for Disease Control Differences in prevalence of obesity among black, white, and Hispanic adults --- United States, 2006--2008. MMWR: Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 2009, 58:740-4. Centers for Disease Control.
67. Cohen SS, Gammon MD, Signorello LB, North KE, Lange EM, Fowke JH, Hargreaves MK, Cai Q, Zheng W, Blot WJ, Matthews CE. Serum adiponectin in relation to body mass index and other correlates in black and white women. Ann Epidemiol 2010,
68. Hanley AJ, Bowden D, Wagenknecht LE, Balasubramanyam A, Langfeld C, Saad MF, Rotter JI, Guo X, Chen YD, Bryer-Ash M, Norris JM, Haffner SM. Associations of adiponectin with body fat distribution and insulin sensitivity in nondiabetic Hispanics and African-Americans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007, 92:2665-71. 10.1210/jc.2006-2614, 17426091.
69. Duncan BB, Schmidt MI, Pankow JS, Bang H, Couper D, Ballantyne CM, Hoogeveen RC, Heiss G. Adiponectin and the development of type 2 diabetes: the atherosclerosis risk in communities study. Diabetes 2004, 53:2473-8. 10.2337/diabetes.53.9.2473, 15331562.
70. Steffes MW, Gross MD, Schreiner PJ, Yu X, Hilner JE, Gingerich R, Jacobs DR. Serum adiponectin in young adults--interactions with central adiposity, circulating levels of glucose, and insulin resistance: the CARDIA study. Ann Epidemiol 2004, 14:492-8. 10.1016/j.annepidem.2003.10.006, 15301786.
71. Araneta MR, Barrett-Connor E. Adiponectin and ghrelin levels and body size in normoglycemic Filipino, African-American, and white women. Obesity 2007, 15:2454-62. 10.1038/oby.2007.291, 17925471.
72. Kanaya AM, Wassel Fyr C, Vittinghoff E, Havel PJ, Cesari M, Nicklas B, Harris T, Newman AB, Satterfield S, Cummings SR, . Health ABC Study Serum adiponectin and coronary heart disease risk in older Black and White Americans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006, 91:5044-50. 10.1210/jc.2006-0107, 16984981, Health ABC Study.
73. Hulver MW, Saleh O, MacDonald KG, Pories WJ, Barakat HA. Ethnic differences in adiponectin levels. Metabolism 2004, 53:1-3. 10.1016/j.metabol.2003.07.002, 14681833.
74. Schutte AE, Huisman HW, Schutte R, Malan L, van Rooyen JM, Malan NT, Schwarz PE. Differences and similarities regarding adiponectin investigated in African and Caucasian women. Eur J Endocrinol 2007, 157:181-8. 10.1530/EJE-07-0044, 17656596.
75. Spyridopoulos TN, Petridou ET, Skalkidou A, Dessypris N, Chrousos GP, Mantzoros CS, . Obesity and Cancer Oncology Group Low adiponectin levels are associated with renal cell carcinoma: a case-control study. Int J Cancer 2007, 120:1573-1578. 10.1002/ijc.22526, 17205522, Obesity and Cancer Oncology Group.
76. Horiguchi A, Ito K, Sumitomo M, Kimura F, Asano T, Hayakawa M. Decreased serum adiponectin levels in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Jpn J Clin Oncol 2008, 38:106-111. 10.1093/jjco/hym158, 18245516.
77. Pinthus JH, Kleinmann N, Tisdale B, Chatterjee S, Lu JP, Gillis A, Hamlet T, Singh G, Farrokhyar F, Kapoor A. Lower plasma adiponectin levels are associated with larger tumor size and metastasis in clear-cell carcinoma of the kidney. Eur Urol 2008, 54:866-873. 10.1016/j.eururo.2008.02.044, 18343565.
78. Calle EE, Kaaks R. Overweight, obesity and cancer: epidemiological evidence and proposed mechanisms. Nature Rev Cancer 2004, 4:579-591.
79. Kellerer M, von Eye CH, Muhlhofer A, Capp E, Mosthaf L, Bock S, Petrides PE, Haring HU. Insulin- and insulin-like growth-factor-I receptor tyrosine-kinase activities in human renal carcinoma. Int J Cancer 1995, 62:501-507. 10.1002/ijc.2910620502, 7665217.
80. Fowke JH, Matthews CE, Yu H, Cai Q, Cohen S, Buchowski MS, Zheng W, Blot WJ. Racial differences in the association between body mass index (BMI) and serum IGF-1, IGF-2, and IGFBP-3. Endocrine-Related Cancer 2010, 17:51-60. 10.1677/ERC-09-0023, 2814999, 19786462.
81. Gago-Dominguez M, Castelao JE, Yuan JM, Ross RK, Yu MC. Lipid peroxidation: a novel and unifying concept of the etiology of renal cell carcinoma (United States). Cancer Causes Control 2002, 13:287-293. 10.1023/A:1015044518505, 12020111.
82. Flaherty KT, Fuchs CS, Colditz GA, Stampfer MA, Speizer FE, Willett WC, Curhan GC. A prospective study of body mass index, hypertension, and smoking and the risk of renal cell carcinoma (United States). Cancer Causes Control 2005, 16:1099-1106. 10.1007/s10552-005-0349-8, 16184476.
83. Yuan JM, Castelao JE, Gago-Dominguez M, Ross RK, Yu MC. Hypertension, obesity and their medications in relation to renal cell carcinoma. Br J Cancer 1998, 77:1508-1513. 10.1038/bjc.1998.248, 2150191, 9652770.
84. McLaughlin JK, Chow WH, Mandel JS, Mellemgaard A, McCredie M, Lindblad P, Schlehofer B, Pommer W, Niwa S, Adami HO. International renal-cell cancer study. VIII. Role of diuretics, other anti-hypertensive medications and hypertension. Int J Cancer 1995, 63:216-221. 10.1002/ijc.2910630212, 7591207.
85. Shapiro JA, Williams MA, Weiss NS, Stergachis A, LaCroix AZ, Barlow WE. Hypertension, antihypertensive medication use, and risk of renal cell carcinoma. Am J Epidemiol 1999, 149:521-530.
86. Fryzek JP, Poulson AH, Johnsen SP, McLaughlin JK, Sorensen HT, Friis S. A cohort study of antihypertensive treatments and risk of renal cell cancer. Br J Cancer 2005, 92:1302-1306. 10.1038/sj.bjc.6602490, 2361985, 15812478.
87. Weikert S, Boeing H, Pischon T, Weikert C, Olsen A, Tjonneland A, Overvad K, Becker N, Linseisen J, Trichopoulou A, Mountokalakis T, Trichopoulos D, Sieri S, Palli D, Vineis P, Panico S, Peeters PH, Bueno-de-Mesquita HB, Verschuren WM, Ljungberg B, Hallmans G, Berglund G, González CA, Dorronsoro M, Barricarte A, Tormo MJ, Allen N, Roddam A, Bingham S, Khaw KT, Rinaldi S, Ferrari P, Norat T, Riboli E. Blood pressure and risk of renal cell carcinoma in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition. Am J Epidemiol 2008, 167:438-446. 10.1093/aje/kwm321, 18048375.
88. Choi MY, Jee SH, Sull JW, et al. The effect of hypertension on the risk for kidney cancer in Korean men. Kidney Int 2005, 67:647-652. 10.1111/j.1523-1755.2005.67137.x, 15673312.
89. Benichou J, Chow WH, McLaughlin JK, Mandel JS, Fraumeni JF. Population attributable risk of renal cell cancer in Minnesota. Am J Epidemiol 1998, 148:424-430.
90. Hertz RP, Unger AN, Cornell JA, Saunders E. Racial disparities in hypertension prevalence, awareness, and management. Arch Intern Med 2005, 165:2098-2014. 10.1001/archinte.165.18.2098, 16216999.
91. Egan BM, Zhao Y, Axon RN. US trends in prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension, 1988-2008. JAMA 2010, 303:2043-2050. 10.1001/jama.2010.650, 20501926.
92. Klag MJ, Whelton PK, Randall BL, Neaton JD, Brancati FL, Stamler J. End-stage renal disease in African-American and white men: 16-year MRFIT findings. JAMA 1997, 277:1293-1298. 10.1001/jama.277.16.1293, 9109467.
93. Rosenberg L, Stephenson WP, Rao RS, Palmer JR, Strom BL, Shapiro S. The diagnosis of renal cell cancer in relation to hypertension (United States). Cancer Causes Control 1998, 9:611-614. 10.1023/A:1008830431939, 10189046.
94. Jones DW. What is the role of obesity in hypertension and target organ injury in African Americans?. Am J Med Sci 1999, 317:147-151. 10.1097/00000441-199903000-00003, 10100687.
95. Vineis P, Alavanja M, Buffler P, Fontham E, Franceschki S, Gao YT, Gupta PC, Hackshaw A, Matos E, Samet J, Sitas F, Smith J, Stayner L, Straif K, Thun M, Wichmann HE, Wu AH, Zaridze D, Peto R, Doll R. Tobacco and cancer: recent epidemiological evidence. J Natl Cancer Inst 2004, 96:99-106. 10.1093/jnci/djh014, 14734699.
96. Hunt JD, van der Hel OL, McMillan GP, Boffetta P, Brennan P. Renal cell carcinoma in relation to cigarette smoking: meta-analysis of 24 studies. Int J Cancer 2005, 114:101-108. 10.1002/ijc.20618, 15523697.
97. Yuan JM, Castelao JE, Gago-Dominguez M, Yu MC, Ross RK. Tobacco use in relation to renal cell carcinoma. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 1998, 5:429-433.
98. McLaughlin JK, Lindblad P, Mellemgaard A, McCredie M, Mandel JS, Schlehofer B, Pommer W, Adami HO. International renal-cell cancer study. I. Tobacco use. Int J Cancer 1995, 60:194-198. 10.1002/ijc.2910600211, 7829215.
99. US Department of Health and Human Services Tobacco use among US Racial/Ethnic minority groups: A report of the Surgeon General. 1998, Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health, US Department of Health and Human Services.
100. Yood MU, McCarthy BD, Kucera KJ, Wells K, Oliveria S, Stang P. Racial differences in reaching target low-density lipoprotein goal among individuals treated with prescription statin therapy. Am Heart J 2006, 152:777-784. 10.1016/j.ahj.2006.02.036, 16996858.
101. Meadows TA, Bhatt DL, Hirsch AT, Creager MA, Califf RM, Ohman EM, Cannon CP, Eagle K, Alberts MJ, Goto S, Smith SC, Wilson PW, Watson KE, Steg PG, . REACH Registry Investigators Ethnic differences in the prevalence and treatment of cardiovascular risk factors in US outpatients with peripheral arterial disease: insights from the reduction of atherothrombosis for continued health (REACH) registry. Am Heart J 2009, 158:1038-1045. 10.1016/j.ahj.2009.09.014, 19958873, REACH Registry Investigators.
102. Lipworth L, Tarone RE, McLaughlin JK. The epidemiology of renal cell carcinoma. J Urol 2006, 176:2353-2358. 10.1016/j.juro.2006.07.130, 17085101.
103. Lipworth L, Tarone RE, Lund L, McLaughlin JK. Epidemiologic characteristics and risk factors for renal cell cancer. Clin Epidemiol 2009, 1:33-43. 2943168, 20865085.
104. Weikert S, Boeing H, Pischon T, Olsen A, Tjonneland A, Overvad K, Becker N, Linseisen J, Lahmann PH, Arvaniti A, Kassapa C, Trichoupoulou A, Sieri S, Palli D, Tumino R, Vineis P, Panico S, van Gils CH, Peeters PH, Bueno-de-Mesquita HB, Büchner FL, Ljungberg B, Hallmans G, Berglund G, Wirfält E, Pera G, Dorronsoro M, Gurrea AB, Navarro C, Martinez C, Quirós JR, Allen N, Roddam A, Bingham S, Jenab M, Slimani N, Norat T, Riboli E. Fruits and vegetables and renal cell carcinoma: findings from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC). Int J Cancer 2006, 118:3133-3139. 10.1002/ijc.21765, 16425278.
105. van Dijk BAC, Schouten LJ, Kiemeney LALM, Goldbohm A, van den Brandt PA. Vegetable and fruit consumption and risk of renal cell carcinoma: results form the Netherlands cohort study. Int J Cancer 2005, 117:648-654. 10.1002/ijc.21203, 15929109.
106. Wolk A, Gridley G, Niwa S, Lindblad P, McCredie M, Mellemgaard A, Mandel JS, Wahrendorf J, McLaughlin JK, Adami HO. International renal-cell cancer study. VII. Role of diet. Int J Cancer 1996, 65:67-73. 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0215(19960103)65:1<67::AID-IJC12>3.0.CO;2-F, 8543399.
107. Lee JE, Spiegelman D, Hunter DJ, Albanes D, Bernstein L, van den Brandt PA, Buring JE, Cho E, English DR, Freudenheim JL, Giles GG, Graham S, Horn-Ross PL, Håkansson N, Leitzmann MF, Männistö S, McCullough ML, Miller AB, Parker AS, Rohan TE, Schatzkin A, Schouten LJ, Sweeney C, Willett WC, Wolk A, Zhang SM, Smith-Warner SA. Fat, protein, and meat consumption and renal cell cancer risk: a pooled analysis of 13 prospective studies. J Natl Cancer Inst 2008, 100:1695-1706. 10.1093/jnci/djn386, 2727138, 19033572.
108. Lee JE, Hunter DJ, Spiegelman D, Adami HO, Albanes D, Bernstein L, van den Brandt PA, Buring JE, Cho E, Folsom AR, Freudenheim JL, Giovannucci E, Graham S, Horn-Ross PL, Leitzmann MF, McCullough ML, Miller AB, Parker AS, Rodriguez C, Rohan TE, Schatzkin A, Schouten LJ, Virtanen M, Willett WC, Wolk A, Zhang SM, Smith-Warner SA. Alcohol intake and renal cell cancer in a pooled analysis of 12 prospective studies. J Natl Cancer Inst 2007, 99:801-810. 10.1093/jnci/djk181, 17505075.
109. Bagnardi V, Blangiardo M, La Vecchia C, Corrao G. A meta-analysis of alcohol drinking and cancer risk. Br J Cancer 2001, 85:1700-1705. 10.1054/bjoc.2001.2140, 2363992, 11742491.
110. Lindblad P, Mellemgaard A, Schlehofer B, Adami HO, McCredie M, McLaughlin JK, Mandel JS. International renal-cell cancer study. V. Reproductive factors, gynecologic operations and exogenous hormones. Int J Cancer 1995, 61:192-198. 10.1002/ijc.2910610209, 7705947.
111. Kabat GC, Navarro Silvera SA, Miller AB, Rohan TE. A cohort study of reproductive and hormonal factors and renal cell cancer risk in women. Br J Cancer 2007, 96:845-849. 10.1038/sj.bjc.6603629, 2360073, 17311018.
112. Zucchetto A, Talamini R, Dal Maso L, Negri E, Polesel J, Ramazzotti V, Montella M, Canzonieri V, Serraino D, La Vecchia C, Franceschi S. Reproductive, menstrual, and other hormone-related factors and risk of renal cell cancer. Int J Cancer 2008, 123:2213-2216. 10.1002/ijc.23750, 18711701.
113. Setiawan VW, Kolonel LN, Henderson BE. Menstrual and reproductive factors and risk of renal cell cancer in the multiethnic cohort. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009, 18:337-340. 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-08-0790, 19124517.
114. Lambe M, Lindblad P, Wuu J, Remler R, Hsieh CC. Pregnancy and risk of renal cell cancer: a population-based study in Sweden. Br J Cancer 2002, 86:1425-1429. 10.1038/sj.bjc.6600263, 2375385, 11986775.
115. Sali D, Boffetta P. Kidney cancer and occupational exposure to asbestos: a meta-analysis of occupational cohort studies. Cancer Causes Control 2000, 11:37-47. 10.1023/A:1008905302597, 10680728.
116. McLaughlin JK. Renal cell cancer and exposure to gasoline: a review. Environ Health Perspect Suppl 1993, 101(suppl 6):111-114.
117. International Agency for Research on Cancer Occupational exposures in petroleum refining; crude oil and major petroleum fuels. IARC Monogr Eval Carcinog Risks Hum 1989, 45:39-117. International Agency for Research on Cancer.
118. Henschler D, Vamvakas S, Lammert M, Dekant W, Kraus B, Thomas B, Ulm K. Increased incidence of renal cell tumors in a cohort of cardboard workers exposed to trichloroethylene. Arch Toxicol 1995, 69:291-299. 10.1007/s002040050173, 7654132.
119. Vamvakas S, Bruning T, Thomasson B, Lammett M, Baumuller A, Bolt HM, Dekant W, Birner G, Henschler D, Ulm K. Renal cell cancer correlated with occupational exposure to trichloroethene. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 1998, 124:374-382. 10.1007/s004320050186, 9719500.
120. Bruning T, Pesch B, Wiesenhutter B, Rabstein S, Lammert M, Baumuller A, Bolt HM. Renal cell cancer risk and occupational exposure to trichloroethylene: results of a consecutive case-control study in Arnsberg, Germany. Am J Ind Med 2003, 43:274-285. 10.1002/ajim.10185, 12594774.
121. McLaughlin JK, Blot WJ. A critical review of epidemiology studies of trichloroethylene and perchloroethylene and risk of renal cell cancer. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 1997, 70:222-231. 10.1007/s004200050211, 9342621.
122. Green LC, Lash TL. Re: "Renal cell cancer correlated with occupational exposure to trichloroethylene". J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 1999, 125:430-432. 10.1007/s004320050298, 10394965.
123. Cherrie JW, Kromhout H, Semple S. The importance of reliable exposure estimates in deciding whether trichloroethylene can cause kidney cancer. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2001, 127:400-404. 10.1007/s004320000206, 11414201.
124. Blair A, Hartge P, Stewart PA, McAdams M, Lubin J. Mortality and cancer incidence of aircraft maintenance workers exposed to trichloroethylene and other organic solvents and chemicals: extended follow up. Occup Environ Med 1998, 55:161-171. 10.1136/oem.55.3.161, 1757564, 9624267.
125. Boice JD, Marano DE, Fryzek JP, Sadler CJ, McLaughlin JK. Mortality among aircraft manufacturing workers. Occup Environ Med 1999, 56:581-597. 10.1136/oem.56.9.581, 1757791, 10615290.
126. Raaschou-Nielsen O, Hansen J, McLaughlin JK, Kolstad H, Christensen JM, Tarone RE, Olsen JH. Cancer risk among workers at Danish companies using trichloroethylene: a cohort study. Am J Epidemiol 2003, 158:1182-1192. 10.1093/aje/kwg282, 14652303.
127. Wong O. Carcinogenicity of trichloroethylene: an epidemiologic assessment. Clin Occup Environ Med 2004, 4:557-589. 10.1016/j.coem.2004.03.013, 15325321.