Victims and their defenders: A dyadic approach

International Journal of Behavioral Development

Volumn 35, Issue 2, 2011, Pages 144-151

  Sainio, Miia ^a   Veenstra, René ^a,b   Huitsing, Gijs ^b   Salmivalli, Christina ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TURKU   (Finland)

^b UNIVERSITY OF GRONINGEN   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

bullying; defending; dyad; social networks; victimization

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; CHILD; FEMALE; HUMAN; HUMAN RELATION; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; PEER GROUP; PROTECTION; SCHOOL CHILD; SOCIAL STATUS; VICTIM;

EID: 79952761460     PISSN: 01650254     EISSN: 14640651     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0165025410378068     Document Type: Article

References (48)

1. Andreou E., & Metallidou P. (2004). The relationship of academic and social cognition to behaviour in bullying situations among Greek primary school children. Educational Psychology, 24, 27-41. (Pubitemid 38170042)
2. Caravita, S., DiBlasio, P., & Salmivalli, C. (2009). Unique and interactive effects of empathy and social status on involvement in bullying. Social Development, 18, 140-163.
3. Cooley, C.H. (1902). Human nature and the social order. New York, NY: Scribner's.
4. Davidson, L.M., & Demaray, M.K. (2007). Social support as a moderator between victimization and internalizing-externalizing distress from bullying. School Psychology Review, 36, 383-405.
5. Demaray, M.K., & Malecki, C.K. (2003). Perceptions of the frequency and importance of social support by students classified as victims, bullies, and bully/victims in an urban middle school. School Psychology Review, 32, 471-489. (Pubitemid 37395707)
6. Dijkstra, J.K., Lindenberg, S., & Veenstra, R. (2008). Beyond the class norm: Bullying behavior of popular adolescents and its relation to peer acceptance and rejection. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 36, 1289-1299.
7. Egan, S., & Perry, D. (1998). Does low self-regard invite victimization? Developmental Psychology, 34, 299-309.
8. Fox, C.L., & Boulton, M.J. (2006). Friendship as a moderator of the relationship between social skills problems and peer victimization. Aggressive Behavior, 32, 110-121. (Pubitemid 43474544)
9. Gini, G., Albiero, P., Benelli, B., & Altoè, G. (2007). Does empathy predict adolescents' bullying and defending behavior? Aggressive Behavior, 33, 467-476.
10. Gini, G., Albiero, P., Benelli, B., & Altoè, G. (2008). Determinants of adolescents' active defending and passive bystanding behavior in bullying. Journal of Adolescence, 31, 93-105. (Pubitemid 351147064)
11. Goossens, F., Olthof, T., & Dekker, P. (2006). New Participant Role Scales: Comparison between various criteria for assigning roles and indications for their validity. Aggressive Behavior, 32, 343-357. (Pubitemid 44085967)
12. Harter, S., Waters, P., & Whitesell, N.R. (1998). Relational self-worth: Differences in perceived worth as a person across interpersonal contexts among adolescents. Child Development, 69, 756-766. (Pubitemid 128656064)
13. Hawker, D.S.J., & Boulton, M.J. (2000). Twenty years' research on peer victimization and psychosocial maladjustment: A meta-analytic review of cross-sectional studies. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 41, 441-455. (Pubitemid 30311522)
14. Hodges, E., Boivin, M., Vitaro, F., & Bukowski, W. (1999). The power of friendship: Protection against an escalating cycle of peer victimization. Developmental Psychology, 35, 94-101.
15. Hodges, E., Malone, M., & Perry, D. (1997). Individual risk and social risk as interacting determinants of victimization in the peer group. Developmental Psychology, 33, 1032-1039.
16. Holt, M.K., & Espelage, D.L. (2007). Perceived social support among bullies, victims, and bully-victims. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 36, 984-994.
17. Juvonen, J., & Galvan, A. (2008). Peer influence in involuntary social groups: Lessons from research on bullying. In M.J. Prinstein & K.A. Dodge (Eds.), Understanding peer influence in children and adolescents (pp. 225-244). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
18. Juvonen, J., Nishina, A., & Graham, S. (2001). Self-views versus peer perceptions of victims status among early adolescents. In J. Juvonen & S. Graham (Eds.), Peer harassment in school: The plight of the vulnerable and victimized (pp. 105-124). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
19. Lodge, J., & Frydenberg, E. (2005). The role of peer bystanders in school bullying: Positive steps toward promoting peaceful schools. Theory into Practice, 44, 329-336. (Pubitemid 41730570)
20. Maccoby, E.E. (1998). The two sexes: Growing up apart, coming together. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
21. Malecki, C.K., & Demaray, M.K. (2002). Measuring perceived social support: Development of the child and adolescent social support scale (CASSS). Psychology in the Schools, 39, 1-18.
22. Mayeux, L., Underwood, M.K., & Risser, S.D. (2007). Perspectives on the ethics of sociometric research with children. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 53, 53-78.
23. Mead, G.H. (1934). Mind, self, and society. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
24. Nickerson, A.B., Mele, D., & Princiotta, D. (2008). Attachment and empathy as predictors of roles as defenders or outsiders in bullying interactions. Journal of School Psychology, 46, 687-703.
25. Olweus, D. (1996). The Revised Olweus Bully/Victim Questionnaire. Mimeo. Bergen: Research Center for Health Promotion (HEMIL Center), University of Bergen.
26. Pellegrini, A.D., Bartini, M., & Brooks, F. (1999). School bullies, victims, and aggressive victims: Factors relating to group affiliation and victimization in early adolescence. Journal of Educational Psychology, 91, 216-224.
27. Perry, D.G., Kusel, S.J., & Perry, L.C. (1988). Victims of peer aggression. Developmental Psychology, 24, 807-814.
28. Pöyhönen, V., Juvonen, J., & Salmivalli, C. (2010). What does it take to defend the victimized peer? The interplay between personal and social factors. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 56, 143-163.
29. Pöyhönen, V., & Salmivalli, C. (2008). New directions in research and practice addressing bullying: Focus on defending behavior. In D. Pepler & W. Craig (Eds.), Understanding and addressing bullying: An international perspective (pp. 26-43). Bloomington, IN: AuthorHouseTM.
30. Prinstein, M.J., & Cillessen, A.H.N. (2003). Forms and functions of adolescent peer aggression associated with high levels of peer status. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 49, 310-342. (Pubitemid 36803071)
31. Ray, G., Cohen, R., Secrist, M., & Duncan, M. (1997). Relating aggressive and victimization behaviors to children's sociometric status and friendships. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 14, 95-108.
32. Rigby, K. (1997). Attitudes and beliefs about bullying among Australian school children. Irish Journal of Psychology, 18, 202-220.
33. Rodkin, P.C., & Berger, C. (2008). Who bullies whom? Social status asymmetries by victim gender. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 32, 473-485.
34. Rodkin, P.C., Farmer, T.W., Pearl, R., & Van Acker, R. (2000). Heterogeneity of popular boys: Antisocial and prosocial configurations. Developmental Psychology, 36, 14-24.
35. Rosenberg, M. (1965). Society and the adolescent self-image. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
36. Salmivalli, C. (1998). Intelligent, attractive, well-behaving, unhappy: The structure of adolescents' self-concept and its relations to their social behavior. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 8, 333-354.
37. Salmivalli, C., & Isaacs, J. (2005). Prospective relations among victimization, rejection, friendlessness, and children's self- and peer-perceptions. Child Development, 76, 1161-1171. (Pubitemid 41698968)
38. Salmivalli, C., Kärnä, A., & Poskiparta, E. (2010). From peer putdowns to peer support: A theoretical model and how it translated into a national anti-bullying program. In S.R. Jimerson, S.M. Swearer, & D.L. Espelage (Eds.), Handbook of bullying in schools: An international perspective (pp. 441-454). New York: Routledge.
39. Salmivalli, C., Kaukiainen, A., Kaistaniemi, L., & Lagerspetz, K.M.J. (1999). Self-evaluated self-esteem, peer-evaluated self-esteem, and defensive egotism as predictors of adolescents' participation in bullying situations. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 25, 1268-1278.
40. Salmivalli, C., Lagerspetz, K., Björkqvist, K., Österman, K., & Kaukiainen, A. (1996). Bullying as a group process: Participant roles and their relations to social status within the group. Aggressive Behavior, 22, 1-15. (Pubitemid 126330166)
41. Salmivalli, C., Ojanen, T., Haanpää, J., & Peets, K. (2005). "I'm OK but you're not" and other peer-relational schemas: Explaining individual differences in children's social goals. Developmental Psychology, 41, 363-375. (Pubitemid 40427382)
42. Salmivalli, C., & Peets, K. (2009). Pre-adolescents' peer-relational schemas and social goals across relational contexts. Social Development, 18, 817-832.
43. Schuster, B. (2001). Rejection and victimization by peers. Social perception and social behavior mechanisms (290th ed.). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
44. Sijtsema, J.J., Veenstra, R., Lindenberg, S., & Salmivalli, C. (2009). Empirical test of bullies' status goals: Assessing direct goals, aggression, and prestige. Aggressive Behavior, 35, 57-67.
45. Solberg, M.E., & Olweus, D. (2003). Prevalence estimation of school bullying with the Olweus Bully/Victim Questionnaire. Aggressive Behavior, 29, 239-268.
46. Veenstra, R., Lindenberg, S., Zijlstra, B.J.H., Winter, A.F.D., Verhulst, F.C., & Ormel, J. (2007). The dyadic nature of bullying and victimization: Testing a dual-perspective theory. Child Development, 78, 1843-1854.
47. Zijlstra, B., van Duijn, M., & Snijders, T. (2009). MCMC estimation for the p2 network regression model with crossed random effects. British Journal of Mathematical & Statistical Psychology, 62, 143-166.
48. Zijlstra, B.J.H., Veenstra, R., & Van Duijn, M.A.J. (2008). A multilevel p2 model with covariates for the analysis of binary bully-victim network data in multiple classrooms. In N.A. Card, J.P. Selig, & T.D. Little (Eds.), Modeling dyadic and interdependent data in the developmental and behavioral sciences (pp. 369-389). New York, NY: Routledge.