메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 113, Issue 1-4, 2002, Pages 159-183

Footprint modeling for vegetation atmosphere exchange studies: A review and perspective

Author keywords

Flux measurements; Footprint; Micrometeorology; Modeling; Vegetation atmosphere exchange

Indexed keywords

ATMOSPHERE-BIOSPHERE INTERACTION; MICROMETEOROLOGY; TURBULENT FLOW;

EID: 0037010661     PISSN: 01681923     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0168-1923(02)00107-7     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (435)

References (89)
  • 1
    • 0031432009 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Flux footprints within and over forest canopies
    • Baldocchi, D., 1997. Flux footprints within and over forest canopies. Boundary-Lay. Meteorol. 85, 273-292.
    • (1997) Boundary-Lay. Meteorol. , vol.85 , pp. 273-292
    • Baldocchi, D.1
  • 2
    • 0033929533 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On measuring net ecosystem carbon exchange over tall vegetation on complex terrain
    • Baldocchi, D., Finnigan, J., Wilson, K.T., Paw, U., Falge, E., 2000. On measuring net ecosystem carbon exchange over tall vegetation on complex terrain. Boundary-Lay. Meteorol. 96, 257-291.
    • (2000) Boundary-Lay. Meteorol. , vol.96 , pp. 257-291
    • Baldocchi, D.1    Finnigan, J.2    Wilson, K.T.3    Paw, U.4    Falge, E.5
  • 3
    • 0001932318 scopus 로고
    • Some recent British work on the problem of diffusion in the lower atmosphere
    • McGraw Hill, New York
    • Calder, K.L., 1952. Some recent British work on the problem of diffusion in the lower atmosphere. In: Proceedings of the US Technology Conference on Air Pollution, McGraw Hill, New York, pp. 787-792.
    • (1952) Proceedings of the US Technology Conference on Air Pollution , pp. 787-792
    • Calder, K.L.1
  • 4
    • 0026447576 scopus 로고
    • Flux-gradient relationships above tall plant canopies
    • Cellier, P., Brunet, Y., 1992. Flux-gradient relationships above tall plant canopies. Agric. For. Meteorol. 58, 93-117.
    • (1992) Agric. For. Meteorol. , vol.58 , pp. 93-117
    • Cellier, P.1    Brunet, Y.2
  • 5
    • 0017867366 scopus 로고
    • Analysis of canopy index values for various canopy densities
    • Cionco, R.M., 1978. Analysis of canopy index values for various canopy densities. Boundary-Lay. Meteorol. 15, 81-93.
    • (1978) Boundary-Lay. Meteorol. , vol.15 , pp. 81-93
    • Cionco, R.M.1
  • 6
    • 0011254666 scopus 로고
    • Subgridscale fluxes and flux divergences in a neutrally stratified, horizontally homogeneous surface layer
    • Claussen, M., 1989. Subgridscale fluxes and flux divergences in a neutrally stratified, horizontally homogeneous surface layer. Contr. Atmos. Phys. 62, 236-245.
    • (1989) Contr. Atmos. Phys. , vol.62 , pp. 236-245
    • Claussen, M.1
  • 7
    • 0036296419 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An initial inter comparison of micrometeorological and ecological estimates of carbon sequestration in a mid-latitude deciduous forest
    • Ehman, J.L., Schmid, H.P., Grimmond, C.S.B., Randolph, J.C., Hanson, P.J., Wayson, C.A., Cropley, F.D., 2002. An initial inter comparison of micrometeorological and ecological estimates of carbon sequestration in a mid-latitude deciduous forest. Glob. Change Biol. 8, 575-589.
    • (2002) Glob. Change Biol. , vol.8 , pp. 575-589
    • Ehman, J.L.1    Schmid, H.P.2    Grimmond, C.S.B.3    Randolph, J.C.4    Hanson, P.J.5    Wayson, C.A.6    Cropley, F.D.7
  • 8
    • 84979187122 scopus 로고
    • The growth of the atmospheric internal boundary layer
    • Elliott, W.P., 1958. The growth of the atmospheric internal boundary layer. Trans. Amer. Geophys. Union 39, 1048-1054.
    • (1958) Trans. Amer. Geophys. Union , vol.39 , pp. 1048-1054
    • Elliott, W.P.1
  • 9
    • 0030404291 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Experimental evaluation of analytical and Lagrangian surface-layer flux footprint models
    • Finn, D., Lamb, B., Leclerc, M.Y., Horst, T.W., 1996. Experimental evaluation of analytical and Lagrangian surface-layer flux footprint models. Boundary-Lay. Meteorol. 80, 283-308.
    • (1996) Boundary-Lay. Meteorol. , vol.80 , pp. 283-308
    • Finn, D.1    Lamb, B.2    Leclerc, M.Y.3    Horst, T.W.4
  • 10
    • 0033613138 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A comment on the paper by Lee (1998): On micrometeorological observations of surface-air exchange over tall vegetation
    • Finnigan, J., 1999. A comment on the paper by Lee (1998): On micrometeorological observations of surface-air exchange over tall vegetation. Agric. For. Meteorol. 97, 55-64.
    • (1999) Agric. For. Meteorol. , vol.97 , pp. 55-64
    • Finnigan, J.1
  • 11
    • 0034592330 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Turbulence in plant canopies
    • Finnigan, J., 2000. Turbulence in plant canopies. Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech. 32, 519-571.
    • (2000) Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech. , vol.32 , pp. 519-571
    • Finnigan, J.1
  • 12
    • 0030475331 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The footprint for flux measurements, from backward Lagrangian stochastic models
    • Flesch, T.K., 1996. The footprint for flux measurements, from backward Lagrangian stochastic models. Boundary-Lay. Meteorol. 78, 399-404.
    • (1996) Boundary-Lay. Meteorol. , vol.78 , pp. 399-404
    • Flesch, T.K.1
  • 13
    • 0029413966 scopus 로고
    • Backward-time Lagrangian stochastic dispersion models and their application to estimate gaseous emissions
    • Flesch, T.K., Wilson, J.D., Yee, E., 1995. Backward-time Lagrangian stochastic dispersion models and their application to estimate gaseous emissions. J. Appl. Meteorol. 34, 1320-1332.
    • (1995) J. Appl. Meteorol. , vol.34 , pp. 1320-1332
    • Flesch, T.K.1    Wilson, J.D.2    Yee, E.3
  • 14
    • 0025198164 scopus 로고
    • The internal boundary layer
    • Garratt, J.R., 1990. The internal boundary layer. Boundary-Lay. Meteorol. 50, 171-203.
    • (1990) Boundary-Lay. Meteorol. , vol.50 , pp. 171-203
    • Garratt, J.R.1
  • 15
    • 0022825673 scopus 로고
    • A note on estimating the effect of a limited fetch on micrometeorological evaporation measurements
    • Gash, J.H.C., 1986. A note on estimating the effect of a limited fetch on micrometeorological evaporation measurements. Boundary-Lay. Meteorol. 35, 409-414.
    • (1986) Boundary-Lay. Meteorol. , vol.35 , pp. 409-414
    • Gash, J.H.C.1
  • 16
    • 0030426558 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Measurements of carbon sequestration by long-term eddy covariance: Methods and a critical evaluation of accuracy
    • Goulden, M.L., Munger, J.W., Fan, S.-M., Daube, B.C., Wofsy, S.C., 1996. Measurements of carbon sequestration by long-term eddy covariance: Methods and a critical evaluation of accuracy. Glob. Change Biol. 2, 169-182.
    • (1996) Glob. Change Biol. , vol.2 , pp. 169-182
    • Goulden, M.L.1    Munger, J.W.2    Fan, S.-M.3    Daube, B.C.4    Wofsy, S.C.5
  • 17
    • 0020867625 scopus 로고
    • Dispersion from a continuous ground level source investigated by a K model
    • Gryning, S.E., van Ulden, A.A.M., Larsen, S., 1983. Dispersion from a continuous ground level source investigated by a K model. Quart. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc. 109, 355-364.
    • (1983) Quart. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc. , vol.109 , pp. 355-364
    • Gryning, S.E.1    Van Ulden, A.A.M.2    Larsen, S.3
  • 18
    • 0023141673 scopus 로고
    • Applied dispersion modelling based on meteorological scaling parameters
    • Gryning, S.E., van Ulden, A.A.M., Irwin, J.S., Sievertsen, D., 1987. Applied dispersion modelling based on meteorological scaling parameters. Atmos. Environ. 21, 79-89.
    • (1987) Atmos. Environ. , vol.21 , pp. 79-89
    • Gryning, S.E.1    Van Ulden, A.A.M.2    Irwin, J.S.3    Sievertsen, D.4
  • 19
    • 0028667576 scopus 로고
    • Passive scalar diffusion from surface sources in the convective boundary-layer
    • Hadfield, M.G., 1994. Passive scalar diffusion from surface sources in the convective boundary-layer. Boundary-Lay. Meteorol. 69, 417-448.
    • (1994) Boundary-Lay. Meteorol. , vol.69 , pp. 417-448
    • Hadfield, M.G.1
  • 20
    • 17644428298 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Footprint analysis: A closed analytical solution based on height-dependent profiles of wind speed and eddy viscosity
    • Haenel, H.D., Grünhage, L., 1999. Footprint analysis: A closed analytical solution based on height-dependent profiles of wind speed and eddy viscosity. Boundary-Lay. Meteorol. 93, 395-409.
    • (1999) Boundary-Lay. Meteorol. , vol.93 , pp. 395-409
    • Haenel, H.D.1    Grünhage, L.2
  • 21
    • 0019360351 scopus 로고
    • A simple model for the adjustment of velocity spectra in unstable conditions downstream of an abrupt change in roughness and heat flux
    • Højstrup, J., 1981. A simple model for the adjustment of velocity spectra in unstable conditions downstream of an abrupt change in roughness and heat flux. Boundary-Lay. Meteorol. 21, 341-356.
    • (1981) Boundary-Lay. Meteorol. , vol.21 , pp. 341-356
    • Højstrup, J.1
  • 23
    • 0011176319 scopus 로고
    • Lagrangian similarity modeling of vertical diffusion from a ground-level source
    • Horst, TW., 1979. Lagrangian similarity modeling of vertical diffusion from a ground-level source. J. Appl. Meteorol. 12, 797-802.
    • (1979) J. Appl. Meteorol. , vol.12 , pp. 797-802
    • Horst, T.W.1
  • 24
    • 0032971058 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The footprint for estimation of atmosphere-surface exchange fluxes by profile techniques
    • Horst, T.W., 1999. The footprint for estimation of atmosphere-surface exchange fluxes by profile techniques. Boundary-Lay. Meteorol. 90, 171-188.
    • (1999) Boundary-Lay. Meteorol. , vol.90 , pp. 171-188
    • Horst, T.W.1
  • 25
    • 0026613157 scopus 로고
    • Footprint estimation for scalar flux measurements in the atmospheric surface-layer
    • Horst, T.W., Weil, J.C., 1992. Footprint estimation for scalar flux measurements in the atmospheric surface-layer. Boundary-Lay. Meteorol. 59, 279-296.
    • (1992) Boundary-Lay. Meteorol. , vol.59 , pp. 279-296
    • Horst, T.W.1    Weil, J.C.2
  • 26
    • 0028594233 scopus 로고
    • How far is far enough - The fetch requirements for micrometeorological measurement of surface fluxes
    • Horst, T.W., Weil, J.C., 1994. How far is far enough - The fetch requirements for micrometeorological measurement of surface fluxes. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol. 11, 1018-1025.
    • (1994) J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol. , vol.11 , pp. 1018-1025
    • Horst, T.W.1    Weil, J.C.2
  • 27
    • 0000197948 scopus 로고
    • Corrigenda: How far is far enough - The fetch requirements for micrometeorological measurement of surface fluxes
    • Horst, T.W., Weil, J.C., 1995. Corrigenda: How far is far enough - The fetch requirements for micrometeorological measurement of surface fluxes. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol. 12, 447.
    • (1995) J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol. , vol.12 , pp. 447
    • Horst, T.W.1    Weil, J.C.2
  • 28
    • 0011243324 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comments on "Footprint analysis: A closed analytical solution based on height-dependent profiles of wind speed and eddy viscosity", by Haenel and Grünhage (1999)
    • Horst, T.W., 2001. Comments on "Footprint analysis: A closed analytical solution based on height-dependent profiles of wind speed and eddy viscosity", by Haenel and Grünhage (1999). Boundary-Lay. Meteorol. 101. 435-447.
    • (2001) Boundary-Lay. Meteorol. , vol.101 , pp. 435-447
    • Horst, T.W.1
  • 29
    • 0030942975 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Lagrangian stochastic model for fetch and latent heat flux estimation above uniform and non-uniform terrain
    • Hsieh, C.I., Katul, G.G., Schieldge, J., Sigmon, J.T., Knoerr, K.K., 1997. The Lagrangian stochastic model for fetch and latent heat flux estimation above uniform and non-uniform terrain. Water Resour. Res. 33, 427-438.
    • (1997) Water Resour. Res. , vol.33 , pp. 427-438
    • Hsieh, C.I.1    Katul, G.G.2    Schieldge, J.3    Sigmon, J.T.4    Knoerr, K.K.5
  • 30
    • 0034074495 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An approximate analytical model for footprint estimation of scaler fluxes in thermally stratified atmospheric flows
    • Hsieh, C.I., Katul, G., Chi, T., 2000. An approximate analytical model for footprint estimation of scaler fluxes in thermally stratified atmospheric flows. Adv. Water Resour. 23, 765-772.
    • (2000) Adv. Water Resour. , vol.23 , pp. 765-772
    • Hsieh, C.I.1    Katul, G.2    Chi, T.3
  • 32
    • 85058497945 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Allocation of surface sources for elevated trace gas fluxes using "backward trajectory"-simulations
    • Preprints. American Meteorological Society, Boston
    • Kljun, N., Rotach, M.W., Schmid, H.P., 1999. Allocation of surface sources for elevated trace gas fluxes using "backward trajectory"-simulations. In: Proceedings of the 13th Symposium on Boundary Layers and Turbulence. Preprints. American Meteorological Society, Boston, p. J4.7.
    • (1999) Proceedings of the 13th Symposium on Boundary Layers and Turbulence
    • Kljun, N.1    Rotach, M.W.2    Schmid, H.P.3
  • 33
    • 2042424445 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A Lagrangian footprint model for stratifications ranging from stable to convective
    • Preprints. American Meteorological Society, Boston
    • Kljun, N., Rotach, M.W, Schmid, H.P., 2000a. A Lagrangian footprint model for stratifications ranging from stable to convective. In: Proceedings of the 14th Symposium on Boundary Layers and Turbulence. Preprints. American Meteorological Society, Boston, p. 4.15.
    • (2000) Proceedings of the 14th Symposium on Boundary Layers and Turbulence , pp. 415
    • Kljun, N.1    Rotach, M.W.2    Schmid, H.P.3
  • 34
    • 0011203265 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Footprint determination in stable to convective stratification using an inverse 3D Lagrangian particle model
    • Preprints. American Meteorological Society, Boston
    • Kljun, N., de Haan, P., Rotach, M.W., Schmid, H.P., 2000b. Footprint determination in stable to convective stratification using an inverse 3D Lagrangian particle model. In: Proceedings of the 24th Conference on Agricultural and Forest Meteorology. Preprints. American Meteorological Society, Boston, p. 8.3.
    • (2000) Proceedings of the 24th Conference on Agricultural and Forest Meteorology , pp. 83
    • Kljun, N.1    De Haan, P.2    Rotach, M.W.3    Schmid, H.P.4
  • 35
    • 0036569262 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A 3-D backward Lagrangian footprint model for a wide range of boundary layer stratifications
    • Kljun, N., Rotach, M.W., Schmid, H.P., 2002. A 3-D backward Lagrangian footprint model for a wide range of boundary layer stratifications. Boundary-Lay. Meteorol. 103, 205-226.
    • (2002) Boundary-Lay. Meteorol. , vol.103 , pp. 205-226
    • Kljun, N.1    Rotach, M.W.2    Schmid, H.P.3
  • 36
    • 0035339755 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An analytic footprint model for neutral stratification
    • Kormann, R., Meixner, F.X., 2001. An analytic footprint model for neutral stratification. Boundary-Lay. Meteorol. 99, 207-224.
    • (2001) Boundary-Lay. Meteorol. , vol.99 , pp. 207-224
    • Kormann, R.1    Meixner, F.X.2
  • 37
    • 0033788861 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lagrangian stochastic models for turbulent dispersion in the atmospheric boundary layer
    • Kurbanmuradov, O., Sabelfeld, K.K., 2001. Lagrangian stochastic models for turbulent dispersion in the atmospheric boundary layer. Boundary-Lay. Meteorol. 97, 191-218.
    • (2001) Boundary-Lay. Meteorol. , vol.97 , pp. 191-218
    • Kurbanmuradov, O.1    Sabelfeld, K.K.2
  • 38
    • 0025584687 scopus 로고
    • Footprint prediction of scalar fluxes using a Markovian analysis
    • Leclerc, M.Y., Thurtell, G.W., 1990. Footprint prediction of scalar fluxes using a Markovian analysis. Boundary-Lay. Meteorol. 52, 247-258.
    • (1990) Boundary-Lay. Meteorol. , vol.52 , pp. 247-258
    • Leclerc, M.Y.1    Thurtell, G.W.2
  • 39
    • 0031464483 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Observations and large-eddy simulation modeling of footprints in the lower convective boundary layer
    • Leclerc, M.Y., Shen, S.H., Lamb, B., 1997. Observations and large-eddy simulation modeling of footprints in the lower convective boundary layer. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 102, 9323-9334.
    • (1997) J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. , vol.102 , pp. 9323-9334
    • Leclerc, M.Y.1    Shen, S.H.2    Lamb, B.3
  • 40
    • 0031812295 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On micrometeorological observations of surface-air exchange over tall vegetation
    • Lee, X., 1998. On micrometeorological observations of surface-air exchange over tall vegetation. Agric. For. Meteorol. 91, 39-49.
    • (1998) Agric. For. Meteorol. , vol.91 , pp. 39-49
    • Lee, X.1
  • 41
    • 0019929050 scopus 로고
    • Markov-chain simulation of particle dispersion in inhomogeneous flows: The mean drift velocity induced by a gradient in Eulerian velocity variance
    • Legg, B.J., Raupach, M.R., 1982. Markov-chain simulation of particle dispersion in inhomogeneous flows: The mean drift velocity induced by a gradient in Eulerian velocity variance. Boundary-Lay, Meteorol. 24, 3-13.
    • (1982) Boundary-Lay. Meteorol. , vol.24 , pp. 3-13
    • Legg, B.J.1    Raupach, M.R.2
  • 42
    • 77957038800 scopus 로고
    • Energy cascade in large-eddy simulations of turbulent fluid flows
    • Leonard, A., 1974. Energy cascade in large-eddy simulations of turbulent fluid flows. Adv. Geophys. A 18, 237-248.
    • (1974) Adv. Geophys. A , vol.18 , pp. 237-248
    • Leonard, A.1
  • 43
    • 0029655997 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Analytical solutions of the atmospheric diffusion equation with multiple sources and height-dependent wind speed and eddy diffusivities
    • Lin, J.S., Hildemann, L.M., 1996. Analytical solutions of the atmospheric diffusion equation with multiple sources and height-dependent wind speed and eddy diffusivities. Atmos. Environ. 30, 239-254.
    • (1996) Atmos. Environ. , vol.30 , pp. 239-254
    • Lin, J.S.1    Hildemann, L.M.2
  • 44
    • 0024472513 scopus 로고
    • Random walk model studies for dispersion in inhomogeneous turbulence in convective boundary layers
    • Luhar, A.K., Britter, R., 1989. Random walk model studies for dispersion in inhomogeneous turbulence in convective boundary layers. Atmos. Environ. 23, 1911-1924.
    • (1989) Atmos. Environ. , vol.23 , pp. 1911-1924
    • Luhar, A.K.1    Britter, R.2
  • 45
    • 0000828050 scopus 로고
    • Source footprint analysis for scalar fluxes measured in flows over inhomogeneous surface
    • Gryning, S.E., Millan, M.M. (Eds.), Plenum Press, New York
    • Luhar, A.K., Rao, K.S., 1994. Source footprint analysis for scalar fluxes measured in flows over inhomogeneous surface. In: Gryning, S.E., Millan, M.M. (Eds.), Air Pollution Modelling and its Application, Vol. X. Plenum Press, New York, pp. 315-323.
    • (1994) Air Pollution Modelling and its Application , vol.10 , pp. 315-323
    • Luhar, A.K.1    Rao, K.S.2
  • 46
    • 0001174980 scopus 로고
    • Grid averaged surface fluxes
    • Mahrt, L., 1987. Grid averaged surface fluxes. Mon. Weath. Rev. 115, 1550-1560.
    • (1987) Mon. Weath. Rev. , vol.115 , pp. 1550-1560
    • Mahrt, L.1
  • 47
    • 0030425366 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The bulk aerodynamic formula over heterogeneous surfaces
    • Mahrt, L., 1996. The bulk aerodynamic formula over heterogeneous surfaces. Boundary-Lay. Meteorol. 78, 87-119.
    • (1996) Boundary-Lay. Meteorol. , vol.78 , pp. 87-119
    • Mahrt, L.1
  • 48
    • 0028255133 scopus 로고
    • Large-eddy simulation: A critical review of the technique
    • Mason, P.J., 1994. Large-eddy simulation: A critical review of the technique. Quart. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc. 120, 1-26.
    • (1994) Quart. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc. , vol.120 , pp. 1-26
    • Mason, P.J.1
  • 49
    • 0021638959 scopus 로고
    • A large-eddy simulation model for the study of planetary boundary layer turbulence
    • Moeng, C.-H., 1984. A large-eddy simulation model for the study of planetary boundary layer turbulence. J. Atmos. Sci. 41, 2052-2061.
    • (1984) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.41 , pp. 2052-2061
    • Moeng, C.-H.1
  • 50
    • 0023519529 scopus 로고
    • A large-eddy simulation of buoyant and non-buoyant plume dispersion in the atmospheric boundary layer
    • Nieuwstadt, F.T.M., de Valk, A., 1987. A large-eddy simulation of buoyant and non-buoyant plume dispersion in the atmospheric boundary layer. Atmos. Environ. 12, 1305-1311.
    • (1987) Atmos. Environ. , vol.12 , pp. 1305-1311
    • Nieuwstadt, F.T.M.1    De Valk, A.2
  • 51
    • 0002237821 scopus 로고
    • Tower micrometeorology
    • Haugen, D.H. (Ed.). American Meteorological Society, Boston
    • Panofsky, H.A., 1973. Tower micrometeorology. In: Haugen, D.H. (Ed.), Workshop on Micrometeorology. American Meteorological Society, Boston, pp. 151-176.
    • (1973) Workshop on Micrometeorology , pp. 151-176
    • Panofsky, H.A.1
  • 52
    • 0002054938 scopus 로고
    • Some aspects of boundary layer description
    • Pasquill, F., 1972. Some aspects of boundary layer description. Quart. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc. 98, 469-494.
    • (1972) Quart. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc. , vol.98 , pp. 469-494
    • Pasquill, F.1
  • 54
    • 0033730146 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Correction of eddy-covariance measurements incorporating both advective effects and density fluxes
    • Paw U, K.T., Baldocchi, D.D., Meyers, T.P., Wilson, K.B., 2000. Correction of eddy-covariance measurements incorporating both advective effects and density fluxes. Boundary-Lay. Meteorol. 97, 487-511.
    • (2000) Boundary-Lay. Meteorol. , vol.97 , pp. 487-511
    • Paw U, K.T.1    Baldocchi, D.D.2    Meyers, T.P.3    Wilson, K.B.4
  • 55
    • 0002977374 scopus 로고
    • Land surface processes: Description, theoretical approaches, and physical laws underlying their measurement
    • Schmugge, T.J., André J.C. (Eds.). Springer, New York
    • Perrier, A., Tuzet, A., 1991. Land surface processes: Description, theoretical approaches, and physical laws underlying their measurement. In: Schmugge, T.J., André, J.C. (Eds.), Land Surface Evaporation - Measurement and Parameterization. Springer, New York, pp. 145-155.
    • (1991) Land Surface Evaporation - Measurement and Parameterization , pp. 145-155
    • Perrier, A.1    Tuzet, A.2
  • 56
    • 84978548072 scopus 로고
    • Modification of mean flow and turbulent energy by a change in surface roughness under conditions of neutral stability
    • Peterson, E.W., 1969. Modification of mean flow and turbulent energy by a change in surface roughness under conditions of neutral stability. Quart. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc. 95, 561-575.
    • (1969) Quart. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc. , vol.95 , pp. 561-575
    • Peterson, E.W.1
  • 58
    • 34250394736 scopus 로고
    • Effect of thermal stratification on the growth of the internal boundary-layer
    • Rao, K.S., 1975. Effect of thermal stratification on the growth of the internal boundary-layer. Boundary-Lay. Meteorol. 8, 227-234.
    • (1975) Boundary-Lay. Meteorol. , vol.8 , pp. 227-234
    • Rao, K.S.1
  • 60
    • 0024830256 scopus 로고
    • Applying Lagrangian fluid mechanics to infer scalar source distributions from concentration profiles in plant canopies
    • Raupach, M.R., 1989. Applying Lagrangian fluid mechanics to infer scalar source distributions from concentration profiles in plant canopies. Agric. For. Meteorol. 47, 85-108.
    • (1989) Agric. For. Meteorol. , vol.47 , pp. 85-108
    • Raupach, M.R.1
  • 62
    • 0001616416 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A two-dimensional Lagrangian stochastic dispersion model for convective boundary layers with wind shear
    • Reynolds, A.M., 1998. A two-dimensional Lagrangian stochastic dispersion model for convective boundary layers with wind shear. Boundary-Lay. Meteorol. 86, 345-352.
    • (1998) Boundary-Lay. Meteorol. , vol.86 , pp. 345-352
    • Reynolds, A.M.1
  • 63
    • 0003327405 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stochastic Lagrangian models of turbulent diffusion
    • American Meteorological Society, Boston, 84 pp.
    • Rodean, H., 1996. Stochastic Lagrangian models of turbulent diffusion. Meteorological Monographs, Vol. 26, No. 48. American Meteorological Society, Boston, 84 pp.
    • (1996) Meteorological Monographs , vol.26 , Issue.48
    • Rodean, H.1
  • 64
    • 0029729166 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A two-dimensional stochastic dispersion model for daytime conditions
    • Rotach, M.W., Gryning, S.-E., Tassone, C., 1996. A two-dimensional stochastic dispersion model for daytime conditions. Quart. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc. 122, 367-389.
    • (1996) Quart. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc. , vol.122 , pp. 367-389
    • Rotach, M.W.1    Gryning, S.-E.2    Tassone, C.3
  • 65
    • 0001152055 scopus 로고
    • Lagrangian stochastic analysis of flux gradient relationships in the convective boundary layer
    • Sawford, B.L., Guest, F.M., 1987. Lagrangian stochastic analysis of flux gradient relationships in the convective boundary layer. J. Atmos. Sci. 44, 1152-1165.
    • (1987) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.44 , pp. 1152-1165
    • Sawford, B.L.1    Guest, F.M.2
  • 68
    • 0028667869 scopus 로고
    • Source areas for scalars and scalar fluxes
    • Schmid, H.P., 1994. Source areas for scalars and scalar fluxes. Boundary-Lay. Meteorol. 67, 293-318.
    • (1994) Boundary-Lay. Meteorol. , vol.67 , pp. 293-318
    • Schmid, H.P.1
  • 69
    • 0031573178 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Experimental design for flux measurements: Matching the scales of observations and fluxes
    • Schmid, H.P., 1997. Experimental design for flux measurements: Matching the scales of observations and fluxes. Agric. For. Meteorol. 87, 179-200.
    • (1997) Agric. For. Meteorol. , vol.87 , pp. 179-200
    • Schmid, H.P.1
  • 70
    • 0033548452 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Location bias of flux measurements over inhomogeneous areas
    • Schmid, H.P., Lloyd, C.R., 1999. Location bias of flux measurements over inhomogeneous areas. Agric. For. Meteorol. 93, 195-209.
    • (1999) Agric. For. Meteorol. , vol.93 , pp. 195-209
    • Schmid, H.P.1    Lloyd, C.R.2
  • 71
    • 0002712894 scopus 로고
    • Estimating the source area of a turbulent flux measurement over a patchy Surface
    • Preprints. American Meteorological Society, Boston, MA
    • Schmid, H.P., Oke, T.R., 1988. Estimating the source area of a turbulent flux measurement over a patchy Surface. In: Proceedings of the Eighth Symposium on Turbulence and Diffusion. Preprints. American Meteorological Society, Boston, MA, pp. 123-126.
    • (1988) Proceedings of the Eighth Symposium on Turbulence and Diffusion , pp. 123-126
    • Schmid, H.P.1    Oke, T.R.2
  • 72
    • 0025571960 scopus 로고
    • A model to estimate the source area contributing to turbulent exchange in the surface-layer over patchy terrain
    • Schmid, H.P., Oke, T.R., 1990. A model to estimate the source area contributing to turbulent exchange in the surface-layer over patchy terrain. Quart. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc. 116, 965-988.
    • (1990) Quart. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc. , vol.116 , pp. 965-988
    • Schmid, H.P.1    Oke, T.R.2
  • 75
    • 0025198168 scopus 로고
    • Footprint prediction of scalar fluxes from analytical solutions of the diffusion equation
    • Schuepp, P.H., Leclerc, M.Y., Macpherson, J.I., Desjardins, R.L., 1990. Footprint prediction of scalar fluxes from analytical solutions of the diffusion equation. Boundary-Lay. Meteorol. 50, 353-373.
    • (1990) Boundary-Lay. Meteorol. , vol.50 , pp. 353-373
    • Schuepp, P.H.1    Leclerc, M.Y.2    Macpherson, J.I.3    Desjardins, R.L.4
  • 76
    • 0002353360 scopus 로고
    • The diffusion of smoke from a continuous elevated point source into a turbulent atmosphere
    • Smith, F.B., 1957. The diffusion of smoke from a continuous elevated point source into a turbulent atmosphere. J. Fluid Mech. 2, 49.
    • (1957) J. Fluid Mech. , vol.2 , pp. 49
    • Smith, F.B.1
  • 77
    • 0031405638 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A theoretically based determination of Bowen ratio fetch requirements
    • Stannard, D.I., 1997. A theoretically based determination of Bowen ratio fetch requirements. Boundary-Lay. Meteorol. 83, 375-406.
    • (1997) Boundary-Lay. Meteorol. , vol.83 , pp. 375-406
    • Stannard, D.I.1
  • 78
    • 0011220659 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Large-eddy simulation of trace gas footprints from infinite crosswind line sources inside a forest canopy
    • Preprints. American Meteorological Society, Boston, MA
    • Su, H.-B., Leclerc, M.Y., 1998. Large-eddy simulation of trace gas footprints from infinite crosswind line sources inside a forest canopy. In: Proceedings of the 23rd Conference on Agricultural and Forest Meteorology. Preprints. American Meteorological Society, Boston, MA, pp. 388-391.
    • (1998) Proceedings of the 23rd Conference on Agricultural and Forest Meteorology , pp. 388-391
    • Su, H.-B.1    Leclerc, M.Y.2
  • 79
    • 0032452323 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Turbulent statistics of neutrally stratified flow within and above a sparse forest from large-eddy simulation and field observations
    • Su, H.-B., Shaw, R.H., Paw U, K.T., Moeng, C.-H., P Sullivan, P., 1998. Turbulent statistics of neutrally stratified flow within and above a sparse forest from large-eddy simulation and field observations. Boundary-Lay. Meteorol. 88, 363-397.
    • (1998) Boundary-Lay. Meteorol. , vol.88 , pp. 363-397
    • Su, H.-B.1    Shaw, R.H.2    Paw U, K.T.3    Moeng, C.-H.4    Sullivan, P.P.5
  • 80
    • 0023093311 scopus 로고
    • Criteria for the selection of stochastic models of particle trajectories in turbulent flow
    • Thomson, D.J., 1987. Criteria for the selection of stochastic models of particle trajectories in turbulent flow. J. Fluid Mech. 180, 529-556.
    • (1987) J. Fluid Mech. , vol.180 , pp. 529-556
    • Thomson, D.J.1
  • 81
  • 82
    • 0021804838 scopus 로고
    • Random walk models for particle displacements in inhomogeneous unsteady turbulent flows
    • van Dop, H., Nieuwstadt, F.T.M., Hunt, J.C.R., 1985. Random walk models for particle displacements in inhomogeneous unsteady turbulent flows. Phys. Fluids 28, 1639-1653.
    • (1985) Phys. Fluids , vol.28 , pp. 1639-1653
    • Van Dop, H.1    Nieuwstadt, F.T.M.2    Hunt, J.C.R.3
  • 83
    • 0018183145 scopus 로고
    • Simple estimates for vertical diffusion from sources near the ground
    • van Ulden, A.P., 1978. Simple estimates for vertical diffusion from sources near the ground. Atmos. Environ. 12, 2125-2129.
    • (1978) Atmos. Environ. , vol.12 , pp. 2125-2129
    • Van Ulden, A.P.1
  • 84
    • 0025585635 scopus 로고
    • A diagnosis of the asymmetry in top-down and bottom-up diffusion using a Lagrangian stochastic model
    • Weil, J.C., 1990. A diagnosis of the asymmetry in top-down and bottom-up diffusion using a Lagrangian stochastic model. J. Atmos. Sci. 47, 501-515.
    • (1990) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.47 , pp. 501-515
    • Weil, J.C.1
  • 85
    • 0011214306 scopus 로고
    • Footprint estimates for atmospheric flux measurements in the convective boundary layer
    • Schwartz, S.E., Slinn, W.G.N. (Eds.).Hemisphere, Washington, DC
    • Weil, J.C., Horst, T.W., 1992. Footprint estimates for atmospheric flux measurements in the convective boundary layer. In: Schwartz, S.E., Slinn, W.G.N. (Eds.), Precipitation Scavenging and Atmosphere-Surface Exchange, Vol. 2. Hemisphere, Washington, DC, pp. 717-728.
    • (1992) Precipitation Scavenging and Atmosphere-Surface Exchange , vol.2 , pp. 717-728
    • Weil, J.C.1    Horst, T.W.2
  • 86
    • 84987054931 scopus 로고
    • On the use of Taylor's translation hypothesis for diffusion in the mixed layer
    • Willis, G.E., Deardorff, J.W., 1976. On the use of Taylor's translation hypothesis for diffusion in the mixed layer. Quart. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc. 102, 817-822.
    • (1976) Quart. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc. , vol.102 , pp. 817-822
    • Willis, G.E.1    Deardorff, J.W.2
  • 87
    • 0027846556 scopus 로고
    • Flow boundaries in random-flight dispersion models: Enforcing the well-mixed condition
    • Wilson, J.D., Flesch, K.T., 1993. Flow boundaries in random-flight dispersion models: enforcing the well-mixed condition. J. Appl. Meteorol. 32, 1695-1707.
    • (1993) J. Appl. Meteorol , vol.32 , pp. 1695-1707
    • Wilson, J.D.1    Flesch, K.T.2
  • 88
    • 0030424274 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Review of Lagrangian stochastic models for trajectories in the turbulent atmosphere
    • Wilson, J.D., Sawford, B.L., 1996. Review of Lagrangian stochastic models for trajectories in the turbulent atmosphere. Boundary-Lay. Meteorol. 78, 191-210.
    • (1996) Boundary-Lay. Meteorol. , vol.78 , pp. 191-210
    • Wilson, J.D.1    Sawford, B.L.2
  • 89
    • 0025925750 scopus 로고
    • The source area influencing a measurement in the planetary boundary-layer - The footprint and the distribution of contact distance
    • Wilson, J.D., Swaters, G.E., 1991. The source area influencing a measurement in the planetary boundary-layer - The footprint and the distribution of contact distance. Boundary-Lay. Meteorol. 55, 25-46.
    • (1991) Boundary-Lay. Meteorol. , vol.55 , pp. 25-46
    • Wilson, J.D.1    Swaters, G.E.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.