Advances in pectenotoxins studies: A review

Shengtai Xuebao/ Acta Ecologica Sinica

Volumn 30, Issue 19, 2010, Pages 5355-5370

  Liu, Renyan ^a   Liang, Yubo ^a  

^a NATIONAL MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING CENTER   (China)

Author keywords

Distribution; Pectenotoxins; Risk; Toxicity

Indexed keywords

ALGA; ALGAL BLOOM; ARTIFACT; LITERATURE REVIEW; PHYTOPLANKTON; SEAFOOD; SHELLFISH; TOXICITY; TOXIN;

ASIA; AUSTRALIA; BOHAI SEA; EUROPE; PACIFIC OCEAN; SOUTH CHINA SEA; UNITED STATES; YELLOW SEA;

ALGAE; BIVALVIA; CHLAMYS NIPPONENSIS; DINOPHYCEAE; DINOPHYSIS; DINOPHYSIS ACUMINATA; DINOPHYSIS ACUTA; DINOPHYSIS CAUDATA; DINOPHYSIS FORTII; DINOPHYSIS INFUNDIBULUS; DINOPHYSIS NORVEGICA; DINOPHYSIS ROTUNDATA; DINOPHYSIS SACCULUS; MIZUHOPECTEN YESSOENSIS; MUS; PECTINIDAE; PERNA; PERNA CANALICULUS;

EID: 79952688996     PISSN: 10000933     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (94)

1. Hajime Toyofuku. Joint FA0/WH0/I0C activities to provide scientific advice on marine biotoxins (research report). Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2006, 52: 1735-1745.
2. Zhou Z H, Komiyama M, Terao K, Shimada Y. Effects of pectenotoxin-1 on liver cells in vitro. Natural Toxins, 1994, 2; 132-135.
3. Jung J H, Sim C S, Lee C O. Cytotoxic compounds from the two-sponge association. Journal of Natural Products, 1995, 58:1722-1726.
4. Mun-Ock Kim, Dong-Oh Moon, Sang-Hyuck Kang, Moon-Soo Heo, Yung Hyun Choi, Jee Hyung Jung, Jae-Dong Lee, Gi-Young Kim. Pectenotoxin-2 represses telomerase activity in human leukemia cells through suppression of hTERT gene expression and Akt-dependent hTERT phosphorylation. FEBS Letters, 2008, 582:3263-3269.
5. Sasaki K, Wright J L C, Yasumoto T. Identification and Characterization of Pectenotoxin (PTX) 4 and PTX7 as Spiroketal Stereoisomers of Two Previously Reported Pectenotoxins. The Journal of Organic Chemistry, 1998, 63:2475-2480.
6. James K J, Bishop A G, Draisci R, Palleschi L, Marchiafava C, Ferretti E, Satake M, Yasumoto T. Liquid chromatographic methods for the isolation and identification of new pectenotoxin-2 analogues from marine phytoplankton and shellfish. Journal of Chromatography A, 1999, 844:53-65.
7. Yasumoto T, Murata M, Oshima Y, Matsumoto G K, Clardy J. Diarrhetic shellfish poisoning//Ragelis E P. Seafood Toxins. American Chemical Society, Symposium Series No. 262, Washington, DC, 1984.
8. Yasumoto T, Murata M, Oshima Y, Sano M, Matsumoto G K, Clardy J. Diarrhetic shellfish toxins. Tetrahedron, 1985, 41: 1019-1025.
9. Murata M, Masaki S, Iwashita T, Naoki H, Yasumoto T. The structure of pectenotoxin-3, a new constituent of diarrhetic shellfish toxins. Agricultural Biology and Chemistry, 1986, 50:2693-2695.
10. Yasumoto T. Historic considerations regarding seafood safety // Botana L M. Seafood and Freshwater Toxins; Pharmacology, Physiology and Detection. Marcell Dekker, New York, 2000: 1-18.
11. Suzuki T, Mackenzie L, Stirling D, Adamson J. Conversion of pectenotoxin- 2 to pectenotoxin- 2 seco acid in the New Zealand scallop, Pecten novaezeladiae. Fisheries Science, 2001, 67(3):506-510.
12. Suzuki T, Mackenzie L, Stirling D, Adamson J. Pectenotoxin-2 seco acid; a toxin converted from pectenotoxin-2 by the New Zealand Greenshell mussel, Perna canaliculus. Toxicon, 2001, 39; 507-514.
13. Yasumoto T, Murata M, Lee J S, Torigoe, K T D. Polyether toxins produced by dinoflagellates//Natori S, Hashimoto K, Ueno Y. Proceedings of Mycotoxins and Phycotoxins '88. Elsevier, Amsterdam Comment, 1989; 375-382.
14. MacKenzie L, Holland P, McNabb P, Beuzenberg V, Selwood A, Suzuki T. Complex toxin profiles in phytoplankton and Greenshell mussels {Perna canaliculus), revealed by LC MS/MS analysis. Toxicon, 2002, 40; 1321-1330.
15. Daiguji M, Satake M, James K J, Bishop A, Mackenzie L, Naoki H, Yasumoto T. Structures of new pectenotoxin analogs, pectenotoxin-2 seco acid and 7-epi-pectenotoxin-2 seco acid, isolated from a dinoflagellate and Greenshell mussels. Chemistry Letters, 1998, 7:653-654.
16. Draisci R, Palleschi L, Giannetti L, Lucentini L, James K J, Bishop A G, Satake M, Yasumoto T. New approach to the direct detection of known and new diarrhoeic shellfish toxins in mussels and phytoplankton by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography A, 1999, 847:213-221.
17. Suzuki T, Beuzenberg V, Mackenzie L, Quilliam M A. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) of spiroketal stereoisomers of pectenotoxins and the analysis of novel pectenotoxin isomers in the toxic dinoflagellate Dinophysis acuta from New Zealand. Journal of Chromatography A, 2003, 992:141-150.
18. Miles C O, Wilkins A L, Munday R, Dines M H, Hawkes A D, Briggs L R, Sandvik M, Jensen D J, Cooney J M, Holland P T, Quilliam M A, MacKenzie A L, Beuzenberg V, Towers N R. Isolation of pectenotoxin-2 from Dinophysis acuta and its conversion to pectenotoxin-2 seco acid, and preliminary assessment of their acute toxicities. Toxicon, 2004, 43; 1-9.
19. MacKenzie L, Beuzenberg V, Holland P, McNabb P, Suzuki T, Selwood A. Pectenotoxin and okadaic acid-based toxin profiles in Dinophysis acuta and Dinophysis acuminata from New Zealand. Harmful Algae, 2005, 4;75-85.
20. Miles C O, Wilkins A L, Hawkes A D, Jensen D J, Selwood A I, Beuzenberg A V, MacKenzie L, Cooney J M, Holland P T. Isolation and identification of pectenotoxins-13 and -14 from Dinophysis acuta in New Zealand. Toxicon, 2006, 48:152-159.
21. Suzuki T, Miyazono A, Baba K, Sugawara R, Kamiyama T. LC MS/MS analysis of okadaic acid analogues and other lipophilic toxins in single-cell isolates of several Dinophysis species collected in Hokkaido, Japan. Harmful Algae, 2009, 8(2):233-238.
22. Pavela-Vrancic M, Mestrovic V, Marasovic I, Gillman M, Furey A, James K J. DSP toxin profile in the coastal waters of the central Adriatic Sea. Toxicon, 2002, 40:1601-1607.
23. Blanco J, Alvarez G, Uribe E. Identification of pectenotoxins in plankton, filter feeders, and isolated cells of a Dinophysis acuminata with an atypical toxin profile, from Chile. Toxicon, 2007, 49:710-716.
24. Lee J S, Yanagi T, Kenma R, Yasumoto, T. Fluorometric determination of diarrhetic shellfish toxins by high performance liquid chromatography. Agricultural Biology and Chemistry, 1987, 51:877-881.
25. Lee J S, Igarashi T, Fraga S, Dahl E. Determination of diarrhetic shellfish toxins in various dinoflagellate species. Journal Applied Phycology, 1989, 1:147-152.
26. Vale P, Sampayo MAM. Pectenotoxin-2 seco acid, 7-epi-pectenotoxin-2 seco acid and pectenotoxin-2 in shellfish and plankton from Portugal. Toxicon, 2002, 40(7):979-987.
27. Puente P F, Fidalgo Saez M J, Hamilton B, Furey A, James K J. Studies of poly ether toxins in the marine phytoplankton, Dinophysis acuta, in Ireland using multiple tandem mass spectrometry. Toxicon, 2004, 44:919-926.
28. Suzuki T, Mitsuya T, Matinfara H, Yamasaki M. Determination of pectenotoxin-2 after solid-phase extraction from seawater and from the dinoflagellate Dinophysis fortii by liquid chromatography with electrospray mass spectrometry and ultraviolet detection Evidence of oxidation of pectenotoxin-2 to pectenotoxin-6 in scallops. Journal of Chromatography A, 1998, 815:155-160.
29. Draisci R, Lucentini L, Giannetti L, Boria P, Poletti R. First report of pectenotoxin-2 (PTX-2) in algae (Dinophysis fortii) related to seafood poisoning in Europe. Toxicon, 1996, 34(8):923-935.
30. Suzuki T, Walter J A, LeBlanc P, MacKinnon S, Beuzenberg V, Quilliam M A, Miles C O, Munday R, Wilkins A L, MacKenzie A L, Jensen D J, Cooney J M. Identification of pectenotoxin-11 as 34S-hydroxypectenotoxin-2, a new pectenotoxin analogue in the toxic dinoflagellate Dinophysis acuta from New Zealand. Chemical Research Toxicology, 2006, 19:310-318.
31. Fernandez M L, Reguera B, Gonzdlez-Gil S, Miguez A. Pectenotoxin-2 in single-cell isolates of Dinophysis caudata and Dinophysis acuta from the Galician Rias (NW Spain). Toxicon, 2006, 48: 477-490.
32. Rundberget T, Sandvik M, Larsen K, Pizarro G M, Reguera B, Castberg T, Gustad E, Loader J I, Rise F, Wilkins A L, Miles C O. Extraction of microalgal toxins by large-scale pumping of seawater in Spain and Norway, and isolation of okadaic acid and dinophysistoxin-2. Toxicon, 2007, 50:960-970.
33. Pizarro G, Paz B, Franco J M, Suzuki T, Reguera B. First detection of Pectenotoxin-11 and confirmation of OA-D8 diol-ester in Dinophysis acuta from European waters by LC MS/MS. Toxicon, 2008, 52:889-896.
34. Miles C O, Wilkins A L, Samdal I A, Sandvik M, Rundberget T, Petersen D, Quilliam M A, Naustvoll L J, Torgersen T, Hovgaard P, Jensen D J, Cooney J M. A novel pectenotoxin, PTX-12, in Dinophysis spp. and shellfish from Norway. Chemical Research Toxicology, 2004, 17; 1423-1433.
35. Takahashi E, Yu Q, Eaglesham G, Connell D W, McBroom J, Costanzo S, Shaw G R. Occurrence and seasonal variations of algal toxins in water, phytoplankton and shellfish from North Stradbroke Island, Queensland, Australia. Marine Environmental Research, 2007, 64:429-442.
36. Krock B, Seguel C G, Valderrama K, Tillmann U. Pectenotoxins and yessotoxin from Arica Bay, North Chile as determined by tandem mass spectrometry. Toxicon, 2009, 54:364-367.
37. Krock B, Tillmann U, Selwood A I, Cembella A D. Unambiguous identification of pectenotoxin-1 and distribution of pectenotoxins in plankton from the North Sea. Toxicon, 2008, 52:927-935.
38. Terao K, Ito E, Yanagi T, Yasumoto T. Histopathological studies on experimental marine toxin poisoning. I. Ultrastructural changes in the small intestine and liver of suckling mice induced by dinophysistoxin-1 and pectenotoxin-1. Toxicon, 1986, 24:1141-1151.
39. Yasumoto T, Fukui M, Sasaki K, Sugiyama K. Determinations of marine toxins in foods. Journal of AOAC International, 1995, 78:574-582.
40. Ito E, Suzuki T, Oshima Y, Yasumoto T. Studies of diarrhetic activity on pectenotoxin-6 in the mouse and rat. Toxicon, 2008, 51;707-716.
41. Chae H D, Choi T S, Kim B M, Jung J H, Bang Y J, Shin D Y. Oocyte-based screening of cytokinesis inhibitors and identification of pectenotoxin-2 that induces Bim/Bax-mediated apoptosis in p53-deficient tumors. Oncogene, 2005, 24:4813-4819.
42. Canete E, Diogene J. Comparative study of the use of neuroblastoma cells (Neuro-2a) and neuroblastoma X glioma hybrid cells (NG108-15) for the toxic effect quantification of marine toxins. Toxicon, 2008, 52:541-550.
43. Mun-Ock Kim, Dong-Oh Moon, Moon-Soo Heo, Jae-Dong Lee, Jee Hyung Jung, Se-Kwon Kim, Yung Hyun Choi, Gi-Young Kim. Pectenotoxin- 2 abolishes constitutively activated NF-jB, leading to suppression of NF-jB related gene products and potentiation of apoptosis. Cancer Letters, 2008, 271(1):25-33.
44. Leira F, Cabado A G, Vieytes M R, Roman Y, Alfonso A, Botana L M, Yasumoto T, Malaguti C, Rossini G P. Characterization of F-actin depolymerization as a major toxic event induced by pectenotoxin-6 in meuroblastoma cells. Biochemical Pharmacology, 2002, 63:1979-1988.
45. Ares I R, Louzao M C, Espina B, Vieytes M R, Miles C O, Yasumoto T, Botana L M. Lactone ring of pectenotoxins: a key factor for their activity on cytoskeletal dynamics. Cellar Physiology Biochemistry, 2007, 19:283-292.
46. Allingham J S, Miles C O, Rayment I. A Structural Basis for Regulation of Actin Polymerization by Pectenotoxins. Journal of Molecular Biology, 2007, 371:959-970.
47. Yoon M Y, Kim Y C. Acute toxicity of pectenotoxin 2 and its effects on hepatic-metabolizing enzyme system in mice. Korean Journal of Toxicology, 1997, 13:183-186.
48. Yasumoto T, Oshima Y, Yamaguchi M. Occurrence of a new type of shellfish poisoning in the Tohoku District. Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Science Fisheries, 1978, 44:1249-1255.
49. Miles C O, Wilkins A L, Munday J S, Munday R, Hawkes A D, Jensen D J. Production of 7-epi-pectenotoxin-2 seco acid and assessment of its acute toxicity to mice. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2006, 54:1530-1534.
50. Burgess V, Shaw G. Investigations into the toxicology of pectenotoxin-2-seco acid and 7-epi pectenotoxin 2-seco acid to aid in a health risk assessment for the consumption of shellfish contaminated with these shellfish toxins in Australia; Report on Project No. 2001/258, National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology. Archerfield, Queensland, Australia, 2003:50. ISBN 0-9750259-1-0.
51. Amzil Z, Sibat M, Royer F, Masson N, Abadie E. Report on the First Detection of Pectenotoxin-2, Spirolide-A and Their Derivatives in French Shellfish. Marine Drugs, 2007, 5:168-179.
52. Anonymous. Report of discussion group A. Monitoring toxins in a regulatory setting// Bates S. Proceedings of the Eighth Canadian Workshop on Harmful Marine Algae. Canadian Technical Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 2498. 2003. [Online] http;//www.glf.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/sci-sci/cwhma-atcamn/8th_cwhma_proceedings.pdf. [accessed February 2006].
53. Suzuki T, Yasumoto T. Liquid chromatography electrospray ionization mass spectrometry of the diarrhetic shellfish-poisoning toxins okadaic acid, dinophysistoxin-1 and pectenotoxin-6 in bivalves. Journal of Chromatography A, 2000, 874:199-206.
54. Pavela-Vrancic M, Mestrovic V, Marasovic I, Gillman M, Furey A, James K J. The occurrence of 7-epipectenotoxin-2 seco acid in the coastal waters of the Central Adriatic (Kastela Bay). Toxicon, 2001, 39:771-779.
55. Aune T, Torgersen T, Arff J, Tangen K. Detection of Pectenotoxin in Norwegian Blue Mussels (Mytilus edulis) //Steidinger K A, Landsberg J H, Vargo G A. Harmful Algae 2002. Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, Florida Institute of Oceanography, and International Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO, St Petersburg, Florida, USA, 2004: 306-308.
56. Vale P. Differential dynamics of dinophysistoxins and pectenotoxins between blue mussel and common cockle: a phenomenon originating from the complex toxin profile of Dinophysis acuta. Toxicon, 2004, 44:123-134.
57. Vale P. Differential dynamics of dinophysistoxins and pectenotoxins, part II: Offshore bivalve species. Toxicon, 2006, 47:163-173.
58. Madigan T L, Lee K G, Padula D J, McNabb P, Pointon A M. Diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) toxins in South Australian shellfish. Harmful Algae, 2006, 5:119-123.
59. Villar-Gonzdlez A, Rodriguez-Velasco M L, Ben-Gigirey B, Botana L M. Lipophilic toxin profile in Galicia (Spain): 2005 toxic episode. Toxicon, 2007, 49:1129-1134.
60. Vershinin A, Moruchkov A, Morton S L, Leighfield T A, Quilliam M A, Ramsdell J S. Phytoplankton composition of the Kandalaksha Gulf, Russian White Sea; Dinophysis and lipophilic toxins in the blue mussel (Mytilus edulis). Harmful Algae, 2006, 5:558-564.
61. Stobo L A, Lacaze J-P C L, Scott A C, Petrie J, Turrell E A. Surveillance of algal toxins in shellfish from Scottish waters. Toxicon, 2008, 51: 635-648.
62. Draisci R, Lucentini L, Giannetti L, Boria P, James K J, Furey A, Gillman M, Kelly S S. Determination of diarrhoetic shellfish toxins in mussels by microliquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Journal of AOAC International, 1998, 81:441-447.
63. Suzuki T, Jin T, Shirota Y, Mitsuya T, Okumura Y, Kamiyama T. Quantification of lipophilic toxins associated with diarrhetic shellfish poisoning in Japanese bivalves by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and comparison with mouse bioassay. Fisheries Science, 2005, 71:1370-1378.
64. Pizarro G, Escalera L, Gonzdlez-Gil S, Franco J M, Reguera B. Growth, behaviour and cell toxin quota of Dinophysis acuta Ehrenberg during a daily cycle. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 2008, 353:89-105.
65. Torgersen T, Sandvik M, Lundve B, Lindegarth S. Profiles and levels of fatty acid esters of okadaic acid group toxins and pectenotoxins during toxin depuration. Part II: Blue mussels (Mytilus edulis) and flat oyster (Ostrea edulis). Toxicon, 2008, 52:418-427.
66. Wilkins A L, Rehmann N, Torgersen T, Rundberget T, Keogh M, Petersen D, Hess P, Rise F, Miles C O. Identification of fatty acid esters of pectenotoxin-2 seco acid in blue mussels (Mytilus edulis) from Ireland. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2006, 54:5672-5678.
67. Fernandez M L, Miguez A, Martinez A, Morono A, Arevalo F, Pazos Y, Salgado C, Correa J, Blanco J, Gonzdlez-Gil S, Reguera B. First report of pectenotoxin-2 in phytoplankton net-hauls and mussels from the Galician Rias Baixas (NW Spain) during proliferations of Dinophysis acuta and Dinophysis caudata//Villalba A, Reguera B, Romalde J R, Beiras R. Molluscan Shellfish Safety. Conselleria de Pescae Asuntos Maritimos da Xunta de Galicia and IOC of UNESCO, 2003:75-83.
68. Mackenzie L, Beuzenberg V, Neil T, Selwood A, Bell K, Holland P, McNabb P. Phytoplankton phenology and associated variations in toxin profiles in Greenshell and Blue mussels//Proceedings of the Marine Biotoxin Science Workshop No. 19. Wellington, New Zealand, April 4th 2003, NZ Food Safety Authority Publication, 2003:105-117.
69. Burgess V, Shaw G. Pectenotoxins-an issue for public health A review of their comparative toxicology and metabolism. Environment International, 2001, 27:275-283
70. Wu S W, Zhang C C, Lu C Q, Liu J Q, Liang Q L. Analysis on diarrhetic shellfish poisoning in shellfish inshore in the South China Sea. Marine Environmental Science, 2005, 24(4): 48-51.
71. Dai H, Li N J, Chen G B. Paralytic shellfish poisoning and diarrhetic shellfish poisoning in red tide monitoring area of Sandu Bay, Fujian. Marine Environmental Science, 2005, 24(1): 44-47.
72. Wang J H, Qin Y T, Liu C C, Sun Y W, Cheng X S, Xu R. A background investigation of toxic algae and bio-toxin in the Yangtze Estuary. Transactions of Oceanology and Limnology, 2007, 1:52-61.
73. Liu R Y, Gao C L, Liang Y B, Zhang F, Liu Y J, Xu D Y. First evidence of Gymnodimine in Dendostrea crenulifera collected from the coast of Beihai, China. Acta Oceanologica Sinica, 2008, 30(6): 171-176.
74. Yang W D, Peng X C, Liu J S, Peng Z Y. Review on research of diarrhetic shellfish poisoning. Marine Science, 2005, 29(5):66-72.
75. Chen Z L, Fu Y N, Gong N. Analysis of diarrhetic shellfish poisoning toxins by high performance liquid chromatography. Marine Science Bulletin, 2000, 19(1): 73-78.
76. Wang Z H, Lv S H, Chen J F, Xu N, Qi Y Z. Taxonomic studies on red tide causative algae on the Guangdong Coast, South China Sea. Journal of Wuhan Botanical Research, 1998, 16(4):310-314.
77. Wang L, Li X. Management of shellfish safety in China. The Journal of Shellfish Research, 1998, 17(5): 1609-1611.
78. Wang J H, Qin Y T, Liu C C, Sun Y W, Cheng X S, Xu R. The preliminary investigation of potentially toxic algae and bio-toxin in Changjiang Estuary. Marine Environmental Science, 2006, 25(supp. 1): 15-19.
79. Sun J, Wang X D, Song S Q. Selective feeding of Calanus sinicus on harmful algal blooms species in East China Sea in spring. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2007, 18 (1): 151-157.
80. An X L, Qi Z L, Li X M, Zhang X W. Twenty years research on red tide in the Coastal area of Hebein. Journal of Anhui Agricultural Science, 2008, 36(31): 13787-13788,13861.
81. Li Q X, Tao J H. Studies on ecological characteristics of phytoplankton in the waters near Tianjin. Journal of Tianjin University, 2000, 33(4): 464-469.
82. Zhu G H, Wang X, Wang C S, Gao A G. Ecological studies on nanoalgae and microalgae in Nanji Island National Marine Nature Conservation Area; Species composition and ecological characteristics. Donghai Marine Science, 1998, 16(2);1-21.
83. Sun J, Song S Q, Le F F, Wang D, Dai M H, Ning X R. Phytoplankton in northern South China Sea in the winter of 2004. Acta Oceanologica Sinica, 2007, 29(5): 132-145.
84. Sun C C, Wang Y S, Sun S, Zhang F Q. Analysis dynamics of phytoplankton community characteristics in Daya Bay. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2006, 26(12): 3948-3958.
85. Liu L H, Zuo T, Chen R S, Wang J. Community structure and diversity of phytoplankton in the estuary of Yangtse River in Autumn. Marine Fisheries Research, 2007, 28(3): 112-119.
86. Liu G Q, Shi H Y, Wei C L, Li W Q. Preliminary Studies on Phytoplankton and red tide organism composition in the Coastal water of the Weizhou Island, Guangxi. Marine Science Bulletin, 2008, 27(3):43-48.
87. Liu D Y, Sun J, Qian S B. Planktonic dinoflagellates in Ryukyu-gunto and its adjacent waters-species composition and their abundance distribution in the summer of 1997. Proceedings of the Chinese Marine Science, No. 12, 2000, [online] http;//www.cnki.net[88] Lin D N, Li D. Assessment on resource environment of artifitial reefs area in Dafangji fishing ground Dianbai county. Research of Soil and Water Conservation, 2006, 13(3): 258-261.
88. Qian H L, Liang S, Qi Y Z. Study of the characteristics and the causes of formation on the red tides in Coastal Guangdong Sea. Ecologic Science, 2000, 19(3):8-16.
89. Li P. The genetic characters of the Dinophysis species collected from the Sea area of Qingdao was studied by using the single cell PCR method. Qingdao; Institue of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 2007. [online] http;//www.cnki.net.
90. Zhang DP, Li X T, Huang Y F, Li S A, Lin T Y. Composition of phytoplankton on the coasts of Shenzhen and the development tendency of red tide. Journal of Jinan University(Natural Science), 2001, 22(5): 122-126.
91. Liu R Y, Fu Y N, Guan D M. Determination of diarrhetic shellfish poisoning and amnesic shellfish poisoning of sea shellfish by HPLC in China Coast. Marine Environmental Science, 2004, 23(1): 70-72.
92. Wu J Y, Zhang H Y. Analysis and detection of diarrhetic shellfish poisoning in seafood market of Shanghai. Journal of Health Toxicology, 2005, 19(Supl.l): 320.
93. SANCO/2227/2001. Commission of the European Communities, draft commission decision of establishing the method of analysis and the maxmum limits for certain marine biotoxins in bivalve mulloscs, echinoderms, tunicates and marine gastropods.
94. Council of the European Communities. Decission of the Commission 2002/225/CE of 15 March 2002, laying down detailed conditions for the application of Council Directive 91/492/CEE. Off. J. Eur. Communities, 2002, L75: 62-64