Dental infection and vascular disease

Seminars in Thrombosis and Hemostasis

Volumn 37, Issue 3, 2011, Pages 181-192

  Zoellner, Hans ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SYDNEY   (Australia)

Author keywords

Atherosclerosis; epidemiology; intervention studies; periapical infection; periodontal disease

Indexed keywords

C REACTIVE PROTEIN; CADMIUM; GLYCERYL TRINITRATE; INTERLEUKIN 6; LIPID;

ACUTE PHASE RESPONSE; ARTERY WALL; ARTICLE; ATHEROGENESIS; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUE; BACTEREMIA; BACTERIAL INFECTION; BACTERIAL VIRULENCE; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CAROTID ATHEROSCLEROSIS; CAUSAL ATTRIBUTION; CYTOKINE RELEASE; DENTAL CARIES; DIABETES MELLITUS; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DNA POLYMORPHISM; ENDOTHELIAL DYSFUNCTION; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; HEART INFARCTION; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; LEUKOCYTE COUNT; LIPID BLOOD LEVEL; NONHUMAN; PERIODONTAL DISEASE; PERIODONTITIS; POSITIVE FEEDBACK; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN BLOOD LEVEL; RISK FACTOR; SMOKING; STROKE; TOOTH INFECTION; TOOTH PERIAPICAL DISEASE; TRANSIENT ISCHEMIC ATTACK; VASCULAR DISEASE;

ANIMALS; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; DENTAL CARIES; HUMANS; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; PERIAPICAL DISEASES; PERIODONTAL DISEASES; PERIODONTITIS; STROKE; TOOTH LOSS; VASCULAR DISEASES;

EID: 79953669677     PISSN: 00946176     EISSN: 10989064     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1055/s-0031-1273082     Document Type: Article

References (175)

1. Cawson R A., Odell E W. Cawson's Essentials of Oral Pathology and Oral Medicine. 8th ed. Edinburgh, United Kingdom Churchill Livingstone 2008
2. Zoellner H, Hunter N. Perivascular hyaline deposits in inflamed gingival tissues. J Oral Pathol Med 1989 18 6 333-338 (Pubitemid 19259118)
3. Short L L., Zoellner H, Hunter N. Association of amyloid P protein with pathology in periodontal tissues. J Oral Pathol Med 1994 23 8 354-357 (Pubitemid 2150700)
4. Zoellner H, Hunter N. Chronic adult periodontitis and burst progression may reflect local neutrophil defects due to perivascular hyaline deposits. Med Hypotheses 1991 36 4 345-350
5. Zoellner H, Chapple C C., Hunter N. Microvasculature in gingivitis and chronic periodontitis: disruption of vascular networks with protracted inflammation. Microsc Res Tech 2002 56 1 15-31 (Pubitemid 34024476)
6. Hunter N, Nicholls B, Srivastava M et al. Reactive pocket epithelium in untreated chronic periodontal disease: possible derivation from developmental remnants of the enamel organ and root sheath. J Oral Pathol Med 2001 30 3 178-186 (Pubitemid 32139989)
7. Mattila K J., Nieminen M S., Valtonen V V. et al. Association between dental health and acute myocardial infarction. BMJ 1989 298 6676 779-781 (Pubitemid 19084520)
8. Syrjanen J, Peltola J, Valtonen V et al. Dental infections in association with cerebral infarction in young and middle-aged men. J Intern Med 1989 225 3 179-184 (Pubitemid 19118439)
9. Spodick D H. Inflammation and the onset of myocardial infarction. Ann Intern Med 1985 102 5 699-702 (Pubitemid 15120493)
10. Nicholls A C., Thomas M. Coxsackie virus infection in acute myocardial infarction. Lancet 1977 1 8017 883-884 (Pubitemid 8079690)
11. Griffiths P D., Hannington G, Booth J C. Coxsackie B virus infections and myocardial infarction. Results from a prospective, epidemiologically controlled study. Lancet 1980 1 8183 1387-1389
12. Saikku P, Leinonen M, Mattila K et al. Serological evidence of an association of a novel Chlamydia, TWAR, with chronic coronary heart disease and acute myocardial infarction. Lancet 1988 2 8618 983-986
13. Syrjanen J, Valtonen V V., Iivanainen M, Kaste M, Huttunen J K. Preceding infection as an important risk factor for ischaemic brain infarction in young and middle aged patients. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1988 296 6630 1156-1160
14. Emingil G, Buduneli E, Aliyev A, Akilli A, Atilla G. Association between periodontal disease and acute myocardial infarction. J Periodontol 2000 71 12 1882-1886 (Pubitemid 33601025)
15. Persson G R., Ohlsson O, Pettersson T, Renvert S. Chronic periodontitis, a significant relationship with acute myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J 2003 24 23 2108-2115 (Pubitemid 37486530)
16. Renvert S, Ohlsson O, Persson S, Lang N P., Persson G R. Analysis of periodontal risk profiles in adults with or without a history of myocardial infarction. J Clin Periodontol 2004 31 1 19-24 (Pubitemid 38623826)
17. Andriankaja O M., Genco R J., Dorn J et al. The use of different measurements and definitions of periodontal disease in the study of the association between periodontal disease and risk of myocardial infarction. J Periodontol 2006 77 6 1067-1073 (Pubitemid 44740624)
18. Buhlin K, Gustafsson A, Ahnve S et al. Oral health in women with coronary heart disease. J Periodontol 2005 76 4 544-550 (Pubitemid 40711281)
19. Geismar K, Stoltze K, Sigurd B, Gyntelberg F, Holmstrup P. Periodontal disease and coronary heart disease. J Periodontol 2006 77 9 1547-1554 (Pubitemid 44740765)
20. Briggs J E., McKeown P P., Crawford V L. et al. Angiographically confirmed coronary heart disease and periodontal disease in middle-aged males. J Periodontol 2006 77 1 95-102 (Pubitemid 43949663)
21. Nonnenmacher C, Stelzel M, Susin C et al. Periodontal microbiota in patients with coronary artery disease measured by real-time polymerase chain reaction: a case-control study. J Periodontol 2007 78 9 1724-1730
22. Berent R, Auer J, Schmid P et al. Periodontal and coronary heart disease in patients undergoing coronary angiography. Metabolism 2011 60 1 127-133
23. Buhlin K, Gustafsson A, Hakansson J, Klinge B. Oral health and cardiovascular disease in Sweden. J Clin Periodontol 2002 29 3 254-259
24. Beck J, Garcia R, Heiss G, Vokonas P S., Offenbacher S. Periodontal disease and cardiovascular disease. J Periodontol 1996 67 10, Suppl 1123-1137 (Pubitemid 126613093)
25. Elter J R., Champagne C M., Offenbacher S, Beck J D. Relationship of periodontal disease and tooth loss to prevalence of coronary heart disease. J Periodontol 2004 75 6 782-790 (Pubitemid 39010988)
26. Holmlund A, Holm G, Lind L. Severity of periodontal disease and number of remaining teeth are related to the prevalence of myocardial infarction and hypertension in a study based on 4,254 subjects. J Periodontol 2006 77 7 1173-1178 (Pubitemid 44725023)
27. Gotsman I, Lotan C, Soskolne W A. et al. Periodontal destruction is associated with coronary artery disease and periodontal infection with acute coronary syndrome. J Periodontol 2007 78 5 849-858
28. Dorn J M., Genco R J., Grossi S G. et al. Periodontal disease and recurrent cardiovascular events in survivors of myocardial infarction (MI): the Western New York Acute MI Study. J Periodontol 2010 81 4 502-511
29. Beck J D., Offenbacher S. Systemic effects of periodontitis: epidemiology of periodontal disease and cardiovascular disease. J Periodontol 2005 76 11, Suppl 2089-2100 (Pubitemid 41748958)
30. DeStefano F, Anda R F., Kahn H S., Williamson D F., Russell C M. Dental disease and risk of coronary heart disease and mortality. BMJ 1993 306 6879 688-691 (Pubitemid 23070231)
31. Morrison H I., Ellison L F., Taylor G W. Periodontal disease and risk of fatal coronary heart and cerebrovascular diseases. J Cardiovasc Risk 1999 6 1 7-11 (Pubitemid 29170057)
32. Mattila K J., Valtonen V V., Nieminen M, Huttunen J K. Dental infection and the risk of new coronary events: prospective study of patients with documented coronary artery disease. Clin Infect Dis 1995 20 3 588-592
33. Jansson L, Lavstedt S, Frithiof L. Relationship between oral health and mortality rate. J Clin Periodontol 2002 29 11 1029-1034 (Pubitemid 41697773)
34. Ajwani S, Mattila K J., Tilvis R S., Ainamo A. Periodontal disease and mortality in an aged population. Spec Care Dentist 2003 23 4 125-130
35. Dietrich T, Jimenez M, Krall Kaye E A., Vokonas P S., Garcia R I. Age-dependent associations between chronic periodontitis/edentulism and risk of coronary heart disease. Circulation 2008 117 13 1668-1674 (Pubitemid 351482591)
36. Blaizot A, Vergnes J N., Nuwwareh S, Amar J, Sixou M. Periodontal diseases and cardiovascular events: meta-analysis of observational studies. Int Dent J 2009 59 4 197-209
37. Grau A J., Buggle F, Ziegler C et al. Association between acute cerebrovascular ischemia and chronic and recurrent infection. Stroke 1997 28 9 1724-1729 (Pubitemid 27391439)
38. Grau A J., Becher H, Ziegler C M. et al. Periodontal disease as a risk factor for ischemic stroke. Stroke 2004 35 2 496-501 (Pubitemid 38174436)
39. Pradeep A R., Hadge P, Arjun Raju P et al. Periodontitis as a risk factor for cerebrovascular accident: a case-control study in the Indian population. J Periodontal Res 2010 45 2 223-228
40. Sim S J., Kim H D., Moon J Y. et al. Periodontitis and the risk for non-fatal stroke in Korean adults. J Periodontol 2008 79 9 1652-1658
41. Pradeep A R., Hadge P, Arjun Raju P et al. Periodontitis as a risk factor for cerebrovascular accident: a case-control study in the Indian population. J Periodontal Res 2010 45 2 223-228
42. Loesche W J., Schork A, Terpenning M S. et al. The relationship between dental disease and cerebral vascular accident in elderly United States veterans. Ann Periodontol 1998 3 1 161-174
43. Elter J R., Offenbacher S, Toole J F., Beck J D. Relationship of periodontal disease and edentulism to stroke/TIA. J Dent Res 2003 82 12 998-1001 (Pubitemid 41713819)
44. Wu T, Trevisan M, Genco R J. et al. Periodontal disease and risk of cerebrovascular disease: the first national health and nutrition examination survey and its follow-up study. Arch Intern Med 2000 160 18 2749-2755
45. Joshipura K J., Hung H C., Rimm E B., Willett W C., Ascherio A. Periodontal disease, tooth loss, and incidence of ischemic stroke. Stroke 2003 34 1 47-52 (Pubitemid 36070799)
46. Abnet C C., Qiao Y L., Dawsey S M. et al. Tooth loss is associated with increased risk of total death and death from upper gastrointestinal cancer, heart disease, and stroke in a Chinese population-based cohort. Int J Epidemiol 2005 34 2 467-474 (Pubitemid 40645340)
47. Jimenez M, Krall E A., Garcia R I., Vokonas P S., Dietrich T. Periodontitis and incidence of cerebrovascular disease in men. Ann Neurol 2009 66 4 505-512
48. Dorfer C E., Becher H, Ziegler C M. et al. The association of gingivitis and periodontitis with ischemic stroke. J Clin Periodontol 2004 31 5 396-401 (Pubitemid 38624033)
49. Mendez M V., Scott T, LaMorte W et al. An association between periodontal disease and peripheral vascular disease. Am J Surg 1998 176 2 153-157 (Pubitemid 28420432)
50. Chen Y W., Umeda M, Nagasawa T et al. Periodontitis may increase the risk of peripheral arterial disease. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2008 35 2 153-158 (Pubitemid 351163082)
51. Mattila K J., Valle M S., Nieminen M S., Valtonen V V., Hietaniemi K L. Dental infections and coronary atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis 1993 103 2 205-211 (Pubitemid 23360934)
52. Cairo F, Castellani S, Gori A M. et al. Severe periodontitis in young adults is associated with sub-clinical atherosclerosis. J Clin Periodontol 2008 35 6 465-472
53. Beck J D., Elter J R., Heiss G et al. Relationship of periodontal disease to carotid artery intima-media wall thickness: the atherosclerosis risk in communities (ARIC) study. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2001 21 11 1816-1822 (Pubitemid 34219786)
54. Desvarieux M, Demmer R T., Rundek T et al. Relationship between periodontal disease, tooth loss, and carotid artery plaque: the Oral Infections and Vascular Disease Epidemiology Study (INVEST). Stroke 2003 34 9 2120-2125 (Pubitemid 37099823)
55. Carallo C, Fortunato L, de Franceschi M S. et al. Periodontal disease and carotid atherosclerosis: are hemodynamic forces a link? Atherosclerosis 2010 213 1 263-267
56. Friedlander A H., Sung E C., Chung E M., Garrett N R. Radiographic quantification of chronic dental infection and its relationship to the atherosclerotic process in the carotid arteries. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2010 109 4 615-621
57. Cabrera C, Hakeberg M, Ahlqwist M et al. Can the relation between tooth loss and chronic disease be explained by socio-economic status? A 24-year follow-up from the population study of women in Gothenburg, Sweden. Eur J Epidemiol 2005 20 3 229-236 (Pubitemid 40569171)
58. Hung H C., Joshipura K J., Colditz G et al. The association between tooth loss and coronary heart disease in men and women. J Public Health Dent 2004 64 4 209-215 (Pubitemid 39611232)
59. Holmlund A, Holm G, Lind L. Number of teeth as a predictor of cardiovascular mortality in a cohort of 7,674 subjects followed for 12 years. J Periodontol 2010 81 6 870-876
60. Paunio K, Impivaara O, Tiekso J, Maki J. Missing teeth and ischaemic heart disease in men aged 45-64 years. Eur Heart J 1993 14 Suppl K 54-56 (Pubitemid 24038954)
61. Pussinen P J., Jousilahti P, Alfthan G et al. Antibodies to periodontal pathogens are associated with coronary heart disease. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2003 23 7 1250-1254 (Pubitemid 36871281)
62. Fure S, Zickert I. Incidence of tooth loss and dental caries in 60-, 70- and 80-year-old Swedish individuals. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 1997 25 2 137-142 (Pubitemid 127535480)
63. McCaul L K., Jenkins W M., Kay E J. The reasons for the extraction of various tooth types in Scotland: a 15-year follow up. J Dent 2001 29 6 401-407 (Pubitemid 33660584)
64. Willershausen B, Kasaj A, Willershausen I et al. Association between chronic dental infection and acute myocardial infarction. J Endod 2009 35 5 626-630
65. Bergstrom J. Cigarette smoking as risk factor in chronic periodontal disease. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 1989 17 5 245-247
66. Amarasena N, Ekanayaka A N., Herath L, Miyazaki H. Tobacco use and oral hygiene as risk indicators for periodontitis. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2002 30 2 115-123
67. Bergstrom J, Eliasson S, Dock J. A 10-year prospective study of tobacco smoking and periodontal health. J Periodontol 2000 71 8 1338-1347
68. Okamoto Y, Tsuboi S, Suzuki S et al. Effects of smoking and drinking habits on the incidence of periodontal disease and tooth loss among Japanese males: a 4-yr longitudinal study. J Periodontal Res 2006 41 6 560-566 (Pubitemid 44656933)
69. Zee K Y. Smoking and periodontal disease. Aust Dent J 2009 54 Suppl 1 S44-S50
70. Arora M, Weuve J, Schwartz J, Wright R O. Association of environmental cadmium exposure with periodontal disease in U.S. adults. Environ Health Perspect 2009 117 5 739-744
71. Soskolne W A., Klinger A. The relationship between periodontal diseases and diabetes: an overview. Ann Periodontol 2001 6 1 91-98
72. Mealey B L., Rose L F. Diabetes mellitus and inflammatory periodontal diseases. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2008 15 2 135-141 (Pubitemid 351651726)
73. Santacroce L, Carlaio R G., Bottalico L. Does it make sense that diabetes is reciprocally associated with periodontal disease? Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets 2010 10 1 57-70
74. Taylor G W., Loesche W J., Terpenning M S. Impact of oral diseases on systemic health in the elderly: diabetes mellitus and aspiration pneumonia. J Public Health Dent 2000 60 4 313-320
75. Rodrigues D C., Taba M J., Novaes A B., Souza S L., Grisi M F. Effect of non-surgical periodontal therapy on glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Periodontol 2003 74 9 1361-1367 (Pubitemid 37336748)
76. Inoue K, Kobayashi Y, Hanamura H, Toyokawa S. Association of periodontitis with increased white blood cell count and blood pressure. Blood Press 2005 14 1 53-58 (Pubitemid 40443754)
77. Ogawa Y, Imaki M, Yoshida Y, Matsumoto M, Tanada S. Epidemiological study on the relationship between hypertension and dental disease in Japanese factory workers [in Japanese]. Sangyo Eiseigaku Zasshi 1998 40 6 235-240
78. Angeli F, Verdecchia P, Pellegrino C et al. Association between periodontal disease and left ventricle mass in essential hypertension. Hypertension 2003 41 3 488-492 (Pubitemid 36314621)
79. Renvert S, Pettersson T, Ohlsson O, Persson G R. Bacterial profile and burden of periodontal infection in subjects with a diagnosis of acute coronary syndrome. J Periodontol 2006 77 7 1110-1119 (Pubitemid 44725016)
80. Persson G R., Pettersson T, Ohlsson O, Renvert S. High-sensitivity serum C-reactive protein levels in subjects with or without myocardial infarction or periodontitis. J Clin Periodontol 2005 32 3 219-224 (Pubitemid 40462652)
81. Bizzarro S, van der Velden U, Ten Heggeler J M. et al. Periodontitis is characterized by elevated PAI-1 activity. J Clin Periodontol 2007 34 7 574-580
82. Nibali L, D'Aiuto F, Griffiths G et al. Severe periodontitis is associated with systemic inflammation and a dysmetabolic status: a case-control study. J Clin Periodontol 2007 34 11 931-937
83. Losche W, Karapetow F, Pohl A, Pohl C, Kocher T. Plasma lipid and blood glucose levels in patients with destructive periodontal disease. J Clin Periodontol 2000 27 8 537-541
84. Katz J, Flugelman M Y., Goldberg A, Heft M. Association between periodontal pockets and elevated cholesterol and low density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. J Periodontol 2002 73 5 494-500 (Pubitemid 34546399)
85. Cutler C W., Shinedling E A., Nunn M et al. Association between periodontitis and hyperlipidemia: cause or effect? J Periodontol 1999 70 12 1429-1434
86. Ramirez-Tortosa M C., Quiles J L., Battino M et al. Periodontitis is associated with altered plasma fatty acids and cardiovascular risk markers. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2010 20 2 133-139
87. Morita M, Horiuchi M, Kinoshita Y, Yamamoto T, Watanabe T. Relationship between blood triglyceride levels and periodontal status. Community Dent Health 2004 21 1 32-36 (Pubitemid 38918271)
88. Nakarai H, Yamashita A, Takagi M et al. Periodontal disease and hypertriglyceridemia in Japanese subjects: potential association with enhanced lipolysis. Metabolism 2010 September 1 (Epub ahead of print)
89. Buhlin K, Gustafsson A, Pockley A G., Frostegard J, Klinge B. Risk factors for cardiovascular disease in patients with periodontitis. Eur Heart J 2003 24 23 2099-2107 (Pubitemid 37486529)
90. D'Aiuto F, Parkar M, Nibali L et al. Periodontal infections cause changes in traditional and novel cardiovascular risk factors: results from a randomized controlled clinical trial. Am Heart J 2006 151 5 977-984
91. Ebersole J L., Cappelli D, Mott G et al. Systemic manifestations of periodontitis in the non-human primate. J Periodontal Res 1999 34 7 358-362
92. Fentoglu O, Bozkurt F Y. The bi-directional relationship between periodontal disease and hyperlipidemia. Eur J Dent 2008 2 2 142-146
93. Taylor B A., Tofler G H., Carey H M. et al. Full-mouth tooth extraction lowers systemic inflammatory and thrombotic markers of cardiovascular risk. J Dent Res 2006 85 1 74-78 (Pubitemid 43827767)
94. Piconi S, Trabattoni D, Luraghi C et al. Treatment of periodontal disease results in improvements in endothelial dysfunction and reduction of the carotid intima-media thickness. FASEB J 2009 23 4 1196-1204
95. Acharya A, Bhavsar N, Jadav B, Parikh H. Cardioprotective effect of periodontal therapy in metabolic syndrome: a pilot study in Indian subjects. Metab Syndr Relat Disord 2010 8 4 335-341
96. Griffiths R, Barbour S. Lipoproteins and lipoprotein metabolism in periodontal disease. Clin Lipidol 2010 5 3 397-411
97. Dave S, Van Dyke T. The link between periodontal disease and cardiovascular disease is probably inflammation. Oral Dis 2008 14 2 95-101 (Pubitemid 351301054)
98. Mattila K J., Asikainen S, Wolf J et al. Age, dental infections, and coronary heart disease. J Dent Res 2000 79 2 756-760 (Pubitemid 32507647)
99. Malthaner S C., Moore S, Mills M et al. Investigation of the association between angiographically defined coronary artery disease and periodontal disease. J Periodontol 2002 73 10 1169-1176 (Pubitemid 35256269)
100. Frisk F, Hakeberg M, Ahlqwist M, Bengtsson C. Endodontic variables and coronary heart disease. Acta Odontol Scand 2003 61 5 257-262 (Pubitemid 37541298)
101. Tuominen R, Reunanen A, Paunio M, Paunio I, Aromaa A. Oral health indicators poorly predict coronary heart disease deaths. J Dent Res 2003 82 9 713-718 (Pubitemid 41766129)
102. Hujoel P P., Drangsholt M, Spiekerman C, Derouen T A. Examining the link between coronary heart disease and the elimination of chronic dental infections. J Am Dent Assoc 2001 132 7 883-889
103. Hujoel P P., Drangsholt M, Spiekerman C, DeRouen T A. Pre-existing cardiovascular disease and periodontitis: a follow-up study. J Dent Res 2002 81 3 186-191
104. Joshipura K J., Rimm E B., Douglass C W. et al. Poor oral health and coronary heart disease. J Dent Res 1996 75 9 1631-1636 (Pubitemid 32763637)
105. Howell T H., Ridker P M., Ajani U A., Hennekens C H., Christen W G. Periodontal disease and risk of subsequent cardiovascular disease in U.S. male physicians. J Am Coll Cardiol 2001 37 2 445-450
106. Jain A, Batista E L. Jr, Serhan C, Stahl G L., Van Dyke T E. Role for periodontitis in the progression of lipid deposition in an animal model. Infect Immun 2003 71 10 6012-6018 (Pubitemid 37205654)
107. Serhan C N., Jain A, Marleau S et al. Reduced inflammation and tissue damage in transgenic rabbits overexpressing 15-lipoxygenase and endogenous anti-inflammatory lipid mediators. J Immunol 2003 171 12 6856-6865 (Pubitemid 37532121)
108. Li L, Messas E, Batista E L. Jr, Levine R A., Amar S. Porphyromonas gingivalis infection accelerates the progression of atherosclerosis in a heterozygous apolipoprotein E-deficient murine model. Circulation 2002 105 7 861-867 (Pubitemid 34174928)
109. Lalla E, Lamster I B., Hofmann M A. et al. Oral infection with a periodontal pathogen accelerates early atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-null mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2003 23 8 1405-1411 (Pubitemid 36994529)
110. Gibson F C. III, Hong C, Chou H H. et al. Innate immune recognition of invasive bacteria accelerates atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. Circulation 2004 109 22 2801-2806 (Pubitemid 38737928)
111. Koizumi Y, Kurita-Ochiai T, Oguchi S, Yamamoto M. Nasal immunization with Porphyromonas gingivalis outer membrane protein decreases P. gingivalis -induced atherosclerosis and inflammation in spontaneously hyperlipidemic mice. Infect Immun 2008 76 7 2958-2965
112. Miyamoto T, Yumoto H, Takahashi Y et al. Pathogen-accelerated atherosclerosis occurs early after exposure and can be prevented via immunization. Infect Immun 2006 74 2 1376-1380 (Pubitemid 43185578)
113. Tuomainen A M., Jauhiainen M, Kovanen P T. et al. Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans induces MMP-9 expression and proatherogenic lipoprotein profile in apoE-deficient mice. Microb Pathog 2008 44 2 111-117 (Pubitemid 350297673)
114. Zhang T, Kurita-Ochiai T, Hashizume T et al. Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans accelerates atherosclerosis with an increase in atherogenic factors in spontaneously hyperlipidemic mice. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 2010 59 2 143-151
115. Brodala N, Merricks E P., Bellinger D A. et al. Porphyromonas gingivalis bacteremia induces coronary and aortic atherosclerosis in normocholesterolemic and hypercholesterolemic pigs. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2005 25 7 1446-1451 (Pubitemid 40923366)
116. Koizumi Y, Kurita-Ochiai T, Oguchi S, Yamamoto M. Intranasal immunization with Porphyromonas gingivalis and atherosclerosis. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2009 31 3 352-357
117. Tonetti M S. Periodontitis and risk for atherosclerosis: an update on intervention trials. J Clin Periodontol 2009 36 Suppl 10 15-19
118. Koenig W. Inflammation and coronary heart disease: an overview. Cardiol Rev 2001 9 1 31-35 (Pubitemid 32060596)
119. Sabatine M S., Morrow D A., Jablonski K A. et al. Prognostic significance of the Centers for Disease Control/American Heart Association high-sensitivity C-reactive protein cut points for cardiovascular and other outcomes in patients with stable coronary artery disease. Circulation 2007 115 12 1528-1536 (Pubitemid 46648637)
120. Kampoli A M., Tousoulis D, Antoniades C, Siasos G, Stefanadis C. Biomarkers of premature atherosclerosis. Trends Mol Med 2009 15 7 323-332
121. Duivenvoorden R, de Groot E, Stroes E S., Kastelein J J. Surrogate markers in clinical trials-challenges and opportunities. Atherosclerosis 2009 206 1 8-16
122. Navab M, Reddy S T., Van Lenten B J., Anantharamaiah G M., Fogelman A M. The role of dysfunctional HDL in atherosclerosis. J Lipid Res 2009 50 Suppl S145-S149
123. Liapis C D., Avgerinos E D., Kadoglou N P., Kakisis J D. What a vascular surgeon should know and do about atherosclerotic risk factors. J Vasc Surg 2009 49 5 1348-1354
124. D'Aiuto F, Parkar M, Andreou G et al. Periodontitis and atherogenesis: causal association or simple coincidence? J Clin Periodontol 2004 31 5 402-411 (Pubitemid 38624034)
125. D'Aiuto F, Parkar M, Andreou G et al. Periodontitis and systemic inflammation: control of the local infection is associated with a reduction in serum inflammatory markers. J Dent Res 2004 83 2 156-160 (Pubitemid 41713801)
126. Seinost G, Wimmer G, Skerget M et al. Periodontal treatment improves endothelial dysfunction in patients with severe periodontitis. Am Heart J 2005 149 6 1050-1054 (Pubitemid 40848150)
127. Paraskevas S, Huizinga J D., Loos B G. A systematic review and meta-analyses on C-reactive protein in relation to periodontitis. J Clin Periodontol 2008 35 4 277-290
128. Vidal F, Figueredo C M., Cordovil I, Fischer R G. Periodontal therapy reduces plasma levels of interleukin-6, C-reactive protein, and fibrinogen in patients with severe periodontitis and refractory arterial hypertension. J Periodontol 2009 80 5 786-791
129. El Fadl K A., Ragy N, El Batran M et al. Periodontitis and cardiovascular disease: floss and reduce a potential risk factor for CVD. Angiology 2011 62 1 62-67
130. D'Aiuto F, Nibali L, Parkar M, Suvan J, Tonetti M S. Short-term effects of intensive periodontal therapy on serum inflammatory markers and cholesterol. J Dent Res 2005 84 3 269-273 (Pubitemid 43822036)
131. Elter J R., Hinderliter A L., Offenbacher S et al. The effects of periodontal therapy on vascular endothelial function: a pilot trial. Am Heart J 2006 151 1 47
132. Taylor B, Tofler G, Morel-Kopp M C. et al. The effect of initial treatment of periodontitis on systemic markers of inflammation and cardiovascular risk: a randomized controlled trial. Eur J Oral Sci 2010 118 4 350-356
133. Sinisalo J, Paronen J, Mattila K J. et al. Relation of inflammation to vascular function in patients with coronary heart disease. Atherosclerosis 2000 149 2 403-411 (Pubitemid 30145551)
134. Amar S, Gokce N, Morgan S et al. Periodontal disease is associated with brachial artery endothelial dysfunction and systemic inflammation. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2003 23 7 1245-1249 (Pubitemid 36871280)
135. Mercanoglu F, Oflaz H, Oz O et al. Endothelial dysfunction in patients with chronic periodontitis and its improvement after initial periodontal therapy. J Periodontol 2004 75 12 1694-1700 (Pubitemid 40260022)
136. Blum A, Kryuger K, Mashiach Eizenberg M et al. Periodontal care may improve endothelial function. Eur J Intern Med 2007 18 4 295-298 (Pubitemid 46898777)
137. Tonetti M S., D'Aiuto F, Nibali L et al. Treatment of periodontitis and endothelial function. N Engl J Med 2007 356 9 911-920 (Pubitemid 46339910)
138. Beck J D., Couper D J., Falkner K L. et al. The Periodontitis and Vascular Events (PAVE) pilot study: adverse events. J Periodontol 2008 79 1 90-96
139. Offenbacher S, Beck J D., Moss K et al. Results from the Periodontitis and Vascular Events (PAVE) study: a pilot multicentered, randomized, controlled trial to study effects of periodontal therapy in a secondary prevention model of cardiovascular disease. J Periodontol 2009 80 2 190-201
140. Zoellner H, Hunter N. Vascular expansion in chronic periodontitis. J Oral Pathol Med 1991 20 9 433-437
141. Haraszthy V I., Zambon J J., Trevisan M, Zeid M, Genco R J. Identification of periodontal pathogens in atheromatous plaques. J Periodontol 2000 71 10 1554-1560
142. Gaetti-Jardim E Jr, Marcelino S L., Feitosa A C., Romito G A., Avila-Campos M J. Quantitative detection of periodontopathic bacteria in atherosclerotic plaques from coronary arteries. J Med Microbiol 2009 58 Pt 12 1568-1575
143. Nakano K, Inaba H, Nomura R et al. Detection of cariogenic Streptococcus mutans in extirpated heart valve and atheromatous plaque specimens. J Clin Microbiol 2006 44 9 3313-3317 (Pubitemid 44413770)
144. Fiehn N E., Larsen T, Christiansen N, Holmstrup P, Schroeder T V. Identification of periodontal pathogens in atherosclerotic vessels. J Periodontol 2005 76 5 731-736 (Pubitemid 40852385)
145. Mahendra J, Mahendra L, Kurian V M., Jaishankar K, Mythilli R. 16S rRNA-based detection of oral pathogens in coronary atherosclerotic plaque. Indian J Dent Res 2010 21 2 248-252
146. Pussinen P J., Alfthan G, Jousilahti P, Paju S, Tuomilehto J. Systemic exposure to Porphyromonas gingivalis predicts incident stroke. Atherosclerosis 2007 193 1 222-228 (Pubitemid 46776703)
147. Pussinen P J., Alfthan G, Tuomilehto J, Asikainen S, Jousilahti P. High serum antibody levels to Porphyromonas gingivalis predict myocardial infarction. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil 2004 11 5 408-411 (Pubitemid 39491061)
148. Bohnstedt S, Cullinan M P., Ford P J. et al. High antibody levels to P. gingivalis in cardiovascular disease. J Dent Res 2010 89 9 938-942
149. Pussinen P J., Nyyssonen K, Alfthan G et al. Serum antibody levels to Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans predict the risk for coronary heart disease. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2005 25 4 833-838 (Pubitemid 40463878)
150. Pussinen P J., Alfthan G, Rissanen H et al. Antibodies to periodontal pathogens and stroke risk. Stroke 2004 35 9 2020-2023 (Pubitemid 39136233)
151. Nakano K, Inaba H, Nomura R et al. Distribution of Porphyromonas gingivalis fimA genotypes in cardiovascular specimens from Japanese patients. Oral Microbiol Immunol 2008 23 2 170-172 (Pubitemid 351248613)
152. Herzberg M C., Nobbs A, Tao L et al. Oral streptococci and cardiovascular disease: searching for the platelet aggregation-associated protein gene and mechanisms of Streptococcus sanguis -induced thrombosis. J Periodontol 2005 76 11, Suppl 2101-2105 (Pubitemid 41748959)
153. Bizzarro S, Nicu E A., van der Velden U, Laine M L., Loos B G. Association of serum Immunoglobulins G (IgG) levels against two periodontal pathogens and a prothrombotic state: a clinical pilot study. Thromb J 2010 8 1 16
154. Kallio K A., Buhlin K, Jauhiainen M et al. Lipopolysaccharide associates with pro-atherogenic lipoproteins in periodontitis patients. Innate Immun 2008 14 4 247-253
155. Roth G A., Ankersmit H J., Brown V B. et al. Porphyromonas gingivalis infection and cell death in human aortic endothelial cells. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2007 272 1 106-113 (Pubitemid 46944455)
156. Maekawa T, Takahashi N, Honda T et al. Porphyromonas gingivalis antigens and interleukin-6 stimulate the production of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 via the upregulation of early growth response-1 transcription in human coronary artery endothelial cells. J Vasc Res 2010 47 4 346-354
157. Roth G A., Moser B, Roth-Walter F et al. Infection with a periodontal pathogen increases mononuclear cell adhesion to human aortic endothelial cells. Atherosclerosis 2007 190 2 271-281 (Pubitemid 46074042)
158. Roth G A., Moser B, Huang S J. et al. Infection with a periodontal pathogen induces procoagulant effects in human aortic endothelial cells. J Thromb Haemost 2006 4 10 2256-2261 (Pubitemid 44400306)
159. Naito M, Sakai E, Shi Y et al. Porphyromonas gingivalis-induced platelet aggregation in plasma depends on Hgp44 adhesin but not Rgp proteinase. Mol Microbiol 2006 59 1 152-167
160. Pejcic A, Kesic L J., Milasin J. C-reactive protein as a systemic marker of inflammation in periodontitis. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2010 November 6 (Epub ahead of print)
161. Desvarieux M, Demmer R T., Jacobs D R. Jr et al. Periodontal bacteria and hypertension: the oral infections and vascular disease epidemiology study (INVEST). J Hypertens 2010 28 7 1413-1421
162. Kumar V, Abbas A K., Fausto N. Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease. 7th ed. Philadelphia, PA WB Saunders 2005 1552
163. Higashi Y, Goto C, Jitsuiki D et al. Periodontal infection is associated with endothelial dysfunction in healthy subjects and hypertensive patients. Hypertension 2008 51 2 446-453 (Pubitemid 351156431)
164. Tsioufis C, Thomopoulos C, Soldatos N et al. The conjoint detrimental effect of chronic periodontal disease and systemic inflammation on asymmetric dimethyl-arginine in untreated hypertensive subjects. Atherosclerosis 2010 208 1 258-263
165. Malali E, Basar I, Emekli-Alturfan E et al. Levels of C-reactive protein and protein c in periodontitis patients with and without cardiovascular disease. Pathophysiol Haemost Thromb 2010 37 1 49-54
166. Yudkin J S., Kumari M, Humphries S E., Mohamed-Ali V. Inflammation, obesity, stress and coronary heart disease: is interleukin-6 the link? Atherosclerosis 2000 148 2 209-214 (Pubitemid 30064452)
167. Moutsopoulos N M., Madianos P N. Low-grade inflammation in chronic infectious diseases: paradigm of periodontal infections. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2006 1088 251-264 (Pubitemid 47092053)
168. Zoellner H, Cebon J, Layton J E., Stanton H, Hamilton J A. Contrasting effects of interleukin-4 on colony-stimulating factor and interleukin-6 synthesis by vascular endothelial cells. Lymphokine Cytokine Res 1993 12 2 93-99 (Pubitemid 23141781)
169. Matsuki Y, Yamamoto T, Hara K. Detection of inflammatory cytokine messenger RNA (mRNA)-expressing cells in human inflamed gingiva by combined in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. Immunology 1992 76 1 42-47
170. Takahashi K, Takashiba S, Nagai A et al. Assessment of interleukin-6 in the pathogenesis of periodontal disease. J Periodontol 1994 65 2 147-153
171. Zoellner H F., Hunter N. High endothelial-like venules in chronically inflamed periodontal tissues exchange polymorphs. J Pathol 1989 159 4 301-310 (Pubitemid 20011391)
172. Zorio E, Gilabert-Estelles J, Espana F et al. Fibrinolysis: the key to new pathogenetic mechanisms. Curr Med Chem 2008 15 9 923-929 (Pubitemid 351736413)
173. Paraskevas K I., Baker D M., Vrentzos G E., Mikhailidis D P. The role of fibrinogen and fibrinolysis in peripheral arterial disease. Thromb Res 2008 122 1 1-12 (Pubitemid 351618332)
174. D'Aiuto F, Parkar M, Brett P M., Ready D, Tonetti M S. Gene polymorphisms in pro-inflammatory cytokines are associated with systemic inflammation in patients with severe periodontal infections. Cytokine 2004 28 1 29-34 (Pubitemid 39165618)
175. Goteiner D, Ashmen R, Lehrman N, Janal M N., Eskin B. Presence and significance of interleukin-1 polymorphism in patients who present with acute coronary syndrome, angina, and chronic periodontitis: an epidemiologic pilot study. J Periodontol 2008 79 1 138-143