Evapotranspiration information reporting: I. Factors governing measurement accuracy

Agricultural Water Management

Volumn 98, Issue 6, 2011, Pages 899-920

  Allen, Richard G ^a   Pereira, Luis S ^b   Howell, Terry A ^c   Jensen, Marvin E ^d  

^a UNIVERSITY OF IDAHO   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF LISBON   (Portugal)

^c AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH SERVICE   (United States)

^d Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences   (United States)

Author keywords

Bowen ratio; Eddy covariance; Error; Evapotranspiration; Lysimeter; Measurement; Remote sensing; Sap flow; Scintillometer; Water balance

Indexed keywords

BOWEN RATIO; EDDY COVARIANCE; SAP FLOW; SCINTILLOMETER; WATER BALANCE;

CROPS; EVAPOTRANSPIRATION; IRRIGATION; LYSIMETERS; MEASUREMENT ERRORS; MEASUREMENTS; REMOTE SENSING; SCINTILLATION; SOIL MOISTURE; WATER MANAGEMENT; WATER SUPPLY;

SOIL SURVEYS;

ACCURACY ASSESSMENT; BOWEN RATIO; CALIBRATION; ECONOMIC ANALYSIS; EDDY COVARIANCE; ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR; ERROR ANALYSIS; EVAPOTRANSPIRATION; GRAVIMETRY; IRRIGATION; LYSIMETER; NUMERICAL MODEL; REMOTE SENSING; SAP FLOW; SOIL WATER; WATER MANAGEMENT;

EID: 79952741157     PISSN: 03783774     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.agwat.2010.12.015     Document Type: Review

References (209)

1. Aboukhaled A., Alfaro A., Smith M. Lysimeters, FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper No. 39 1982, FAO, Rome, Italy, 68 pp.
2. Allen R.G. Quality assessment of weather data and micrometeorological flux-impacts on evapotranspiration calculation. J. Agric. Meteorol. 2008, 64(4):191-204.
3. Allen R.G., Fisher D.F. Low-cost electronic weighing lysimeters. Trans. ASAE 1990, 33(6):1823-1833.
4. Allen R.G., Tasumi M. Evaporation from American Falls Reservoir in Idaho via a combination of Bowen Ratio and Eddy Covariance. Proceedings of the EWRI World Water Conference 2005, (CD-ROM).
5. Allen, R.G., Wright J.L., 2002. Conversion of Wright (1981) and Wright (1982) alfalfa-based crop coefficients for use with the ASCE Standardized Penman-Monteith reference evapotranspiration equation. University of Idaho internal report, 38 pp. (). http://www.kimberly.uidaho.edu/water/asceewri/Conversion_of_Wright_Kcs_2c.pdf.
6. Allen R.G., Jensen M.E., Wright J.L., Burman R.D. Operational estimates of reference evapotranspiration. Agron. J. 1989, 81:650-662.
7. Allen R.G., Pruitt W.O., Jensen M.E., Burman R.D. Environmental requirements of lysimeters. Lysimeters for Evapotranspiration and Environmental Measurements 1991, ASCE, New York, NY, USA, pp. 170-181. R.G. Allen, T.A. Howell, W.O. Pruitt, I.A. Walter, M.E. Jensen (Eds.).
8. Allen, R.G., Howell, T.A., Pruitt, W.O., Walter, I.A., Jensen, M.E. (Eds.), 1991b. Lysimeters for evapotranspiration and environmental measurements. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Lysimetry, Honolulu, HI, July, Am. Soc. Civ. Engrs., New York, NY.
9. Allen R.G., Prueger J., Hill R.W. Evapotranspiration from isolated stands of hydrophytes: cattail and bulrush. Trans. ASAE 1992, 35(4):1191-1198.
10. Allen R.G., Dickey G.L., Wright J.L., Stone J.F., Hunsaker D.J. Error analysis of bulk density measurements for neutron moisture gauge calibration. Proceedings of the ASCE National Conference on Irrigation and Drainage Engineering 1993, 1120-1127.
11. Allen R.G., Pruitt W.O., Businger J.A., Fritschen L.J., Jensen M.E., Quinn F.H. Evaporation and Transpiration. ASCE Handbook of Hydrology 1996, Am. Soc. Civ. Engrs., New York, NY, USA, pp. 125-252. second ed. Wootton (Task Com.) (Ed.).
12. Allen R.G., Pereira L.S., Raes D., Smith M. Crop evapotranspiration: guidelines for computing crop water requirements. United Nations FAO, Irrigation and Drainage Paper 56 1998, FAO, Rome, Italy.
13. Allen R.G., Pereira L.S., Smith M., Raes D., Wright J.L. FAO-56 dual crop coefficient method for estimating evaporation from soil and application extensions. J. Irrig. Drain. Eng. 2005, 131(1):2-13.
14. o by the FAO56 Penman-Monteith method. Agric. Water Manage. 2006, 81:1-22.
15. Allen R.G., Tasumi M., Trezza R. Satellite-based energy balance for mapping evapotranspiration with internalized calibration (METRIC)-Model. J. Irrig. Drain. Eng. 2007, 133(4):380-394.
16. Allen R.G., Tasumi M., Morse A., Trezza R., Wright J.L., Bastiaanssen W., Kramber W., Lorite I., Robison C.W. Satellite-based energy balance for mapping evapotranspiration with internalized calibration (METRIC)-Applications. J. Irrig. Drain. Eng. 2007, 133(4):395-406.
17. Allen R.G., Wright J.L., Pruitt W.O., Pereira L.S., Jensen M.E. Water requirements. Design and Operation of Farm Irrigation Systems 2007, ASABE, St. Joseph, MI, USA, pp. 208-288. second ed. G.J. Hoffman, R.G. Evans, M.E. Jensen, D.L. Martin, R.L. Elliot (Eds.).
18. Allen R.G., Kjaersgaard J., Garcia M., Tasumi M., Trezza R. Fine-tuning components of inverse-calibrated, thermal-based remote sensing models for evapotranspiration. Proc. 17th Pecora Conference on the Future of Land Imaging 2008, 11 pp.
19. Allen, R.G., Pereira, L.S., Howell, T.A., Jensen, M.E., 2011. Evapotranspiration information reporting: II recommended documentation. Agric. Water Manage. (this issue).
20. Allen, R.G., Tasumi, M., Trezza, R., submitted for publication. Relationships between evapotranspiration and vegetation. J. Hydrol. (submitted).
21. Anderson M.C., Norman J.M., Diak G.R., Kustas W.P., Mecikalski J.R. A time-integrated model for estimating surface fluxes using thermal infrared remote sensing. Remote Sensing Environ. 1997, 60:195-216.
22. Anderson M.C., Norman J.M., Kustas W.P., Li F., Prueger J.H., Mecikalsi J.R. Effects of vegetation clumping on two-source model estimates of surface energy fluxes from an agricultural landscape during SMACEX. J. Hydrometeorol. 2005, 6(12):892-909.
23. Angus D.E., Watts P.J. Evapotranspiration-how good is the Bowen ratio method?. Agric. Water Manage. 1984, 8:133-150.
24. Anthoni P.M., Law B.E., Unsworth M.H., Vonga R.J. Variation of net radiation over heterogeneous surfaces: measurements and simulation in a juniper-sagebrush ecosystem. Agric. Forest Meteorol. 2000, 102:275-286.
25. ASCE-EWRI, 2005. The ASCE Standardized Reference Evapotranspiration Equation. Report 0-7844-0805-X, ASCE Task Committee on Standardization of Reference Evapotranspiration. Reston, VA., American Soc. Civil Engineers.
26. Aubinet M., Grelle A., Ibrom A., Rannik U., Moncrie J., Foken T., Kowalski A.S., Martin P.H., Berbigier P., Bernhofer C., Clement R., Elbers J., Granier A., Grunwald T., Morgenstern K., Pilegaard K., Rebmann C., Snijders W., Valentini R., Vesala T. Estimates of the annual net carbon and water exchange of forests: the EUROFLUX methodology. Adv. Ecol. Res. 2000, 30:113-175.
27. Baldocchi D.D. Assessing the eddy covariance technique for evaluating carbon dioxide exchange rates of ecosystems: past, present and future. Global Change Biol. 2003, 9:479-492.
28. Baldocchi D.D., Hicks B.B., Meyers T.P. Measuring biosphere-atmosphere exchanges of biologically related gases with micrometeorological methods. Ecology 1988, 69(5):1331-1340.
29. Baldocchi D.D., Law B.E., Anthoni P.M. On measuring and modeling energy fluxes above the floor homogeneous and heterogeneous conifer forest. Agric. For. Meteorol. 2000, 102:187-206.
30. Bastiaanssen W.G.M., Menenti M., Feddes R.A., Holtslag A.A.M. The surface energy balance algorithm for land (SEBAL): part 1 formulation. J. Hydrol. 1998, 212-213:198-212.
31. Bastiaanssen W.G.M., Pelgrum H., Wang J., Ma Y., Moreno J., Roerink G.J., van der Wal T. The surface energy balance algorithm for land (SEBAL): part 2 validation. J. Hydrol. 1998, 212-213:213-229.
32. Bastiaanssen W.G.M., Noordman E.J.M., Pelgrum H., Davids G., Thoreson B.P., Allen R.G. SEBAL model with remotely sensed data to improve water resources management under actual field conditions. J. Irrig. Drain. Eng. 2005, 131(1):85-93.
33. Black T.A., Thurtell G.W., Tanner C.B. Hydraulic load cell lysimeter, construction, calibration and tests. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 1968, 32:623-629.
34. Bowen I.S. The ratio of heat losses by conduction and by evaporation from any water surface. Physics Rev. 1926, 27:779-787.
35. Brutsaert W. Evaporation into the Atmosphere 1982, D. Reidel Publishing Co., Dordrecht, Holland, 300 pp.
36. Buck A. The variable path Lyman-alpha hygrometer and its operating characteristics. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 1976, 51:1113-1118.
37. Burba, G., Anderson D., 2008. Introduction to the eddy covariance method: general guidelines and conventional workflow. LiCor Corporation, Lincoln, NE. (last accessed December 26, 2010, 141 pp.). http://www.licor.com/env/PDF_Files/EddyCovariance_readonly.pdf.
38. Burnett, B., Allen R.G., Robison C.W., Tasumi M., Lorite I., 2008. Estimating the soil surface evaporation and transpiration components from satellite images in the absence of a thermal band. Paper presented at the 2008 World and Environmental Resources Congress of ASCE and EWRI, Honolulu, HI, May 12-16, 2008 (Published on CD-ROM, ASCE, 18 pp.).
39. Businger J.A., Miyake M., Dyer A.J., Bradley E.F. On direct determination of turbulent heat flux near the ground. J. Appl. Meteorol. 1967, 6(6):1025-1032.
40. Calera-Belmonte A., Jochum A.M., Cuesta-Garcia A., Montoro-Rodriguez A., Lopez-Fuster P. Irrigation management from space: towards user-friendly products. Irrig. Drain. Syst. 2005, 19:337-353.
41. Cameira M.R., Fernando R.M., Ahuja L., Pereira L.S. Simulating the fate of water in field soil-crop environment. J. Hydrol. 2005, 315:1-24.
42. Campbell Scientific Inc. HFT3 soil heat flux plate. Instruction Manual 2003, Campbell Scientific Inc., Logan, UT, USA, 12 pp.
43. Campbell G.S., Tanner B.D. A krypton hygrometer for measurement of atmospheric water vapor concentration. Moisture and humidity 1985, ISA, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA, pp. 609-612.
44. Cellier P., Brunet Y. Flux-gradient relationships above tall plant canopies. Agr. For. Meteorol. 1992, 58:93-117.
45. Cholpankulov E.D., Inchenkova O.P., Paredes P., Pereira L.S. Cotton irrigation scheduling in Central Asia: model calibration and validation with consideration of groundwater contribution. Irrig. Drain. 2008, 57:516-532.
46. Choudhury B.J., Ahmed N.U., Idaho S.B., Reginato R.J., Daughtry C.S.T. Relations between evaporation coefficients and vegetation indices: studies by model simulation. Remote Sensing Environ. 1994, 50:1-17.
47. Chow V., Maidment D., Mays L. Applied Hydrology 1988, McGraw-Hill, New York, USA, 572 pp. second ed.
48. De Bruin, H.A.R., 2008. Theory and application of large aperture scintillometers. Short course notes. Scintec Corp.
49. De Bruin H.A.R., Hartogensis O.K., Allen R.G., Kramer J.W.J.L. Note on the regional advection perturbations in an irrigated desert (RAPID) experiment. Theor. Appl. Climatol. 2005, 80:143-152.
50. Denmead O.T., Bradley E.F. Flux-gradient relationships in a forest canopy. The Forest-Atmosphere Interaction 1985, 421-442. D. Reidel Publishing Co., Dordrecht. B.A. Hutchison, B.B. Hicks (Eds.).
51. Devitt D.A., Sala A., Smith S.D., Cleverly J., Shaulis L.K., Hammett R. Bowen ratio estimates of evapotranspiration for Tamarix ramosissima stands on the Virgin River in southern Nevada. Water Resources Res. 1998, 34:2407-2414.
52. Dingman S.L. Physical Hydrology 2008, Waveland Press Inc., IL, USA, 575 pp. second ed.
53. Doorenbos J., Pruitt W.O. Guidelines for predicting crop-water requirements. FAO Irrigation and Drainage. Paper No. 24 1977, FAO, Rome, Italy, 156 pp. second ed.
54. Dugas W.A., Bland W.L. Springtime soil temperatures in lysimeters in Central Texas. Soil Sci. 1991, 152(2):87-91.
55. Dunin F.X., Aston A.R. The development and proving of models of large scale evapotranspiration: an Australian study. Agric. Water Manage. 1984, 8(1-3):305-323.
56. Dunin F.X., McIlroy I.C., O'Loughlin E.M. A lysimeter characterization of evaporation by eucalypt forest and its representativeness for the local environment. The Forest Interaction. Proceedings of the Forest Environmental Measurements Conference 1985, 271-291. B.A. Hutchison, B.B. Hicks (Eds.).
57. Dunin F.X., Reyenga W., McIlroy I.C. Australian lysimeter studies of field evaporation. Lysimeters for Evapotranspiration and Environmental Measurements 1991, 237-245. Am. Soc. Civ. Engrs., New York, NY, USA. R.G. Allen, T.A. Howell, W.O. Pruitt, I.A. Walter, M.E. Jensen (Eds.).
58. Dyer A.J. Measurements of evaporation and heat transfer in the lower atmosphere by an automatic eddy-convection technique. Quart. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc. 1961, 87:401-412.
59. Evett S.R., Steiner J.L. Precision of neutron scattering and capacitance type soil water content gauges from field calibration. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 1995, 59(4):961-968.
60. Evett S.R., Tolk J.A., Howell T.A. A depth control stand for improved accuracy with the neutron probe. Vadose Zone J. 2003, 2:642-649.
61. Evett S.R., Tolk J.A., Howell T.A. Soil profile water content determination: sensor accuracy, axial response, calibration, temperature dependence, and precision. Vadose Zone J. 2006, 5(3):894-907.
62. Ewers B.E., Oren R. Analyses of assumptions and errors in the calculation of stomatal conductance from sap flux measurements. Tree Physiol. 2000, 20:579-589.
63. Foken T. The energy balance closure problem-an overview. Ecol. Appl. 2008, 18:1351-1367.
64. Foken, T., 2008. Micrometeorology. Springer-Verlag. (ISBN 978-3-540-74665-2, 307 pp.).
65. Foken T., Leclerc M.Y. Methods and limitations in validation of footprint models. Agric. Forest Meteorol. 2004, 127(3-4):223-234.
66. Foken T., Wimmer F., Mauder M., Thomas C., Liebethal C. Some aspects of the energy balance closure problem. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2006, 6:4395-4402.
67. Fritschen, L.J., Fritschen, C.L., 2005. Bowen ratio energy balance method. In: Hatfield, J.L. Baker, J.M., (Eds.) Micrometeorology in Agricultural Systems. Am. Soc. Agron. No. 47 in the Agro Series, pp. 397-405.
68. Fritschen L.J., Simpson J.R. Evapotranspiration from forests: measurement and modeling. Advances in Evapotranspiration, Public. No. 74-85 1985, Am. Soc. Agr. Engrs., St. Joseph, MI, USA, 393-404.
69. Fuehrer P.L., Friehe C.A. Flux corrections revisited. Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 2002, 102:415-457.
70. Gao G., Chen D., Xu C., Simelton E. Trend of estimated actual evapotranspiration over China during 1960-2002. J. Geophys. Res. 2007, 112:1-8. 10.1029/2006JD008010.
71. Gash J.H.C. A note on estimating the effect of a limited fetch on micrometeorological evaporation measurements. Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 1986, 35:409-413.
72. Glenn E.P., Huete A., Nagler P., Hirschoock K., Brown P. Integrating remote sensing and ground methods to estimate evapotranspiration. Crit. Rev. Plant Sci. 2007, 26:139-168.
73. Gockede M., Foken T., Aubinet M., Aurela M., Banza J., Bernhofer C., Bonnefond J.M., Brunet Y., Carrara A., Clement R., Dellwik E., Elbers J., Eugster W., Fuhrer J., Granier A., Grunwald T., Heinesch B., Janssens I.A., Knohl A., Koeble R., Laurila T., Longdoz B., Manca G., Marek M., Markkanen T., Mateus J., Matteucci G., Mauder M., Migliavacca M., Minerbi S., Moncrieff J., Montagnani L., Moors E., Ourcival J.M., Papale D., Pereira J., Pilegaard K., Pita G., Rambal S., Rebmann C., Rodrigues A., Rotenberg E., Sanz M.J., Sedlak P., Seufert G., Siebicke L., Soussana J.F., Valentini R., Vesala T., Verbeeck H., Yakir D. Quality control of CarboEurope flux data-part 1: coupling footprint analyses with flux data quality assessment to evaluate sites in forest ecosystems. Biogeosciences 2008, 5:433-450.
74. Granier A. Une nouvelle méthode pour la mesure du flux de sève brute dans le tronc des arbres. Annales des Sciences Forestières 1985, 42:193-200.
75. Granier A. Evaluation of transpiration in a Douglas-fir stand by means of sap flow measurements. Tree Physiol. 1987, 3:309-320.
76. Green S.R., Clothier B.E. Water use of kiwifruit vines and apple trees. J. Exp. Botany 1988, 39:115-123.
77. Green S., Clothier B., Jardine B. Theory and practical application of heat pulse to measure sap flow. Agron. J. 2003, 95:1371-1379.
78. Grime V.L., Morison J.I.L., Simmonds L.P. Including the heat storage term in sap flow measurements with the stem heat balance method. Agric. Forest Meteorol. 1995, 74(1-2):1-25.
79. Ham, J. M., 2001. On the measurement of soil heat flux to improve estimates of energy balance closure. Am. Geophys. Union, Fall Meeting 2001, abstract B51A-0183 and poster. (last accessed November 24, 2006). http://www.oznet.ksu.edu/envphys/Research/Poster%20PDFs/DPHP_and_Soil_Heat_Flux_AGU01.pdf.
80. Harrold L.L., Watts C.J., Rodriguez J.-C., De Bruin H.A.R. Measuring evapotranspiration by lysimetry. Proceeding Conference on Evapotranspiration 1966, 28-33.
81. Hartogensis O.K., Watts C.J., Rodriguez J.-C., De Bruin H.A.R. Derivation of an effective height for scintillometers: La Poza experiment in Northwest Mexico. J. Hydrometeorol. 2003, 4(5):915-928.
82. Heilman J.L., Heilman W.E., Moore D.G. Evaluating the crop coefficient using spectral reflectance. Agric. J. 1982, 74:967-971.
83. Heilman J.L., Brittin C.L., Neale C.M.U. Fetch requirements for Bowen ratio measurements of latent and sensible heat fluxes. Agric. Forest Meteorol. 1989, 44:261-273.
84. Hignett, C., Evett, S.R., 2002. Neutron thermalization. Section 3.1.3.10. In: Dane, H.D., Topp, G.C. (Eds.), Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 4-Physical Methods. pp. 501-521.
85. Horst T.W. On frequency response corrections for eddy covariance flux measurements. Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 2000, 95:517-520.
86. Horst T.W., Weil J.C. Footprint estimation for scalar flux measurements in the atmospheric surface-layer. Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 1992, 59:279-296.
87. Howell T.A., McCormick R.L., Phene C.J. Design and installation of large weighing lysimeters. Trans. ASAE 1985, 28(106-112):117.
88. Howell T.A., Schneider A.D., Jensen M.E. History of lysimeter design and use for evapotranspiration measurements. Lysimeters for Evapotranspiration and Environmental Measurements, Proceedings of the International Symposium on Lysimetry 1991, 1-9. R.G. Allen, T.A. Howell, W.O. Pruitt, I. Walter, M.E. Jensen (Eds.).
89. Hsieh C.I., Katul G.G., Schieldge J., Sigmon J.T., Knoerr K.K. The Lagrangian stochastic model for fetch and latent heat flux estimation above uniform and non-uniform terrain. Water Resources Res. 1997, 22:427-438.
90. Hsieh C.I., Katul G., Chi T. An approximate analytical model for footprint estimation of scalar fluxes in thermally stratified atmospheric flows. Adv. Water Resources 2000, 23:765-772.
91. Hultine K.R., Nagler P.L., Morino K., Bush S.E., Burtch K.G., Dennison P.E., Glenn E.P., Ehleringer J.R. Sap flux-scaled transpiration by tamarisk (Tamarix spp.) before, during and after episodic defoliation by the saltcedar leaf beetle (Diorhabda carinulata). Agric. Forest Meteorol. 2010, 150(11):1467-1475.
92. Idso S.B., Cooley K.R. The vertical location of net radiometers I. The effects of the underlying air layer. J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn. 1971, 49(5):343-349.
93. Idso S.B., Cooley K.R. The vertical location of net radiometers II. The effects of the net radiometer's shadow. J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn. 1972, 50(1):49-58.
94. Idso S.B., Reginato R.J., Jackson R.D., Kimball B.A., Nakayama F.S. The three stages of drying of a field soil. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. 1974, 38(5):831-837.
95. Irmak S. Nebraska water and energy flux measurement, modeling, and research network (NEBFLUX). Trans. ASABE 2010, 53(4):1097-1115.
96. Irmak A., Kamble B. Evapotranspiration data assimilation with genetic algorithms and SWAP model for on-demand Irrigation. Irrig. Sci. 2009, 28:101-112.
97. Irmak, A., Ratcliffe, I., Ranade, P., Hubbard, K.G., Singh, R.K., Kamble, B., Allen, R.G., Kjaersgaard, J., 2011. Estimation of land surface evapotranspiration: a satellite remote sensing procedure. Great Plains Research. v21(1), April 2011.
98. Jensen M.E. Evaluating irrigation efficiency. J. Irrig. Drain. Div., ASCE 1967, 93(IR1):83-98.
99. Jensen M.E. Water consumption by agricultural plants, 1-22. Water Deficits and Plant Growth, vol. II 1968, Academic Press, New York, 401 pp. T.T. Kozlowski (Ed.).
100. Jensen M.E. Scheduling irrigations with computers. J. Soil Water Conserv. 1969, 24(5):193-195.
101. Jensen, M.E. (Ed.), 1974. Consumptive use of water and irrigation water requirements. Rep. Tech. Com. on Irrig. Water Requirements, Irrig. and Drain. Div., ASCE, 227 pp.
102. Jensen M.E., Wright J.L. The role of evapotranspiration models in irrigation scheduling. Trans. ASAE 1978, 21(1):82-87.
103. Jensen M.E., Robb D.C.N., Franzoy C.E. Scheduling irrigations using climate-crop-soil data. J. Irrig. Drain. Div. 1970, 96:25-28.
104. Jensen M.E., Wright J.L., Pratt B.J. Estimating soil moisture depletion from climate, crop and soil data. Trans. ASAE 1971, 14:954-959.
105. Jensen, M.E., Burman, R.D., Allen, R.G. (Ed), 1990. Evapotranspiration and Irrigation Water Requirements, ASCE Manuals and Reports on Engineering Practice No. 70, 332 pp.
106. Kaimal J.C., Finnigan J.J. Atmospheric Boundary Layer Flows: Their Structure and Measurement 1994, Oxford University Press, New York, NY, USA, 289 pp.
107. Kamble B., Irmak A. Combining remote sensing measurements and model estimates through hybrid data assimilation scheme to predict hydrological fluxes. Proceedings of the IEEE International Geosciences and Remote Sensing Symposium 2009.
108. Kamgar A., Hopmans J.W., Wallender W.W., Wendroth O. Plotsize and sample number for neutron probe measurements in small field trials. Soil Sci. 1993, 156(4):213-224.
109. King K.M., Tanner C.B., Suomi V.E. A floating lysimeter and its evaporation recorder. Trans. Am. Geophys. Union 1956, 37(6):738-742.
110. Kjelgaard J.F., Stockle C.O., Black R.A., Campbell G.S. Measuring sap flow with the heat balance approach using constant and variable heat inputs. Agric. Forest Meteorol. 1997, 85(3-4):239-250.
111. Klaassen W., Sogachev A. Flux footprint simulation downwind of a forest edge. Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 2006, 121:459-473.
112. Klaassen W., Van Breugel P.B., Moors E.J., Nieveen J.P. Increased heat fluxes near a forest edge. Theor. Appl. Climatol. 2002, 72:231-243.
113. Kleissl J., Gomez J., Hong S.H., Hendrickx J.M.H., Rahn T., Defoor W.L. Large aperture scintillometer intercomparison study. Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 2008, 128(1):133-150.
114. Kolle, O., Rebmann, C., 2007. EddySoft-Documentation of a Software Package to Aquire and Process Eddy Covariance Data, Max-Planck-Institut f. Biogeochemie, Jena, Technical Report 10, 85 pp.
115. Kustas W.P., Norman J.M. Evaluation of soil and vegetation heat flux predictions using a simple two-source model with radiometric temperatures for partial canopy cover. Agric. For. Meteorol. 1999, 94:13-29.
116. Kustas W.P., Norman J.M., Anderson M.C., French A.N. Estimating subpixel surface temperatures and energy fluxes from the vegetation index-radiometric temperature relationship. Remote Sensing Environ. 2003, 85:429-440.
117. Leclerc M.Y., Shen S.H., Lamb B. Observations and large-eddy simulation modeling of footprints in the lower convective boundary layer. J. Geophy. Res. Atmos. 1997, 102:9323-9334.
118. Lee, X., Finnigan, J., Paw U, K.T., 2010a. Coordinate systems and flux bias error. In: Lee, X., Massman, W., Law, B., 2010. Handbook of Micrometeorology: A Guide for Surface Flux Measurement and Analysis. Kluewer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, pp. 33-66.
119. Lee X., Massman W., Law B. Handbook of Micrometeorology: A Guide for Surface Flux Measurement and Analysis 2010, Kluewer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, 250 pp.
120. Leuning R. The correct form of the Webb, Pearman and Leuning equation for eddy fluxes of trace gases in steady and non-steady state, horizontally homogeneous flows. Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 2007, 123:263-267.
121. Li F., Kustas W.P., Prueger J.H., Neale C.M.U., Jackson T.J. Utility of remote sensing-based two-source energy balance model under low- and high-vegetation cover conditions. J. Hydrometeorol. 2005, 6(12):878-891.
122. Liu Y., Teixeira J.L., Zhang H.J., Pereira L.S. Model validation and crop coefficients for irrigation scheduling in the North China Plain. Agri. Water Manage. 1998, 36:233-246.
123. Liu Y., Pereira L.S., Fernando R.M. Fluxes through the bottom boundary of the root zone in silty soils: Parametric approaches to estimate groundwater contribution and percolation. Agric. Water Manage. 2006, 84:27-40.
124. Lourence F., Moore R. Prefabricated weighing lysimeter for remote research stations. Lysimeters for Evapotranspiration and Environmental Measurements, Proc. International Symposium on Lysimetry 1991, 432-439. ASCE, New York, NY, USA. R.G. Allen, T.A. Howell, W.O. Pruitt, I. Walter, M.E. Jensen (Eds.).
125. Lowry R.L., Johnson A.F. Consumptive use of water for agriculture. ASCE Trans. 1942, 107:1243-1302.
126. Lundblad M., Lagergren F., Lindroth A. Evaluation of heat balance and heat dissipation methods for sapflow measurements in pine and spruce. Ann. For. Sci. 2001, 58:625-638.
127. Mackay D.S., Ahl D.E., Ewers B.E., Gower S.T., Burrows S.N., Samanta S., Davis K.J. Global change biology, effects of aggregated classifications of forest composition on estimates of evapotranspiration in a northern. Wisconsin Forest 2002, 8(12):1253-1265.
128. Makkink G.P. Testing the Penman formula by means of lysimeters. J. Inst. Water Engin. 1957, 11:277-288.
129. Marek T.H., Schmeider A.D., Howell T.A., Ebeling L.L. Design and construction of large weighing monolithic lysimeters. Trans. ASAE 1988, 31(2):477-484.
130. Massman W.J. A simple method for estimating frequency response corrections for eddy covariance systems. Agric. For. Meteorol. 2000, 104:185-198.
131. Massman W.J. Reply to comment by Rannik on: a simple method for estimating frequency response corrections for eddy covariance systems. Agric. For. Meteorol. 2001, 107:247-251.
132. Mauder, M., Foken, T., 2004. Documentation and instruction manual of the eddy covariance software package TK2, Universitaet Bayreuth, Abt. Mikrometeorologie, Print, ISSN 1614-891620Arbeitsergebnisse 26, 44 pp.
133. Mayocchi C.L., Bristow K.L. Soil surface heat flux: some general questions and comments on measurements. Agric. For. Meteorol. 1995, 75:43-50.
134. McBean G.A. Instrument requirements for eddy correlation measurements. J. Appl. Meteorol. 1972, 11:1078-1084.
135. McCabe, G.J., Markstrom, S.L., 2007. A monthly water-balance model driven by a graphical user interface. Open-File Report 2007-1088, U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey. http://wwwbrr.cr.usgs.gov/projects/SW_MoWS/software/thorn_s/thorn.shtmly.
136. McIlroy, I. C., Dunin, F.X., 1982. A forest evaporation technique comparison experiment. The First National. Symposium on Forest Hydrology, Melbourne. The Institution of Engineers, Australia Publication No. 82/6, 12-17.
137. McNaughton K.G., Black T.A. A study of evapotranspiration from a Douglas fir forest using the energy balance approach. Water Resources Res. 1973, 9:1579-1590.
138. Meijninger W.M.L., De Bruin H.A.R. The sensible heat fluxes over irrigated areas in western Turkey determined with a large aperture scintillometer. J. Hydrol. 2000, 229:42-49.
139. Meijninger W.M.L., Hartogensis O.K., Kohsiek W., Hoedjes J.C.B., Zuurbier R.M., De Bruin H.A.R. Determination of area-averaged sensible heat fluxes with a large aperture scintillometer over a heterogeneous surface-Flevoland field experiment. Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 2002, 105:37-62.
140. Meyer W.S., Mateos L. Soil type effects on soybean crop water use in weighing lysimeters. III. Effect of lysimeter canopy height discontinuity on evaporation. Irrig. Sci. 1990, 11:233-237.
141. Meyers, T.P., Baldocchi, D.P., 2005. Current micrometerological flux methodologies with applications in agriculture. In: Hatfield, J.L., Baker, J.M. (Eds.) Micrometeorology in Agricultural Systems. Am. Soc. Agron. No. 47 in the Agro Series, pp. 381-396.
142. Moncrieff J.B., Malhi Y., Leuning R. The propagation of errors in long-term measurements of land-atmosphere fluxes of carbon and water. Global Change Biol. 1996, 2:231-240.
143. Monteith J.L. Evaporation and the environment. The State and Movement of Water in Living Organisms, XIXth Symp. Soc. for Exp. Biol. 1965, 205-234. Cambridge Univ. Press, Swansea.
144. Monteith J.L., Unsworth M.H. Principles of Environmental Physics 1990, Edward Arnold, London, New York, 291 pp. second ed.
145. Moncrieff J.B., Clement R., Finnigan J., Meyers T. Averaging, detrending, and filtering of eddy covariance time series. Chapter 2. Handbook of Micrometeorology:AGuide for Surface Flux Measurement and Analysis 2010, 7-31. Kluewer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht. X. Lee, W. Massman, B. Law (Eds.).
146. Moore C.J. Frequency response corrections for eddy correlation systems. Bound. Lay. Meteorol. 1986, 37:17-35.
147. Moran, S., 2000. Use of remote sensing for monitoring evaporation over managed watersheds. ASCE CD ROM, 13 pp.
148. Munger, J.W., Loescher, H.W., 2004. Guidelines for Making Eddy Covariance Flux Measurements. http://public.ornl.gov/ameriflux/measurement_standards_4.doc.
149. Nadezhdina N., Eermák J., Ceulemans R. Radial patterns of sap flow in woody stems of dominant and understory species: scaling errors associated with positioning of sensors. Tree Physiol. 2002, 22:907-918.
150. Nagler P.L., Glenn E.P., Thompson T.L., Huete A. Leaf area index and normalized difference vegetation index as predictors of canopy characteristics and light interception by riparian species on the Lower Colorado River. Agric. Forest Meteorol. 2004, 125(1-2):1-17.
151. Nagler P.L., Morino K., Didan K., Erker J., Osterberg J., Hultine K.R., Glenn E.P. Wide-area estimates of saltcedar (Tamarix spp.) evapotranspiration on the lower Colorado River measured by heat balance and remote sensing methods. Ecohydrology 2009, 2:18-33.
152. Norman J.M., Kustas W.P., Humes K.S. A two-source approach for estimating soil and vegetation energy fluxes from observations of directional radiometric surface temperature. Agric. For. Meteorol. 1995, 77:263-293.
153. Norman J.M., Kustas W.P., Prueger J.H., Diak G.R. Surface flux estimation using radiometric temperature: a dual-temperature-difference method to minimize measurement errors. Water Resources Res. 2000, 36(8):2263-2274.
154. Norman J.M., Anderson M.C., Kustas W.P., French A.N., Mecikalski J., Torn R., Diak G.R., Schmugge T.J., Tanner B.C.W. Remote sensing of surface energy fluxes at 101-m pixel resolutions. Water Resources Res. 2003, 39(8):1221. 10.1029/2002WR001775.
155. Ohmura A. Objective criteria for rejecting data for Bowen ratio flux calculations. J. Appl. Meteorol. 1982, 21(4):595-598.
156. Payero J.O., Neale C.M.U., Wright J.L., Allen R.G. Guidelines for validating Bowen ratio data. Trans. ASAE 2003, 46(4):1051-1060.
157. Paw U.K.T., Baldocchi D.D., Meyers T.P., Wilson K.B. Correction of eddy covariance measurements incorporating both advective effects and density fluxes. Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 2000, 97:487-511.
158. Penman H.L. Natural evaporation from open water, bare soil and grass. Proc. Roy. Soc. London 1948, A193:120-146.
159. Pereira L.S., Perrier A., Allen R.G., Alves I. Evapotranspiration: concepts and future trends. J. Irrig. Drain. Eng. ASCE 1999, 125(2):45-51.
160. Phene C.J., McCormick R.L., Davis K.R., Pierre J.D., Meek D.W. A lysimeter feedback irrigation controller system for evapotranspiration measurements and real time irrigation scheduling. Trans. ASABE 1989, 32(2):477-484.
161. Popova Z., Eneva S., Pereira L.S. Model validation, crop coefficients and yield response factors for maize irrigation scheduling based on long-term experiments. Biosyst. Eng. 2006, 95(1):139-149.
162. Pratt P.F., Warner J.E., Nash P.A. Sampling the unsaturated zone in irrigated field plots. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 1976, 40:277-279.
163. Pruitt W.O., Lourence F.J. Experiences in lysimetry for ET and surface drag measurements. Advances in Evapotranspiration 1985, Am. Soc. of Agr. Engrs., St. Joseph, MI, USA, pp. 74-85, 51-69.
164. Rannik U. A comment on the paper by W.J. Massman: a simple method for estimating frequency response corrections for eddy covariance systems. Agric. For. Meteorol. 2001, 107:241-245.
165. Robins J.R., Pruitt W.O., Gardner W.H. Unsaturated flow of water in field soils and its effect on soil moisture investigations. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 1954, 18:344-347.
166. Sakai R.K., Fitzjarrald D.R., Moore K.E. Importance of low-frequency contributions to eddy fluxes observed over rough surfaces. J. Appl. Meteorol. 2001, 40:2178-2192.
167. Sakuratani A heat balance method for measuring water flux in the stem of intact plants. Jpn. Agric. Meteorol. 1981, 37:9-17.
168. Sauer, T.J., Horton, R., 2005. Soil heat flux. In: Hatfield, J.L. and J.M. Baker (Eds.), Micrometeorology in Agricultural Systems. Am. Soc. Agron. No. 47 in the Agro Series, pp. 131-154.
169. Schmid H.P. Footprint modeling for vegetation atmosphere exchange studies: a review and perspective. Agric. For. Meteorol. 2002, 113:159-183.
170. Schuepp P.H., Leclerc M.Y., MacPherson J.I., Desjardins R.L. Footprint prediction of scalar fluxes from analytical solutions of the diffusion equation. Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 1990, 50:355-373.
171. Seguin B., Brunet Y., Perrier A. Estimation of evaporation: a review of existing methods and recent developments. Symposium on Evaporation 1982, 21 pp.
172. Shackel K.A., Johnson R.S., Medawar C.K., Phene C.J. Substantial errors in estimates of sap flow using the heat balance technique on woody stems under field conditions. J. Am. Soc. Horticultural Sci. 1992, 117(2):351-356.
173. Shaw R., Snyder R.L., Medawar C.K., Phene C.J. Evaporation and eddy correlation. Encyclopedia of Water Science 2003, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, pp. 235-237.
174. Shuttleworth W.J. Evaporation. Handbook of Hydrology 1992, McGraw-Hill Inc., New York, NY, USA, pp. 235-237. D.R. Maidment (Ed.).
175. Smith D.M., Allen S.J. Measurement of sap flow in plant stems. J. Exp. Bot. 1996, 47(12):1833-1844.
176. Sinclair T.R., Allen L.H., Lemon E.R. An analysis of errors in the calculation of energy flux densities above vegetation by a Bowen ratio profile method. Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 1975, 8:129-139.
177. Singh R., Irmak A. Estimation of crop coefficients using satellite remote sensing. J. Irrig. Drain. Eng., ASCE 2009, 135(5):597-608.
178. Staple W.L., Lehane J.J. Variability in soil moisture sampling. Can. J. Soil Sci. 1962, 42:157-164.
179. Steinberg S.L., van Bavel C.H.M., McFarland M.J. Improved sap flow gauge for woody and herbaceous plants. Agron. J. 1990, 82:851-854.
180. Steppe K., De Pauw D.J.W., Doody T.M., Teskey R.O. A comparison of sap flux density using thermal dissipation, heat pulse velocity and heat field deformation methods. Agric. Forest Meteorol. 2010, 150(7-8):1046-1056.
181. Sumner, M.E. (Ed.). 2000. Handbook of Soil Science. CRC Press, Boca Raton. 2148 pp.
182. Sun J., Esbensen S.K., Mahrt L. Estimation of surface heat flux. J. Atmos. Sci. 1995, 52:3162-3171.
183. Swanson R.H. Significant historical developments in thermal methods for measuring sap flow in trees. Agric. Forest Meteorol. 1994, 72(1-2):113-132.
184. Swinbank W.C. The measurement of vertical transfer of heat and water vapour by eddies in the lower atmosphere. J. Meteorol. 1951, 8:135-145.
185. Tanner B.D. Use requirements for Bowen ratio and eddy correlation determination of evapotranspiration. Planning Now for Irrigation and Drainage in the 21st Century, Proc., Irrig. and Drain. Div, Conf. 1988, 605-616. D.R. Hay (Ed.).
186. Tanner B.D., Swiatek E., Green J.P. Density fluctuations and use of the krypton hygrometer in surface flux measurements. Management of Irrigation and Drainage Systems: Integrated Perspectives. Proceedings of National Conference on Irrigation and Drainage Engineering 1993, 945-952. R.G. Allen, C.M.U. Neale (Eds.).
187. Tanner C.B. Measurement of evapotranspiration. Irrigation of Agricultural Lands. ASA Monograph No. ll 1967, 534-574. American Society of Agronomy, Madison, WI, USA. R.M. Hagan, H.R. Haise, T.W. Edminster (Eds.).
188. Tanner, C.B., Thurtell, G.W., 1969. Anemoclinometer measurements of Reynolds stress and heat transport in the atmospheric surface layer. Final Report, United States Army Electronic Command, Atmospheric Sciences Laboratory, Fort Huachuca, Arizona.
189. Tasumi M., Allen R.G. Satellite-based ET mapping to assess variation in ET with timing of crop development. Agric. Water Manage. 2007, 88(1-3):54-62.
190. Tasumi M., Allen R.G., Trezza R., Wright J.L. Satellite-based energy balance to assess within-population variance of crop coefficient curves. J. Irrig. Drain. Eng. 2005, 131(1):94-109.
191. Tasumi M., Trezza R., Allen R.G., Wright J.L. Operational aspects of satellite-based energy balance models for irrigated crops in the semi-arid U.S. Irrig. Drain. Syst. 2005, 19:355-376.
192. Taylor S.A. Field determination of soil moisture. Agr. Eng. 1955, 36:645-659.
193. Thom A.S., Stewart J.B., Oliver H.R., Gash J.H.C. Comparison of aerodynamic and energy budget estimates of fluxes over a pine forest. Quart. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc. 1975, 101:93-105.
194. Todd, R.W., Evett, S.R., Howell, T.A., 1998. Latent heat flux of irrigated alfalfa measured by weighing lysimeter and Bowen ratio-energy balance. Paper 98-2119, Am. Soc. Agr. Engrs., St. Joseph, MI, USA.
195. Twine T.E., Kustas W.P., Norman J.M., Cook D.R., Houser P.R., Meyers T.P., Prueger J.H., Starks P.J., Wesely M.L. Correcting eddy-covariance flux underestimates over a grassland. Agric. For. Meteor. 2000, 103:279-300.
196. Valancogne C., Nasr Z. Une méthode de mesure du débit de sève brute dans de petits arbres par bilan de chaleur. Agronomie 1989, 9:609-617.
197. Valancogne C., Nasr Z. A heat balance method for measuring sap flow in small trees. Water Transport in Plants under Climatic Stress 1993, 166-173. Cambridge University Press, UK. M. Borghetti, J. Grace, A. Raschi (Eds.).
198. van Bavel C.H.M., Fritschen L.J., Reeves W.E. Transpiration by sudangrass as an externally controlled process. Science 1963, 141:269-270.
199. Vickers D., Mahrt L. Quality control and flux sampling problems for tower and aircraft data. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol. 1997, 14:512-526.
200. Vickers D., Mahrt L. The cospectral gap and turbulent flux calculations. J. Atm. Oceanic Tech. 2003, 20:660-672.
201. Villalobos F.J. Correction of eddy covariance water vapor flux using additional measurements of temperature. Agric. For. Meteorol. 1997, 88:77-83.
202. Weaver H.L., Weeks E.P., Campbell G.S., Stannard D.I., Tanner B.D. Phreatophyte water use estimated by eddy-correlation methods. Proceedings of the Water Forum '86 1986, 847-854. Am. Soc. Civ. Engrs., New York, NY, USA.
203. Webb E.K., Pearman G.I., Leuning R. Correction of flux measurements for density effects due to heat and water vapor transfer. Quart. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 1980, 106:85-106.
204. Wilson K.B., Hanson P.J., Mulholland P.J., Baldocchi D.D., Wullschleger S.D. A comparison of methods for determining forest evapotranspiration and its components: sap-flow, soil water budget, eddy covariance and catchment water balance. Agric. For. Meteorol. 2001, 106:153-168.
205. Wilson K.B., Goldstein A.H., Falge F., et al. Energy balance closure at FLUXNET sites. Agric. For. Meteorol. 2002, 113:223-243.
206. Wilczak J.M., Oncley S.P., Stage S.A. Sonic anemometer tilt correction algorithms. Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 2001, 99:127-150.
207. Wright, J.L., 1981. Crop Coefficients. Irrig. Scheduling for Water and Energy Conserv. in the 80's, Chicago, IL., Dec. 14-15, Am. Soc. of Agric. Engrs., St. Joseph, MI. pp. 18-26.
208. Wright J.L. New evapotranspiration crop coefficients. J. Irrig. Drain. Div., ASCE 1982, 108(IR2):57-74.
209. Yang D., Goodison B.E., Metcalfe J.R., Golubev V.S., Bates R., Pangburn T., Hanson C.L. Accuracy of NWS 8 standard nonrecording precipitation gauge: results and application of WMO intercopmarison. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol. 1996, 15:54-68.