Biophysics and dynamics of natural and engineered stem cell microenvironments

Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Systems Biology and Medicine

Volumn 2, Issue 1, 2010, Pages 49-64

  Keung, Albert J ^a   Healy, Kevin E ^b   Kumar, Sanjay ^b   Schaffer, David V ^a  

^a University of California   (United States)

^b University of California   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ANIMAL; BIOLOGICAL MODEL; BIOMECHANICS; BIOPHYSICS; CULTURE TECHNIQUE; CYTOLOGY; ENVIRONMENT; HUMAN; KINETICS; METABOLISM; METHODOLOGY; PHYSIOLOGY; REVIEW; STEM CELL; TISSUE ENGINEERING;

ADULT; ANIMALS; BIOMECHANICS; BIOPHYSICS; CELL CULTURE TECHNIQUES; ENVIRONMENT; HUMANS; KINETICS; MODELS, BIOLOGICAL; STEM CELLS; TISSUE ENGINEERING;

EID: 79952116009     PISSN: 19395094     EISSN: 1939005X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.46     Document Type: Review

References (175)

1. Becker AJ,McCulloch EA, Till JE. Cytological demonstration of the clonal nature of spleen colonies derived from transplanted mouse marrow cells. Nature 1963, 197(4866):452-454.
2. McCulloch EA, Till JE. The sensitivity of cells from normal mouse bone marrow to gamma radiation in vitro and in vivo. Radiation Research 1962, 16(6):822-832.
3. Till JE, McCulloch EA. A direct measurement of the radiation sensitivity of normal mouse bone marrow cells. Radiation Research 1961, 14(2):213-222.
4. Altman J, Das GD. Autoradiographic and histological evidence of postnatal hippocampal neurogenesis in rats. J Comp Neurol 1965, 124(3):319-335.
5. Gage FH, Ray J, Fisher LJ. Isolation, characterization, and use of stem-cells from the CNS. Annual Review Of Neuroscience 1995, 18:159-192.
6. Stemple DL, Anderson DJ. Isolation of a stem cell for neurons and glia from the mammalian neural crest. Cell 1992, 71(6):973-985.
7. Sherwood RI, Christensen JL, Conboy IM, Conboy MJ, Rando TA,Weissman IL,Wagers AJ. Isolation of adult mouse myogenic progenitors: functional heterogeneity of cells within and engrafting skeletal muscle. Cell 2004, 119(4):543-554.
8. Evans MJ, Kaufman MH. Establishment in culture of pluripotential cells from mouse embryos. Nature 1981, 292(5819):154-156.
9. Martin GR. Isolation of a pluripotent cell line from early mouse embryos cultured in medium conditioned by teratocarcinoma stem cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1981, 78(12):7634-7638.
10. Thomson JA, Itskovitz-Eldor J, Shapiro SS, Waknitz MA, Swiergiel, JJ, Marshall VS, Jones JM. Embryonic stem cell lines derived from human blastocysts. Science 1998, 282(5391):1145-1147.
11. Schofield R. Relationship between spleen colonyforming cell and hematopoietic stem-cell - hypothesis. Blood Cells 1978, 4(1-2):7-25.
12. Li L, Xie T. Stem cell niche: structure and function. Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology 2005, 21(1):605-631.
13. Ramirez-Castillejo C, Sanchez-Sanchez F, Andreu-Agullo C, Ferron SR, Aroca-Aguilar JD, Sanchez P, Mira H, Escribano J, Farinas I. Pigment epitheliumderived factor is a niche signal for neural stem cell renewal. Nature Neuroscience 2006, 9(3):331-339.
14. Mi H, Haeberle H, Barres BA. Induction of astrocyte differentiation by endothelial cells. Journal of Neuroscience 2001, 21(5):1538-1547.
15. Spradling A, Drummond-Barbosa D, Kai T. Stem cells find their niche. Nature 2001, 414(6859):98-104.
16. Calvi LM, Adams GB, Weibrecht KW, Weber JM, Olson DP, Knight MC,Martin RP, Schipani E, Divieti P, Bringhurst FR, Milner LA, Kronenberg HM, ScaddenDT. Osteoblastic cells regulate the haematopoietic stem cell niche. Nature 2003, 425(6960):841-846.
17. Adams GB, Scadden DT. A niche opportunity for stem cell therapeutics. Gene Therapy 2007, 15(2):96-99.
18. Kanatsu-Shinohara M, Takehashi M, Takashima S, Lee J, Morimoto H, Chuma S, Raducanu A, Nakatsuji N, F̈ assler R, Shinohara T. Homing of mouse spermatogonial stem cells to germline niche depends on β1-integrin. Cell Stem Cell 2008, 3(5):533-542.
19. Shen Q, Wang Y, Kokovay E, Lin G, Chuang S, Goderie SK, Roysam B, Temple S. Adult SVZ stem cells lie in a vascular niche: A quantitative analysis of niche cell-cell interactions. Cell Stem Cell 2008, 3(3):289-300.
20. Teixeira AI, Duckworth JK, Hermanson O. Getting the right stuff: Controlling neural stem cell state and fate in vivo and in vitro with biomaterials. Cell Research 2007, 17(1):56-61.
21. Boonen KJM, Post MJ. The muscle stem cell niche: Regulation of satellite cells during regeneration. Tissue Engineering Part B: Reviews 2008, 14(4):419-431.
22. Hwang NS, Varghese S, Elisseeff J. Controlled differentiation of stem cells. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 2008, 60(2):199-214.
23. Adams GB, Scadden DT. The hematopoietic stem cell in its place. Nature Immunology 2006, 7(4):333-337.
24. Riquelme PA, Drapeau E, Doetsch F. Brain microecologies: Neural stem cell niches in the adult mammalian brain. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 2008, 363(1489):123-137.
25. Conover J, Notti R. The neural stem cell niche. Cell and Tissue Research 2008, 331(1):211-224.
26. Martinez-Agosto JA, Mikkola HKA, Hartenstein V, Banerjee U. The hematopoietic stem cell and its niche: a comparative view. Genes and Development 2007, 21(23):3044-3060.
27. Mitsiadis TA, Barrandon O, Rochat A, Barrandon Y, De Bari C. Stem cell niches inmammals. Experimental Cell Research 2007, 313(16):3377-3385.
28. Wilson A, Trumpp A. Bone-marrow haematopoieticstem-cell niches. Nature Reviews Immunology 2006, 6(2):93-106.
29. Yin T, Li LH. The stem cell niches in bone. Journal of Clinical Investigation 2006, 116(5):1195-1201.
30. Little L, Healy KE, Schaffer D. Engineering biomaterials for synthetic neural stem cell microenvironments. Chemical Reviews 2008, 108(5):1787-1796.
31. Saha K, Pollock JF, Schaffer DV, Healy KE. Designing synthetic materials to control stem cell phenotype. Current Opinion In Chemical Biology 2007, 11(4):381-387.
32. Lutolf MP, Hubbell JA. Synthetic biomaterials as instructive extracellular microenvironments for morphogenesis in tissue engineering. Nature Biotechnology 2005, 23(1):47-55.
33. Levental I, Georges PC, Janmey PA. Soft biological materials and their impact on cell function. Soft Matter 2007, 3(3):299-306.
34. Elkin BS, Azeloglu EU, Costa KD, Morrison B. Mechanical heterogeneity of the rat hippocampus measured by atomic force microscope indentation. Journal Of Neurotrauma 2007, 24(5):812-822.
35. Arnold M, Hirschfeld-Warneken VC, Lohmüller T, Heil P, Blümmel J, Cavalcanti-Adam EA, López-García M, Walther P, Kessler H, Geiger B, Spatz JP. Induction of cell polarization and migration by a gradient of nanoscale variations in adhesive ligand spacing. Nano Letters 2008, 8(7):2063-2069.
36. Madden K, SnyderM. Cell polarity and morphogenesis in budding yeast. Annual Review of Microbiology 1998, 52(1):687-744.
37. Javier RT. Cell polarity proteins: common targets for tumorigenic human viruses. Oncogene 2008, 27(55):7031-7046.
38. Macara IG, Mili S. Polarity and differential inheritance-universal attributes of life? Cell 2008, 135(5):801-812.
39. Saha K, Schaffer DV. Signal dynamics in sonic hedgehog tissue patterning. Development 2006, 133(5):889-900.
40. Harfe BD, Scherz PJ,Nissim S, TianH,McMahon AP, Tabin CJ. Evidence for an expansion-based temporal SHH gradient in specifying vertebrate digit identities. Cell 2004, 118(4):517-528.
41. Miyawaki A. Visualization of the spatial and temporal dynamics of intracellular signaling. Dev Cell 2003, 4(3):295-305.
42. Keller R, Davidson LA, Shook DR. How we are shaped: the biomechanics of gastrulation. Differentiation 2003, 71:171-205.
43. Zamir EA, Rongish BJ, Little CD. The ECM moves during primitive streak formation-computation of ECM versus cellular motion. PLoS Biology 2008, 6(10):2163-2171.
44. Hammerschmidt M, Wedlich D. Regulated adhesion as a driving force of gastrulation movements. Development 2008, 135(22):3625-3641.
45. Gefen A, Gefen N, ZhuQL, Raghupathi R,Margulies, SS. Age-dependent changes in material properties of the brain and braincase of the rat. Journal of Neurotrauma 2003, 20(11):1163-1177.
46. Wellman P, Howe RD, Dalton E, Kern KA. Breast tissue stiffness in compression is correlated to histological diagnosis. Harvard BioRobotics Laboratory Technical Report 1999.
47. Paszek MJ, Zahir N, Johnson KR, Lakins JN, Rozenberg GI, Gefen A, Reinhart-King CA, Margulies SS, Dembo M, Boettiger D, Hammer DA, Weaver VM. Tensional homeostasis and the malignant phenotype. Cancer Cell 2005, 8(3):241-54.
48. Engler AJ, Griffin MA, Sen S, Bonnetnann CG, Sweeney HL,Discher DE.Myotubes differentiate optimally on substrates with tissue-like stiffness: pathological implications for soft or stiff microenvironments. J Cell Biol 2004, 166(6):877-887.
49. Freed LE, Langer R, Martin I, Pellis NR, Vunjak-Novakovic G. Tissue engineering of cartilage in space. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1997, 94(25):13885-13890.
50. Goldstein SA, Wilson DL, Sonstegard DA, Matthews LS. The mechanical properties of human tibial trabecular bone as a function of metaphyseal location. Journal of Biomechanics 1983, 16(12):965-969.
51. Krieg M, Arboleda-Estudillo Y, Puech PH, Kafer J, Graner F, Muller DJ, Heisenberg CP. Tensile forces govern germ-layer organization in zebrafish. Nature Cell Biology 2008, 10(4):429-436.
52. Toussaint ND, Lau KK, Strauss BJ, Polkinghorne KR, Kerr PG. Associations between vascular calcification, arterial stiffness and bone mineral density in chronic kidney disease. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2008, 23(2):586-593.
53. Mitchell GF, Parise H, Benjamin EJ, Larson MG, Keyes MJ, Vita JA, Vasan RS, Levy D. Changes in arterial stiffness and wave reflection with advancing age in healthy men and women: The framingham heart study. Hypertension 2004, 43(6):1239-1245.
54. Horner PJ, Gage FH. Regenerating the damaged central nervous system. Nature 2000, 407(6807):963-970.
55. Woerly S. Doan VD, Sosa N, de Vellis J, Espinosa-Jeffrey A. Prevention of gliotic scar formation by NeuroGelTMallows partial endogenous repair of transected cat spinal cord. Journal of Neuroscience Research 2004, 75(2):262-272.
56. Litwin SE, Litwin CM, Raya TE, Warner AL, Goldman S. Contractility and stiffness of noninfarcted myocardium after coronary ligation in rats. Effects of chronic angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition. Circulation 1991, 83(3):1028-1037.
57. Pislaru C, Bruce CJ, Anagnostopoulos PC, Allen JL, Seward JB, Pellikka PA, Ritman EL, Greenleaf JF. Ultrasound strain imaging of altered myocardial stiffness: Stunned versus infarcted reperfused myocardium. Circulation 2004, 109(23):2905-2910.
58. Berry MF, Engler AJ, Woo YJ, Pirolli TJ, Bish LT, Jayasankar V, Morine KJ, Gardner TJ, Discher DE, Sweeney HL. Mesenchymal stem cell injection after myocardial infarction improves myocardial compliance. American Journal of Physiology, Heart and Circulatory Physiology 2006, 290(6):H2196-2203.
59. Dean RG, Balding LC, Candido R, Burns WC, Cao Z, Twigg SM, Burrell LM. Connective tissue growth factor and cardiac fibrosis aftermyocardial infarction. Journal of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry 2005, 53(10):1245-1256.
60. Stedman HH, Sweeney HL, Shrager JB, Maguire HC, Panettieri RA, Petrof B, Narusawa M, Leferovich JM, Sladky JT, Kelly AM. The mdx mouse diaphragm reproduces the degenerative changes of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Nature 1991, 352(6335):536-539.
61. Georges PC, Hui J-J, Gombos Z, McCormick ME, Wang AY, UemuraM,Mick R, Janmey PA, Furth EE, Wells RG. Increased stiffness of the rat liver precedes matrix deposition: Implications for fibrosis. American Journal of Physiology, Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 2007, 293(6):G1147-1154.
62. YinM, Talwalkar JA, Glaser KJ, Manduca A, Grimm RC, Rossman PJ, Fidler JL, Ehman RL. Quantitative assessment of hepatic fibrosis in an animal model with magnetic resonance elastography. Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology 2007, 5(10):1207-1213.
63. YinM, Talwalkar JA, Glaser KJ, Manduca A, Grimm RC, Rossman PJ, Fidler JL, Ehman RL. Quantitative assessment of hepatic fibrosis in an animal model with magnetic resonance elastography. Magnetic Resonance in Medicine 2007, 58(2):346-353.
64. Foucher J, Chanteloup E, Vergniol J, Castera L, Le Bail B, Adhoute X, Bertet J, Couzigou P, de Ledinghen V. Diagnosis of cirrhosis by transient elastography (FibroScan): A prospective study. Gut 2006, 55(3):403-408.
65. Butcher DT, Alliston T, Weaver VM. A tense situation: forcing tumour progression. Nat Rev Cancer 2009, 9(2):108-122.
66. Rebecca GW. The role of matrix stiffness in regulating cell behavior. Hepatology 2008, 47(4):1394-1400.
67. Engler AJ, Sen S, Sweeney HL, Discher DE. Matrix elasticity directs stem cell lineage specification. Cell 2006, 126(4):677-689.
68. Winer JP, Janmey PA, McCormick ME, Funaki M. Bone marrow-derived human mesenchymal stem cells become quiescent on soft substrates but remain responsive to chemical or mechanical stimuli. Tissue Engineering Part A 2009, 15(1):147-154.
69. Hsiong SX, Carampin P, Kong H, Lee K, Mooney DJ. Differentiation stage alters matrix control of stem cells. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A 2008, 85A(1):145-156.
70. 2+oscillation via RhoA pathway in stem cells. Journal Of Cellular Physiology 2009, 218(2):285-293.
71. Saha K, Keung AJ, Irwin EF, Li Y, Little L, Schaffer DV, Healy KE. Substrate modulus directs neural stem cell behavior. Biophysical Journal 2008, 95(9):4426-4438.
72. Engler AJ, Carag-Krieger C, Johnson CP, Raab M, Tang H, Speicher DW, Sanger JW, Sanger JM, Discher DE. Embryonic cardiomyocytes beat best on a matrix with heart-like elasticity: Scar-like rigidity inhibits beating. J Cell Sci 2008, 121(22):3794-3802.
73. Shapira-Schweitzer K, Seliktar D. Matrix stiffness affects spontaneous contraction of cardiomyocytes cultured within a pegylated fibrinogen biomaterial. Acta Biomaterialia 2007, 3(1):33-41.
74. Alcaraz J, Xu R, Mori H, Nelson CM, Mroue R, Spencer VA, Brownfield D, Radisky DC, Bustamante C, Bissell MJ. Laminin and biomimetic extracellular elasticity enhance functional differentiation in mammary epithelia. EMBO Journal 2008, 27:2829-2838.
75. Hahn C, Schwartz MA. Mechanotransduction in vascular physiology and atherogenesis. Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology 2009, 10(1):53-62.
76. Ye C, Bai L, Yan Z, Wang Y, Jiang Z. Shear stress and vascular smooth muscle cells promote endothelial differentiation of endothelial progenitor cells via activation of Akt. Clinical Biomechanics 2008, 23(Supplement 1):S118-S124.
77. Helenius G, Hagvall SH, Esguerra M, Fink H, Soderberg R, Risberg B. Effect of shear stress on the expression of coagulation and fibrinolytic factors in both smooth muscle and endothelial cells in a coculture model. European Surgical Research 2008, 40(4):325-332.
78. Haga M, Yamashita A, Paszkowiak J, Sumpio BE, Dardik A. Oscillatory shear stress increases smooth muscle cell proliferation and Akt phosphorylation. Journal of Vascular Surgery 2003, 37(6):1277-1284.
79. Lee AA, Graham DA, Dela Cruz S, Ratcliffe A, Karlon WJ. Fluid shear stress-induced alignment of cultured vascular smooth muscle cells. Journal of Biomechanical Engineering-Transactions of the Asme 2002, 124(1):37-43.
80. Liu SQ, Goldman J. Role of blood shear stress in the regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell migration. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering 2001, 48(4):474-483.
81. Coughlin MF, Schmid-Schonbein GW. Pseudopod projection and cell spreading of passive leukocytes in response to fluid shear stress. Biophysical Journal 2004, 87(3):2035-2042.
82. Fukuda S, Yasu T, Predescu DN, Schmid-Schonbein GW. Mechanisms for regulation of fluid shear stress response in circulating leukocytes. Circulation Research 2000, 86(1):E13-E18.
83. Hernandez MR, Bozzo J, Tonda R, Galan AM, Ordinas A, Escolar G. Effect of anticoagulants on activation of polymorphonuclear leukocytes induced by shear stress. International Journal of Immunopathology and Pharmacology 2001, 14(3):139-144.
84. Shi S, Gronthos S. Perivascular niche of postnatal mesenchymal stem cells in human bone marrow and dental pulp. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 2003, 18(4):696-704.
85. Meirelles LDS, Chagastelles PC, Nardi NB. Mesenchymal stem cells reside in virtually all postnatal organs and tissues. J Cell Sci 2006, 119(11):2204-2213.
86. Riddle RC, Taylor AF, Genetos DC, Donahue HJ. MAP kinase and calcium signaling mediate fluid flow-induced human mesenchymal stem cell proliferation. American Journal of Physiology, Cell Physiology 2006, 290(3):C776-784.
87. Wang H, Riha GM, Yan S, Li M, Chai H, Yang H, Yao Q, Chen C. Shear stress induces endothelial differentiation from a murine embryonic mesenchymal progenitor cell line. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology 2005, 25(9):1817-1823.
88. McBride SH, Falls T, Knothe Tate ML. Modulation of stem cell shape and fate b: Mechanical modulation of cell shape and gene expression. Tissue Engineering Part A 2008, 14(9):1573-1580.
89. Meinel L, Karageorgiou V, Fajardo R, Snyder B, Shinde-Patil V, Zichner L, Kaplan D, Langer R, Vunjak-Novakovic G. Bone tissue engineering using human mesenchymal stem cells: Effects of scaffold material and medium flow. Annals of Biomedical Engineering 2004, 32(1):112-122.
90. Feng Zhao RCTM. Effects of shear stress on 3-D human mesenchymal stem cell construct development in a perfusion bioreactor system: Experiments and hydrodynamic modeling. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2007, 96(3):584-595.
91. Illi B, Scopece A, Nanni S, Farsetti A, Morgante L, Biglioli P, Capogrossi MC, Gaetano C. Epigenetic histone modification and cardiovascular lineage programming in mouse embryonic stem cells exposed to laminar shear stress. Circulation Research 2005, 96(5):501-508.
92. Yamamoto K, Sokabe T, Watabe T, Miyazono K, Yamashita JK, Obi S,OhuraN,MatsushitaA,Kamiya A, Ando J. Fluid shear stress induces differentiation of Flk-1-positive embryonic stem cells into vascular endothelial cells in vitro. American Journal of Physiology, Heart and Circulatory Physiology 2005, 288(4):H1915-1924.
93. McDonald F. Electrical effects at the bone surface. Eur J Orthod 1993, 15(3):175-183.
94. Toyama Y, Peralta XG, Wells AR, Kiehart DP, Edwards GS. Apoptotic force and tissue dynamics during drosophila embryogenesis. Science 2008, 321(5896):1683-1686.
95. Estes BT, Gimble JM, Guilak F, Gerald PS. Mechanical signals as regulators of stem cell fate. In: Gerald P Schatten, ed. Current topics in developmental biology. 2004, Vol 60, 91-126. San Diego, CA: Elsevier Academic Press.
96. Engelmayr JGC, Sales VL, Mayer JJE, Sacks MS. Cyclic flexure and laminar flow synergistically accelerate mesenchymal stem cell-mediated engineered tissue formation: Implications for engineered heart valve tissues. Biomaterials 2006, 27(36):6083-6095.
97. Kuo CK, Tuan RS. Mechanoactive tenogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells. Tissue Engineering Part A 2008, 14(10):1615-1627.
98. Altman G, Horan R,Martin I, Farhadi J, Stark P, Volloch V, Vunjak-Novakovic G, Richmond J, Kaplan DL. Cell differentiation by mechanical stress. FASEB Journal 2002, 16(2):270-272.
99. Simmons CA,Matlis S, Thornton AJ, Chen SQ, Wang CY, Mooney DJ. Cyclic strain enhances matrix mineralization by adult human mesenchymal stem cells via the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (Erk1/2) signaling pathway. Journal Of Biomechanics 2003, 36(8):1087-1096.
100. Mauck R, Byers B, Yuan X, Tuan R. Regulation of cartilaginous ECM gene transcription by chondrocytes and MSCs in 3D culture in response to dynamic loading. Biomechanics and Modeling in Mechanobiology 2007, 6(1):113-125.
101. Kurpinski K, Chu J, Hashi C, Li S. Anisotropic mechanosensing by mesenchymal stem cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2006, 103(44):16095-16100.
102. Terraciano V, Hwang N, Moroni L, Park HB, Zhang Z, Mizrahi J, Seliktar D, Elisseeff J. Differential response of adult and embryonic mesenchymal progenitor cells to mechanical compression in hydrogels. Stem Cells 2007, 25(11):2730-2738.
103. Tatsumi R, Sheehan SM, Iwasaki H, Hattori A, Allen RE. Mechanical stretch induces activation of skeletal muscle satellite cells in vitro. Experimental Cell Research 2001, 267(1):107-114.
104. Yamada M, Tatsumi R, Kikuiri T, Okamoto S, Nonoshita S, Mizunoya W, Ikeuchi Y, Shimokawa H, Sunagawa K, Allen R. Matrix metalloproteinases are involved in mechanical stretch-induced activation of skeletal muscle satellite cells. Muscle & Nerve 2006, 34(3):313-319.
105. Saha S, Lin J, De Pablo JJ, Palecek SP. Inhibition of human embryonic stem cell differentiation by mechanical strain. Journal of Cellular Physiology 2006, 206(1):126-137.
106. Saha S, Ji L, De Pablo J, Palecek S. TGFβ/activin/nodal pathway in inhibition of human embryonic stem cell differentiation bymechanical strain. Biophysical Journal 2008, 94(10):4123-4133.
107. Schmelter M, Ateghang B, Helmig S, Wartenberg M, Sauer H. Embryonic stem cells utilize reactive oxygen species as transducers of mechanical strain-induced cardiovascular differentiation. FASEB Journal 2006, 20(8):E294-E306.
108. Wang N, Butler JP, Ingber DE. Mechanotransduction across the cell-surface and through the cytoskeleton. Science 1993, 260(5111):1124-1127.
109. Getzenberg RH, Pienta KJ, Ward WS, Coffey DS. Nuclear structure and the three-dimensional organization of DNA. Journal of Cellular Biochemistry 1991, 47(4):289-299.
110. Wang J, Tolan DR, Pagliaro L. Metabolic compartmentation in living cells: Structural association of aldolase. Experimental Cell Research 1997, 237(2):445-451.
111. Martinac B. Mechanosensitive ion channels: Molecules of mechanotransduction. J. Cell Sci. 2004, 117(12):2449-2460.
112. Janmey PA. The cytoskeleton and cell signaling: Component localization and mechanical coupling. Physiological Reviews 1998, 78(3):763-781.
113. Ridley A. Rho GTPases: Integrating integrin signaling. J. Cell Biol. 2000, 150(4):F107-F109.
114. Ridley AJ. Signalling by Rho family proteins. Biochemical Society Transactions 1997, 25(3):1005-1010.
115. Seery JP, Watt FM. Asymmetric stem-cell divisions define the architecture of human oesophageal epithelium. Current Biology 2000, 10(22):1447-1450.
116. Lechler T, Fuchs E. Asymmetric cell divisions promote stratification and differentiation of mammalian skin. Nature 2005, 437(7056):275-280.
117. Jaks V, Barker N, Kasper M, van Es JH, Snippert HJ, Clevers H, Toftgard R. Lgr5 marks cycling, yet longlived, hair follicle stem cells. Nature Genetics 2008, 40(11):1291-1299.
118. Mirzadeh Z, Merkle FT, Soriano-Navarro M, Garcia-Verdugo JM, Alvarez-Buylla A. Neural stem cells confer unique pinwheel architecture to the ventricular surface in neurogenic regions of the adult brain. Cell Stem Cell 2008, 3(3):265-278.
119. Mohr JC, de Pablo JJ, Palecek SP. 3-D microwell culture of human embryonic stem cells. Biomaterials 2006, 27(36):6032-6042.
120. Karp JM, Yeh J, Eng G, Fukuda J, Blumling J, Suh KY, Cheng J, Mahdavi A, Borenstein J, Langer R, Khademhosseini A. Controlling size, shape and homogeneity of embryoid bodies using poly(ethylene glycol) microwells. Lab on a Chip 2007, 7(6):786-794.
121. McBeath R, Pirone DM, Nelson CM, Bhadriraju K, Chen CS. Cell shape, cytoskeletal tension, and RhoA regulate stem cell lineage commitment. Dev. Cell 2004, 6(4):483-495.
122. Ruiz SA, Chen CS. Emergence of patterned stem cell differentiation within multicellular structures. Stem Cells 2008, 26(11):2921-2927.
123. Thomas CH, Collier JH, Sfeir CS, Healy KE. Engineering gene expression and protein synthesis by modulation of nuclear shape. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2002, 99(4):1972-1977.
124. Pirone DM, Chen CS. Strategies for engineering the adhesive microenvironment. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2004, 9(4):405-417.
125. Khademhosseini A, Langer R, Borenstein J, Vacanti JP. Microscale technologies for tissue engineering and biology. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2006, 103(8):2480-2487.
126. Christman KL, Enriquez-Rios VD, Maynard HD. Nanopatterning proteins and peptides. Soft Matter 2006, 2(11):928-939.
127. Wilson DL, Martin R, Hong S, Cronin-Golomb M, Mirkin CA, Kaplan DL. Surface organization and nanopatterning of collagen by dip-pen nanolithography. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2001, 98(24):13660-13664.
128. Recknor JB, Sakaguchi DS, Mallapragada SK. Directed growth and selective differentiation of neural progenitor cells on micropatterned polymer substrates. Biomaterials 2006, 27(22):4098-4108.
129. Thakar RG, Chown MG, Patel A, Peng L, Kumar S, Desai TA. Contractility-dependent modulation of cell proliferation and adhesion by microscale topographical cues. Small 2008, 4(9):1416-1424.
130. Rosenberg SS, Kelland EE, Tokar E, De La Torre AR, Chan JR. The geometric and spatial constraints of the microenvironment induce oligodendrocyte differentiation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2008, 105(38):14662-14667.
131. Dalby MJ, Gadegaard N, Tare R, Andar A, Riehle MO, Herzyk P, Wilkinson CDW, Oreffo ROC. The control of human mesenchymal cell differentiation using nanoscale symmetry and disorder. Nature Materials 2007, 6(12):997.
132. Oh S, Brammer KS, Li YSJ, Teng D, Engler AJ, Chien S, Jin S. Stem cell fate dictated solely by altered nanotube dimension. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2009, 106(7):2130-2135.
133. Zhang SG. Beyond the petri dish. Nature Biotechnology 2004, 22(2):151-152.
134. Pampaloni F, Reynaud EG, Stelzer EHK. The third dimension bridges the gap between cell culture and live tissue. Nature Reviews Moleular Cell Biology 2007, 8(10):839.
135. Hwang NS, Kim MS, Sampattavanich S, Baek JH, Zhang ZJ, Elisseeff J. Effects of three-dimensional culture and growth factors on the chondrogenic differentiation of murine embryonic stem cells. Stem Cells 2006, 24(2):284-291.
136. Liu H, Roy K. Biomimetic three-dimensional cultures significantly increase hematopoietic differentiation efficacy of embryonic stem cells. Tissue Engineering 2005, 11(1-2):319-330.
137. LiuH, Lin J, Roy K. Effect of 3D scaffold and dynamic culture condition on the global gene expression profile of mouse embryonic stem cells. Biomaterials 2006, 27(36):5978-5989.
138. Garreta E, Genove E, Borros S, Semino CE. Osteogenic differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells and mouse embryonic fibroblasts in a threedimensional self-assembling peptide scaffold. Tissue Engineering 2006, 12(8):2215-2227.
139. Siti-IsmailN, Bishop AE, Polak JM,MantalarisA. The benefit of human embryonic stem cell encapsulation for prolonged feeder-free maintenance. Biomaterials 2008, 29(29):3946-3952.
140. Eiraku M, Watanabe K, Matsuo-Takasaki M, Kawada M, Yonemura S, Matsumura M, Wataya T, Nishiyama A, Muguruma K, Sasai Y. Self-organized formation of polarized cortical tissues from ESCs and its active manipulation by extrinsic signals. Cell Stem Cell 2008, 3(5):519-532.
141. Suchitra D, Gopinath TAR. Stem cell review series: Aging of the skeletal muscle stem cell niche. Aging Cell 2008, 7(4):590-598.
142. CarlsonME, Conboy IM. Regulating the Notch pathway in embryonic, adult and old stem cells. Current Opinion in Pharmacology 2007, 7(3):303-309.
143. Conboy IM, Conboy MJ, Smythe GM, Rando TA. Notch-mediated restoration of regenerative potential to agedmuscle. Science 2003, 302(5650):1575-1577.
144. Carlson ME, Conboy IM. Loss of stem cell regenerative capacity within aged niches. Aging Cell 2007, 6(3):371-382.
145. Campos LS. β 1 integrins and neural stem cells: Making sense of the extracellular environment. Bioessays 2005, 27(7):698-707.
146. Campos LS, Leone DP, Relvas JB, Brakebusch C, Fassler R, Suter U, Ffrench-Constant C. β 1 integrins activate a MAPK signalling pathway in neural stem cells that contributes to their maintenance. Development 2004, 131(14):3433-3444.
147. Kiel MJ, Yilmaz MH, Iwashita T, Yilmaz OH, Terhorst C, Morrison SJ. SLAM family receptors distinguish hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells and reveal endothelial niches for stem cells. Cell 2005, 121(7):1109-1121.
148. LaFever L, Drummond-Barbosa D. Direct control of germline stem cell division and cyst growth by neural insulin in drosophila. Science 2005, 309(5737):1071-1073.
149. Palmer T, Willhoite A, Gage F. Vascular niche for adult hippocampal neurogenesis. The Journal of Comparative Neurology 2000, 425(4):479-494.
150. Tamai S, Sanada K, Fukada Y. Time-of-daydependent enhancement of adult neurogenesis in the hippocampus. PLoS ONE 2008, 3(12):e3835 1-6.
151. Ferreira LS, Gerecht S, Fuller J, Shieh HF, Vunjak-Novakovic G, Langer R. Bioactive hydrogel scaffolds for controllable vascular differentiation of human embryonic stem cells. Biomaterials 2007, 28(17):2706-2717.
152. Kageyama R, Ohtsuka T, Shimojo H, Imayoshi I. Dynamic Notch signaling in neural progenitor cells and a revised view of lateral inhibition. Nature Neuroscience 2008, 11(11):1247-1251.
153. Shimojo H, Ohtsuka T, Kageyama R. Oscillations in Notch signaling regulate maintenance of neural progenitors. Neuron 2008, 58(1):52-64.
154. Kraehenbuehl TP, Zammaretti P, Van der Vlies AJ, Schoenmakers RG, Lutolf MP, Jaconi ME, Hubbell JA. Three-dimensional extracellular matrix-directed cardioprogenitor differentiation: Systematic modulation of a synthetic cell-responsive PEG-hydrogel. Biomaterials 2008, 29(18):2757-2766.
155. Velluto D, Demurtas D, Hubbell JA. PEG-b-PPS diblock copolymer aggregates for hydrophobic drug solubilization and release: Cyclosporin A as an example. Molecular Pharmaceutics 2008, 5(4):632-642.
156. Ehrbar M, Zeisberger SM, Raeber GP, Hubbell JA, Schnell C, Zisch AH. The role of actively released fibrin-conjugated VEGF for VEGF receptor 2 gene activation and the enhancement of angiogenesis. Biomaterials 2008, 29(11):1720-1729.
157. Ehrbar M, Djonov VG, Schnell C, Tschanz SA, Martiny-Baron G, Schenk U, Wood J, Burri PH, Hubbell JA, Zisch AH. Cell-demanded liberation of VEGF121 from fibrin implants induces local and controlled blood vessel growth. Circulation Research 2004, 94(8):1124-1132.
158. Wang Y, Shyy JYJ, Chien S. Fluorescence proteins, live-cell imaging, and mechanobiology: Seeing is believing. Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 2008, 10(1):1-38.
159. Ouyang M, Sun J, Chien S, Wang Y. Determination of hierarchical relationship of Src and Rac at subcellular locations with FRET biosensors. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2008, 105(38):14353-14358.
160. Pertz O, Hodgson L, Klemke RL, Hahn KM. Spatiotemporal dynamics of RhoA activity in migrating cells. Nature 2006, 440(7087):1069-1072.
161. Raeber G, Mayer J, Hubbell J. Part I: A novel invitro system for simultaneous mechanical stimulation and time-lapse microscopy in 3D. Biomechanics and Modeling in Mechanobiology 2008, 7(3):203-214.
162. Harley BAC, Kim H, Zaman MH, Yannas IV, Lauffenburger DA, Gibson LJ. Microarchitecture of three-dimensional scaffolds influences cell migration behavior via junction interactions. Biophysical Journal 2008, 95(8):4013-4024.
163. Case N, Ma M, Sen B, Xie Z, Gross TS, Rubin J. β-catenin levels influence rapid mechanical responses in osteoblasts. Journal of Biological Chemistry 2008, 283(43):29196-29205.
164. Chachisvilis M, Zhang YL, Frangos JA. G proteincoupled receptors sense fluid shear stress in endothelial cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2006, 103(42):15463-15468.
165. Nair LS, Laurencin CT. Biodegradable polymers as biomaterials. Progress in Polymer Science 2007, 32(8-9):762-798.
166. Ifkovits JL, Burdick JA. Review: Photopolymerizable and degradable biomaterials for tissue engineering applications. Tissue Engineering 2007, 13(10):2369-2385.
167. Chao PG, Grayson W, Vunjak-Novakovic G. Engineering cartilage and bone using human mesenchymal stem cells. Journal of Orthopaedic Science 2007, 12(4):398-404.
168. Ma PX. Biomimetic materials for tissue engineering. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 2008, 60(2):184-198.
169. Dodge JC, Haidet AM, Yang W, Passini MA, Hester M, Clarke J, Roskelley EM, Treleaven CM, Rizo L, Martin H, Kim SH, Kaspar R, Taksir TV, Griffiths DA, Cheng SH, Shihabuddin LS, Kaspar BK. Delivery of AAV-IGF-1 to the CNS extends survival in ALS mice through modification of aberrant glial cell activity. Mol Ther 2008, 16(6):1056-1064.
170. Asahara T, Kalka C, Isner JM. Stem cell therapy and gene transfer for regeneration. Gene Therapy 2000, 7(6):451-457.
171. Sneddon JB, Werb Z. Location, location, location: The cancer stem cell niche. Cell Stem Cell 2007, 1(6):607-611.
172. Paszek MJ, Weaver VM. The tension mounts: Mechanics meets morphogenesis and malignancy. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2004, 9(4):325-42.
173. Kai T, Spradling A. An empty drosophila stem cell niche reactivates the proliferation of ectopic cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2003, 100(8):4633-4638.
174. Barcellos-Hoff MH, Ravani SA. Irradiated mammary gland stroma promotes the expression of tumorigenic potential by unirradiated epithelial cells. Cancer Research 2000, 60(5):1254-1260.
175. Olumi AF, Grossfeld GD, Hayward SW, Carroll PR, Tlsty TD, Cunha GR. Carcinoma-associated fibroblasts direct tumor progression of initiated human prostatic epithelium. Cancer Research 1999, 59(19):5002-5011.