Distribution of glycine immunoreactivity in the brain of the Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baeri): Comparison with γ-aminobutyric acid

Journal of Comparative Neurology

Volumn 519, Issue 6, 2011, Pages 1115-1142

  Adrio, Fátima ^a   Rodriguez Moldes, Isabel ^a   Anadon, Ramón ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SANTIAGO DE COMPOSTELA   (Spain)

Author keywords

Chondrosteans; Colocalization; Confocal microscopy; Coronet cells; GABA; Glycine; Immunocytochemistry; Mauthner cell

Indexed keywords

4 AMINOBUTYRIC ACID; GLYCINE;

ANIMAL CELL; ANIMAL TISSUE; ARTICLE; BRAIN NERVE CELL; BRAIN REGION; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM; CEREBELLUM; CONFOCAL MICROSCOPY; CONTROLLED STUDY; DIENCEPHALON; ENZYME LOCALIZATION; EPITHALAMUS; FISH; HYPOTHALAMUS; IMMUNOCOMPETENT CELL; IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE TEST; IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY; IMMUNOREACTIVITY; INNERVATION; LAMPREY; MAUTHNER CELL; MESENCEPHALON; NONHUMAN; OLFACTORY BULB; OPTIC TECTUM; PERIKARYON; PREOPTIC AREA; PRETECTUM; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RETICULAR FORMATION; RHOMBENCEPHALIC ISTHMUS; RHOMBENCEPHALON; SPINAL CORD; TEGMENTUM; TELENCEPHALON; TELEOST; THALAMUS;

ANIMALS; BRAIN; FISHES; GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID; GLYCINE; IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY; SPINAL CORD;

EID: 79951792247     PISSN: 00219967     EISSN: 10969861     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/cne.22556     Document Type: Article

References (112)

1. Adrio F, Anadón R, Rodríguez-Moldes I. 1999. Distribution of serotonin (5HT)-immunoreactive structures in the central nervous system of two chondrostean species (Acipenser baeri and Huso huso). J Comp Neurol 407: 333-348.
2. Adrio F, Anadón R, Rodríguez-Moldes I. 2000. Distribution of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) immunoreactivity in the central nervous system of a chondrostean, the Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baeri). J Comp Neurol 426: 602-621.
3. Adrio F, Anadón R, Rodríguez-Moldes I. 2002. Distribution of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH) immunoreactivity in the central nervous system of two chondrostean fishes (Acipenser baeri and Huso huso). J Comp Neurol 448: 280-297.
4. Adrio F, Rodríguez MA, Rodríguez-Moldes I. 2005. Distribution of galanin-like immunoreactivity in the brain of the Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baeri). J Comp Neurol 487: 54-74.
5. Adrio F, Anadón R, Rodríguez-Moldes I. 2008. Distribution of somatostatin immunoreactive neurons and fibers in the central nervous system of a chondrostean, the Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baeri). Brain Res 1209: 92-104.
6. Aragón C, López-Corcuera B. 2003. Structure, function and regulation of glycine neurotransporters. Eur J Pharmacol 479: 249-262.
7. Arochena M, Anadón R, Díaz-Regueira SM. 2004. Development of vimentin and glial fibrillary acidic protein immunoreactivities in the brain of gray mullet (Chelon labrosus), an advanced teleost. J Comp Neurol 469: 413-436.
8. Baker BI, Bird DJ. 2002. Neuronal organization of the melanin concentrating hormone system in primitive actinopterygians: evolutionary changes leading to teleosts. J Comp Neurol 442: 99-114.
9. Barker JL, Ransom BR. 1978. Amino acid pharmacology of mammalian central neurones grown in tissue culture. J Physiol 280: 331-354.
10. Batten TFC, Pow DV, Saha S. 2010. Co-localisation of markers for glycinergic and GABAergic neurones in rat nucleus of the solitary tract: implications for co-transmission. J Chem Neuroanat 40: 160-176.
11. Baürle J, Grüsser-Cornehls U. 1997. Differential number of glycine- and GABA-immunopositive neurons and terminals in the deep cerebellar nuclei of normal and Purkinje cell degeneration mutant mice. J Comp Neurol 382: 443-458.
12. Bell TD, Pereda AE, Faber DS. 1997. Nitric oxide synthase distribution in the goldfish Mauthner cell. Neurosci Lett 226: 187-190.
13. Betz H. 1987. Biology and structure of the mammalian glycine receptor. Trends Neurosci 10: 113-117.
14. Birinyi A, Parker D, Antal M, Shupliakov O. 2001. Zinc co-localizes with GABA and glycine in synapses in the lamprey spinal cord. J Comp Neurol 433: 208-221.
15. Bormann J, Hamill OP, Sakmann B. 1987. Mechanism of anion permeation through channels gated by glycine and gamma-aminobutyric acid in mouse cultured spinal neurones. J Physiol 385: 243-286.
16. 3H)D-aspartate. J Comp Neurol 281: 225-233.
17. Burggren WW. 1978. Gill ventilation in the sturgeon, Acipenser transmontanus: unusual adaptations for bottom dwelling. Respir Physiol 34: 153-170.
18. Campistron G, Buijs RM, Geffard M. 1986. Glycine neurons in the brain and spinal cord. Antibody production and immunocytochemical localization. Brain Res 376: 400-405.
19. Crook J, Hendrickson A, Robinson FR. 2006. Co-localization of glycine and GABA immunoreactivity in interneurons in Macaca monkey cerebellar cortex. Neuroscience 141: 1951-1959.
20. Cubelos B, Giménez C, Zafra F. 2005. Localization of the GLYT1 glycine transporter at glutamatergic synapses in the rat brain. Cereb Cortex 15: 448-459.
21. Cui WW, Low SE, Hirata H, Saint-Amant L, Geisler R, Hume RI, Kuwada JY. 2005. The zebrafish shocked gene encodes a glycine transporter and is essential for the function of early neural circuits in the CNS. J Neurosci 25: 6610-6620.
22. Dale N, Ottersen OP, Roberts A, Storm-Mathisen J. 1986. Inhibitory neurones of a motor pattern generator in Xenopus revealed by antibodies to glycine. Nature 324: 255-257.
23. David-Watine B, Goblet C, de Saint Jan D, Fucile S, Devignot V, Bregestovski P, Korn H. 1999. Cloning, expression and electrophysiological characterization of glycine receptor alpha subunit from zebrafish. Neuroscience 90: 303-317.
24. Díaz-Regueira S, Becerra M, Anadón R. 1992. Light- and electron microscopic study of oligodendrocytes in the lateral line area of the medulla in Chelon labrosus (Teleostei). J Hirnforsch 33: 477-485.
25. Díaz-Regueira SM, Álvarez-Otero R, Anadón R. 1993. An immunocytochemical and ultrastructural study of a specialized glial region of the medulla oblongata of the adult and juvenile grey mullet. Tissue Cell 25: 657-668.
26. Faber DS, Korn H. 1978. Electrophysiology of the Mauthner cell: basic properties, synaptic mechanisms, and associated networks. In: Faber DS, Korn H, editors. Neurobiology of the Mauthner cell. New York: Raven Press. p 47-131.
27. Fetcho JR. 1992. Excitation of motoneurons by the Mauthner axon in goldfish: complexities in a "simple" reticulospinal pathway. J Neurophysiol 67: 1574-1586.
28. Fetcho JR, Faber DS. 1988. Identification of motoneurons and interneurons in the spinal network for escapes initiated by the Mauthner cell in goldfish. J Neurosci 8: 4192-4213.
29. Folgueira M, Anadón R, Yáñez J. 2003. Experimental study of the connections of the gustatory system in the rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. J Comp Neurol 465: 604-619.
30. Folgueira M, Anadón R, Yáñez J. 2006. Afferent and efferent connections of the cerebellum of a salmonid, the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): a tract-tracing study. J Comp Neurol 497: 542-565.
31. Garrow TA, Brenner AA, Whitehead VM, Chen XN, Duncan RG, Korenberg JR, Shane B. 1993. Cloning of human cDNAs encoding mitochondrial and cytosolic serine hydroxymethyltransferases and chromosomal localization. J Biol Chem 268: 11910-11916.
32. González GC, Belenky MA, Polenov AL, Lederis K. 1992. Comparative localization of corticotropin and corticotropin releasing factor-like peptides in the brain and hypophysis of a primitive vertebrate, the sturgeon Acipenser ruthenus L. J Neurocytol 21: 885-896.
33. González MJ, Anadón R. 1992. Primary projections of the lateral line nerves in larval sea lamprey, Petromyzon marinus L. An HRP study. J Hirnforsch 33: 185-194.
34. González MJ, Manso MJ, Anadón R. 1997. Octavolateral neurons projecting to the middle and posterior rhombencephalic reticular nuclei of larval lamprey: a retrograde horseradish peroxidase labeling study. J Comp Neurol 384: 396-408.
35. Goronowitsch N. 1888. Das Gehirn und die Cranialnerven von Acipenser ruthenus. Morphol Jahrb 30: 427-574.
36. Hernandes MS, Troncone LRP. 2009. Glycine as a neurotransmitter in the forebrain: a short review. J Neural Transm 116: 1551-1560.
37. Higashijima S, Mandel G, Fetcho JR. 2004. Distribution of prospective glutamatergic, glycinergic, and GABAergic neurons in embryonic and larval zebrafish. J Comp Neurol 480: 1-18.
38. Hofmann MH, Wojtenek W, Wilkens LA. 2002. Central organization of the electrosensory system in the paddlefish (Polyodon spathula). J Comp Neurol 446: 25-36.
39. Huesa G. 2002. Estudio hodológico del telencéfalo de Acipenser baeri con especial referencia a los sistemas quimiosensoriales. Doctoral Thesis, Universidad de A Coruña.
40. Huesa G, Anadón R, Yáñez J. 2002. Calbindin and calretinin immunoreactivities in the retina of a chondrostean, Acipenser baeri. Cell Tissue Res 309: 355-360.
41. Huesa G, Anadón R, Yáñez J. 2003. Afferent and efferent connections of the cerebellum of the chondrostean Acipenser baeri: a carbocyanine dye (DiI) tracing study. J Comp Neurol 460: 327-344.
42. Huesa G, Anadón R, Yáñez J. 2006. Topography and connections of the telencephalon in a chondrostean, Acipenser baeri: an experimental study. J Comp Neurol 497: 519-541.
43. Imboden M, De Saint Jan D, Leulier F, Korn H, Goblet C, Bregestovski P. 2001. Isolation and characterization of an alpha 2-type zebrafish glycine receptor subunit. Neuroscience 103: 799-810.
44. Johnston JB. 1898. Hind brain and cranial nerves of Acipenser. Anat Anz 14: 580-602.
45. Johnston JB. 1901. The brain of Acipenser. A contribution to the morphology of the vertebrate brain. Zool Jahrb Abt Anat Ontog 15: 59-260.
46. Jonas P, Bischofberger J, Sandkühler J. 1998. Corelease of two fast neurotransmitters at a central synapse. Science 281: 419-424.
47. Kálmán M. 1998. Astroglial architecture of the carp (Cyprinus carpio) brain as revealed by immunohistochemical staining against glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). Anat Embryol 198: 409-433.
48. Keller AF, Coull JAM, Chéry N, Poisbeau P, Koninck YD. 2001. Region-specific developmental specialization of GABA-glycine cosynapses in laminas I and II of the rat spinal dorsal horn. J Neurosci 21: 7871-7877.
49. Kotrschal K, Krautgartner WD, Adam H. 1983. Crown cells in the diencephalon of Acipenser ruthenus (Acipenseridae, Chondrostei). J Hirnforsch 24: 655-657.
50. Landwehr S, Dicke U. 2005. Distribution of GABA, glycine, and glutamate in neurons of the medulla oblongata and their projections to the midbrain tectum in plethodontid salamanders. J Comp Neurol 490: 145-162.
51. Larsell O. 1967. The comparative anatomy and histology of the cerebellum from myxinoids through birds. University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis.
52. Lazzari M, Franceschini V. 2004. Glial fibrillary acidic protein and vimentin immunoreactivity of astroglial cells in the central nervous system of the African lungfish, Protopterus annectens (Dipnoi: Lepidosirenidae). J Morphol 262: 741-749.
53. Leprêtre E, Anglade I, Williot P, Vandesande F, Tramu G, Kah O. 1993. Comparative distribution of mammalian GnRH (gonadotrophin-releasing hormone) and chicken GnRH-II in the brain of the immature Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baeri). J Comp Neurol 337: 568-583.
54. Manso MJ, Becerra M, Becerra M, Anadón R. 1997. Expression of a low-molecular-weight (10 kDa) calcium binding protein in glial cells of the brain of the trout (Teleostei). Anat Embryol 196: 403-416.
55. McClellan AD, Zhang L, Palmer R. 2006. Fluorogold labeling of descending brain neurons in larval lamprey does not cause cell death. Neurosci Lett 401: 119-124.
56. McCormick CA. 1982. The organization of the octavolateralis area in actinopterygian fishes: a new interpretation. J Morphol 171: 159-181.
57. Meléndez-Ferro M, Pérez-Costas E, Villar-Cheda B, Rodríguez-Muñoz R, Anadón R, Rodicio MC. 2003. Ontogeny of gamma-aminobutyric acid-immunoreactive neurons in the rhombencephalon and spinal cord of the sea lamprey. J Comp Neurol 464: 17-35.
58. Ménard A, Auclair F, Bourcier-Lucas C, Grillner S, Dubuc R. 2007. Descending GABAergic projections to the mesencephalic locomotor region in the lamprey Petromyzon marinus. J Comp Neurol 501: 260-273.
59. Metzen MG, Chambwa M, Wilkens LA, Hofmann MH. 2010. Descending projections to the hindbrain and spinal cord in the paddlefish Polyodon spathula. Brain Res 1317: 33-45.
60. Nakajima Y, Kohno K. 1978. Fine structure of the Mauthner cell: synaptic topography and comparative study. In: Faber DS, Korn H editors. Neurobiology of the Mauthner cell. New York: Raven Press. p 133-166.
61. Nelson JS. 2006. Fishes of the world. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
62. New JG. 1981. Central projections of the lateralis nerves in the shovelnose sturgeon, Scaphirhynchus platorynchus. MSc Dissertation, University of Michigan.
63. New JG, Bodznick D. 1985. Segregation of electroreceptive and mechanoreceptive lateral line afferents in the hindbrain of chondrostean fishes. Brain Res 336: 89-98.
64. New JG, Northcutt RG. 1984. Primary projections of the trigeminal nerve in two species of sturgeon: Acipenser oxyrhynchus and Scaphirhynchus platorynchus. J Comp Neurol 182: 125-136.
65. Nieuwenhuys R. 1998. Chondrostean fishes. In: Nieuwenhuys R, ten Donkelaar HJ, Nicholson C, editors. The central nervous system of vertebrates, vol 1. Berlin: Spinger Verlag. p 701-757.
66. O'Brien JA, Berger JA. 1999. Cotransmission of GABA and glycine to brainstem motoneurons. J Neurophysiol 82: 1638-1641.
67. Ohta Y, Grillner S. 1989. Monosynaptic excitatory amino acid transmission from the posterior rhombencephalic reticular nucleus to spinal neurons involved in the control of locomotion in lamprey. J Neurophysiol 62: 1079-1089.
68. Örnung G, Shupliakov O, Ottersen OP, Storm-Mathisen J, Cullheim S. 1994. Immunohistochemical evidence for coexistence of glycine and GABA in nerve terminals on cat spinal motoneurones: an ultrastructural study. Neuroreport 5: 889-892.
69. Ottersen OP, Storm-Mathisen J, Somogyi P. 1988. Colocalization of glycine-like and GABA-like immunoreactivities in Golgi cell terminals in rat cerebellum: a postembedding light and electron microscopic study. Brain Res 450: 342-353.
70. Pérez SE, Adrio F, Rodríguez MA, Rodríguez-Moldes I, Anadón R. 1996. NADPH-diaphorase histochemistry reveals oligodendrocytes in the rainbow trout (teleosts). Neurosci Lett 205: 83-86.
71. Piñuela C, Northcutt RG. 2007. Immunohistochemical organization of the forebrain in the white sturgeon, Acipenser transmontanus. Brain Behav Evol 69: 229-253.
72. Pombal MA, Marín O, González A. 2001. Distribution of choline acetyltransferase-immunoreactive structures in the lamprey brain. J Comp Neurol 431: 105-126.
73. Popratiloff A, Valtschanoff JG, Rustioni A, Weinberg RJ. 1996. Colocalization of GABA and glycine in the rat dorsal column nuclei. Brain Res 706: 308-312.
74. Pourcho RG, Goebel DJ, Jojich L, Hazlett JC. 1992. Immunocytochemical evidence for the involvement of glycine in sensory centers of the rat brain. Neuroscience 46: 643-656.
75. Raiteri L, Raiteri M. 2010. Functional "glial" GLYT1 glycine transporters expressed in neurons. J Neurochem 114: 647-653.
76. Raiteri L, Stigliani S, Usai C, Diaspro A, Paluzzi S, Milanese M, Raiteri M, Bonanno G. 2008. Functional expression of release regulating glycine transporters GLYT1 on GABAergic neurons and GLYT2 on astrocytes in mouse spinal cord. Neurochem Int 52: 103-112.
77. Rampon C, Luppi PH, Fort P, Peyron C, Jouvet M. 1996. Distribution of glycine-immunoreactive cell bodies and fibers in the rat brain. Neuroscience 75: 737-755.
78. Reichenberger I, Streit P, Ottersen OP, Dieringer N. 1993. GABA- and glycine-like immunoreactivities in the cerebellum of the frog. Neurosci Lett 154: 89-92.
79. Reichenberger I, Straka H, Ottersen OP, Streit P, Gerrits NM, Dieringer N. 1997. Distribution of GABA, glycine, and glutamate immunoreactivity in the vestibular nuclear complex of the frog. J Comp Neurol 377: 149-164.
80. Roberts A, Dale N, Ottersen OP, Storm-Mathisen J. 1988. Development and characterization of commissural interneurones in the spinal cord of Xenopus laevis embryos revealed by antibodies to glycine. Development 103: 447-461.
81. Ronan M, Northcutt RG. 1987. Primary projections of the lateral line nerves in adult lampreys. Brain Behav Evol 30: 62-81.
82. Rousseau F, Aubrey KR, Supplisson S. 2008. The glycine transporter GlyT2 controls the dynamics of synaptic vesicle refilling in inhibitory spinal cord neurons. J Neurosci 28: 9755-9768.
83. Rovainen CM. 1983. Generation of respiratory activity by the lamprey brain exposed to picrotoxin and strychnine, and weak synaptic inhibition in motoneurons. Neuroscience 10: 875-882.
84. Rupp B, Northcutt RG. 1998. The diencephalon and pretectum of the white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus): a cytoarchitectonic study. Brain Behav Evol 51: 239-262.
85. Saha S, Batten TFC, McWilliam PN. 1999. Glycine-immunoreactive synapses in the nucleus tractus solitarii of the cat: ultrastructure and relationship to GABA-immunoreactive terminals. Synapse 33: 192-206.
86. Saint Marie RL, Ostapoff EM, Morest DK, Wenthold RJ. 1989. Glycine immunoreactive projection of the cat lateral superior olive: possible role in midbrain ear dominance. J Comp Neurol 279: 382-396.
87. Saint Marie RL, Benson CG, Ostapoff EM, Morest DK. 1991. Glycine immunoreactive projections from the dorsal to the anteroventral cochlear nucleus. Hear Res 51: 11-28.
88. Seitanidou T, Triller A, Korn H. 1988. Distribution of glycine receptors on the membrane of a central neuron: an immunoelectron microscopy study. J Neurosci 8: 4319-4333.
89. Shupliakov O, Fagersted P, Ottersen OP, Storm-Mathiesen J, Grillner S, Brodin L. 1996. Immunocytochemical localization of glycine in the lamprey spinal cord with reference to GABAergic and glutamatergic synapses: a light and electron microscopic study. Acta Biol Hung 47: 393-410.
90. Spirou GA, Berrebi AS. 1997. Glycine immunoreactivity in the lateral nucleus of the trapezoid body of the cat. J Comp Neurol 383: 473-488.
91. Sueiro C, Carrera I, Ferreiro S, Molist P, Adrio F, Anadón R, Rodríguez-Moldes I. 2007. New insights on saccus vasculosus evolution: a developmental and immunohistochemical study in elasmobranchs. Brain Behav Evol 70: 187-204.
92. Sweazey RD. 1996. Distribution of GABA and glycine in the lamb nucleus of the solitary tract. Brain Res 737: 275-286.
93. Tanaka I, Ezure K. 2004. Overall distribution of GLYT2 mRNA-containing vs. GAD67 mRNA-containing neurons and colocalization of both mRNAs in midbrain, pons, and cerebellum in rats. Neurosci Res 49: 165-178.
94. Tanaka I, Ezure K, Kondo M. 2003. Distribution of glycine transporter 2 mRNA-containing neurons in relation to glutamic acid decarboxylase mRNA-containing neurons in rat medulla. Neurosci Res 47: 139-151.
95. Todd AJ, Sullivan AC. 1990. Light microscope study of the coexistence of GABA-like and glycine-like immunoreactivities in the spinal cord of the rat. J Comp Neurol 296: 496-505.
96. Todd AJ, Watt C, Spike RC, Sieghart W. 1996. Colocalization of GABA, glycine, and their receptors at synapses in rat spinal cord. J Neurosci 16: 974-982.
97. Triller A, Sur C, Korn H. 1993. Heterogeneous distribution of glycinergic and GABAergic afferents on an identified central neuron. J Comp Neurol 338: 83-96.
98. Uematsu K, Shirasaki M, Storm-Mathisen J. 1993. GABA- and glycine-immunoreactive neurons in the spinal cord of the carp, Cyprinus carpio. J Comp Neurol 332: 59-68.
99. Van den Pol AN, Gorcs T. 1988. Glycine and glycine receptor immunoreactivity in brain and spinal cord. J Neurosci 8: 472-492.
100. Vesselkin NP, Rio JP, Adanina VO, Kenigfest NB, Repérant J. 1995. Colocalization of glutamate and glycine in giant fiber synapses of the lamprey spinal cord. J Hirnforsch 36: 229-237.
101. Vesselkin NP, Rio JP, Adanina VO, Repérant J. 2000. GABA- and glycine-immunoreactive terminals contacting motoneurons in lamprey spinal cord. J Chem Neuroanat 19: 69-80.
102. Villar-Cerviño V, Abalo XM, Villar-Cheda B, Meléndez-Ferro M, Pérez-Costas E, Holstein GR, Martinelli GP, Rodicio MC, Anadón R. 2006. Presence of glutamate, glycine, and gamma-aminobutyric acid in the retina of the larval sea lamprey: comparative immunohistochemical study of classical neurotransmitters in larval and postmetamorphic retinas. J Comp Neurol 499: 810-827.
103. Villar-Cerviño V, Barreiro-Iglesias A, Anadón R, Rodicio MC. 2008a. Distribution of glycine immunoreactivity in the brain of adult sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus). Comparison with gamma-aminobutyric acid. J Comp Neurol 507: 1441-1463.
104. Villar-Cerviño V, Holstein GR, Martinelli GP, Anadón R, Rodicio MC. 2008b. Glycine-immunoreactive neurons in the developing spinal cord of the sea lamprey: comparison with the gamma-aminobutyric acidergic system. J Comp Neurol 508: 112-130.
105. Villar-Cerviño V, Barreiro-Iglesias A, Anadón R, Rodicio MC. 2009. Development of glycine immunoreactivity in the brain of the sea lamprey: comparison with γ-aminobutyric acid immunoreactivity. J Comp Neurol 512: 747-767.
106. Walberg F, Ottersen OP, Rinvik E. 1990. GABA, glycine, aspartate, glutamate and taurine in the vestibular nuclei: an immunocytochemical investigation in the cat. Exp Brain Res 79: 547-563.
107. Wannier T, Orlovsky G, Grillner S. 1995. Reticulospinal neurones provide monosynaptic glycinergic inhibition of spinal neurones in lamprey. Neuroreport 6: 1597-1600.
108. Wenthold RJ, Huie D, Altschuler RA, Reeks KA. 1987. Glycine immunoreactivity localized in the cochlear nucleus and superior olivary complex. Neuroscience 22: 897-912.
109. Wood PL. 2005. The NMDA receptor complex: a long and winding road to therapeutics. IDrugs 8: 229-235.
110. Yamamoto N, Yoshimoto M, Albert JS, Sawai N, Ito H. 1999. Tectal fiber connections in a non-teleost actinopterygian fish, the sturgeon Acipenser. Brain Behav Evol 53: 142-155.
111. Young AB, Snyder SH. 1974. The glycine synaptic receptor: evidence that strychnine binding is associated with the ionic conductance mechanism. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 71: 4002-4005.
112. Zeilhofer HU, Studler B, Arabadzisz D, Schweizer C, Ahmadi S, Layh B, Bosl MR, Fritschy JM. 2005. Glycinergic neurons expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein in bacterial artificial chromosome transgenic mice. J Comp Neurol 482: 123-141.