Measuring sap flow with the heat balance approach using constant and variable heat inputs

Agricultural and Forest Meteorology

Volumn 85, Issue 3-4, 1997, Pages 239-250

  Kjelgaard, J F ^a   Stockle, C O ^a   Black, R A ^a   Campbell, G S ^a  

^a WASHINGTON STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Heat balance; Sap flow

Indexed keywords

EID: 0030996144     PISSN: 01681923     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0168-1923(96)02397-0     Document Type: Article

References (26)

1. Baker, J.M. and Nieber J.L., 1989. An analysis of the steady-state heat balance method for measuring sap flow in plants. Agric. For. Meteorol., 48: 93-109.
2. Baker, J.M. and van Bavel, C.H.M., 1987. Measurement of mass flow of water in the stems of herbaceous plants. Plant, Cell and Environ., 10: 777-787.
3. Campbell, G.S. 1991. An overview of methods for measuring sap flow in plants. Symp. on Sap Flow Measurements, ASA Ann. Mtg., Denver, CO, Oct. 27-Nov. 1, 1991, pp. 2-4.
4. Cermak, J., Deml, M. and Penka, M., 1976. Improvement of the method of sap flow rate determination in full-grown trees based on heat balance with direct electric heating of xylem. Biol. Plant., 18: 105-110.
5. Cohen, Y., Takeuchi, S., Nozaka, J. and Yano, T., 1993. Accuracy of sap flow measurement using heat balance and heat pulse methods. Agron. J., 85: 1080-1086.
6. Devitt, D.A. and Berkowitz, M., 1993. Estimating transpiration for three woody ornamental tree species using stem-flow gauges and lysimetry. HortScience, 28: 320-322.
7. Dugas, W.A., Heuer, M.L. and Mayeux, H.S., 1992. Diurnal measurements of honey mesquite transpiration using stem flow gauges. J. Range Manage., 45: 99-102.
8. Fichtner, K. and Schulze, E.D., 1990. Xylem water flow in tropical vines as measured by a steady-state heating method. Oecologia, 82: 355-361.
9. Gerdes, G., Allison, B.E. and Pereira, L.S., 1994. Overestimation of soybean crop transpiration by sap flow measurements under field conditions in central Portugal. Irrig. Sci., 14: 135-139.
10. Grimes, V.L., Morrison, J.I.L. and Simmonds, L.P., 1995. Including the heat storage term in sap flow measurements with the stem heat balance method. Agric. For. Meteorol., 74: 1-25.
11. Grimes, V.L., Morison, J.I.L. and Simmonds, L.P., 1995b. Sap flow measurements from stem heat balances: a comparison of constant with variable power methods. Agric. For. Meteorol., 74: 27-40.
12. Groot, A. and King, K.M., 1992. Measurement of sap flow by the heat balance method: numerical analysis and application to coniferous seedlings. Agric. For. Meteorol., 59: 289-308.
13. Gutierrez, M.V., Harrington, R.A., Meinzer, F.C. and Fownes, J.H., 1994. The effect of environmentally induced stem temperature gradients on transpiration estimates from the heat balance method in two tropical woody species. Tree Physiol., 14: 179-190.
14. Ham, J.M. and Heilman, J.L., 1990. Dynamics of a heat balance stem flow gauge during high flow. Agron. J., 82: 147-152.
15. Ham, J.M. and Heilman, J.L., 1990b. Measurement of mass flow rate of sap in Ligustrum japonicum. HortScience, 25: 465-467.
16. Ishida, T., Campbell, G.S. and Calissendorff, C., 1991. Improved heat balance method for determining sap flow rate. Agric. For. Meteorol., 56: 35-48.
17. Khan, A.A.H. and Ong, C.K., 1995. Correction of systematic errors in estimates of transpiration obtained using a constant temperature heat balance technique. Expl. Agric., 31: 461-472.
18. Lascano, R.J., Baumhardt, R.L. and Lipe, W.N., 1992. Measurement of water flow in young grapevines using the stem heat balance method. Am. J. Enol. Viticul., 43: 159-165.
19. Sakuratani, T., 1981. A heat balance method for measuring water flux in the stem of intact plants. J. Agric. Meteorol. (Jpn.), 37: 9-17.
20. Sakuratani, T., 1984. Improvement of the probe for measuring water flow rate in intact plants with the stem heat balance method. J. Agric. Meteorol. (Jpn.), 40: 273-277.
21. Senock, R.S. and Ham, J.M., 1993. Heat balance sap flow gauge for small diameter stems. Plant Cell Environ., 16: 593-601.
22. Shackel, K.A., Johnson, R.C., Medawar, C.K. and Phene, C.J., 1992. Substantial errors in estimates of sap flow using the heat balance technique on woody stems under field conditions. J. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci., 117: 351-356.
23. Steinberg, S., van Bavel, C.H.M. and McFarland, M.J., 1989. A gauge to measure mass flow rate of sap in stems and trunks of woody plants. J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci., 114: 466-472.
24. Weibel, F.-P. and Boersma, K., 1995. An improved stem heat balance method using analog heat control. Agric. For. Meteorol., 75: 191-208.
25. Weibel, F.-P. and de Vos, J.A., 1994. Transpiration measurements on apple trees with an improved stem heat balance method. Plant Soil, 166: 203-219.
26. Zhang, J. and Kirkham, M.B., 1995. Sap flow in a dicotyledon (sunflower) and a monocotyledon (sorghum) by the heat-balance method. Agron. J., 87: 1106-1114.