"If i was going to design a chair, the last thing i would look at is a chair": Product analysis and the causes of fixation in students' design work 11-16 years

International Journal of Technology and Design Education

Volumn 21, Issue 1, 2011, Pages 71-92

  McLellan, Ros ^a   Nicholl, Bill ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Ambiguity; Creativity; Fixation; Risk; Scaffolding; Task demands

Indexed keywords

AMBIGUITY; CREATIVITY; FIXATION; SCAFFOLDING; TASK DEMANDS;

ECONOMICS; STUDENTS;

PRODUCT DESIGN;

EID: 79951558399     PISSN: 09577572     EISSN: 15731804     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s10798-009-9107-7     Document Type: Article

References (86)

1. Adey, P. (2004). The professional development of teachers: Practice and theory. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer.
2. Amabile, T. (1983). The social psychology of creativity. New York: Springer.
3. Amabile, T. (1996). Creativity in context. Boulder, Colorado: Westview.
4. C Ames 1992 Classrooms: Goals, structures and student motivation Journal of Educational Psychology 84 3 261 271 10.1037/0022-0663.84.3.261
5. S Atkinson 2000 Does the need for high levels of performance curtail the development of creativity in design and technology project work? International Journal of Technology and Design Education 10 255 281 10.1023/A:1008904330356
6. Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
7. Barlex, D. (2003). Creativity in Crisis Design and Technology at KS3 and KS4: DATA Research Paper No. 18. Design and Technology Association; Nuffield Design & Technology, London.
8. F Barron DM Harrington 1981 Creativity, intelligence and personality Annual Review of Psychology 32 439 476 10.1146/annurev.ps.32.020181.002255
9. Bartlett, F. C. (1932). Remembering. London: Cambridge University Press.
10. Brown, A. L. (1987). Metacognition, executive control, self-regulation, and other more mysterious mechanisms. In F. E. Weinert & R. H. Kluwe (Eds.), Metacognition, motivation and understanding. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
11. Bruner, J. (1973). Beyond the information given. London: Grant McIntyre.
12. Channel 4 (Writer) (2000). Better by design [TV]. UK: Channel 4.
13. H Christiaans K Venselaar 2005 Creativity in design engineering and the role of knowledge: Modelling the expert International Journal of Technology and Design Education 15 3 217 236 10.1007/s10798-004-1904-4 (Pubitemid 41367552)
14. Clegg, D.; & Billington, S. (1994). The effective primary classroom: Management and organisation of teaching and learning. London: David Fulton.
15. Cohen, L.; & Manion, L. (1994). Research methods in education (4th ed.). London: Routledge.
16. Condoor, S. S.; Brock, H. R.; & Burger, C. P. (1993). Innovation through early recognition of critical design parameters. Paper presented at the Meeting of the American Society for Engineering Education.
17. Cox, G. (2005). Cox review of creativity in business: Building on the UK's strengths. Retrieved February, 2006, from http://hm-treasury.gov.uk/ independent-reviews/cox-review/coxreview-index.cfm.
18. Craft, A. (2005). Creativity in schools: Tensions and dilemmas. London: Routledge.
19. Creative Economy Programme. (2006). Education and skills. Retrieved. from http://www.cep.culture.gov.uk/index.cfm?fuseaction=main. viewSection&intSectionID=336.
20. Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1992). Flow: The psychology of happiness. London: Rider.
21. Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1999). Implications of a systems perspective for the study of creativity. In R. J. Sternberg (Ed.), Handbook of creativity (pp. 313-335). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
22. DCSF & QCA. (2007). The national curriculum 2007. Retrieved 01/10/2009, from http://curriculum.qcda.gov.uk/key-stages-3-and-4/subjects/ design-and-technology/index.aspx.
23. Denzin, N. K. (1989). The research act in sociology: A theoretical introduction to sociological methods (3rd ed.). London: The Butterworth Group.
24. Department for Culture Media and Sport. (2005). The creative economy programme. Retrieved 25 January, 2007, from www.cep.culture.gov.uk.
25. Department for Culture Media and Sport. (2006). Government welcomes report on creativity in schools. Retrieved 3 August, 2006, from www.culture.gov.uk/global/press-notices/archive-2006/dcms103-06.htm.
26. DfEE & QCA. (1999). Design and technology: The national curriculum for England. London.
27. W Doyle 1983 Academic work Review of Educational Research 53 2 159 199
28. Duncker, K. (1945). On problem solving. Psychological Monographs, 58 (whole issue).
29. Eastman, C. (2000). New directions in design cognition: Studies of representation and recall. In C. Eastman, M. McCracken, & W. Newstetter (Eds.), Design knowing and learning: Cognition in design education (pp. 147-198). Amsterdam: Elsevier.
30. Ely, M.; Anzul, M.; Friedman, T.; Garner, D.; & McCormack Steinmetz, A. (1991). Doing qualitative research: Circles within circles. London: The Falmer Group.
31. Finke, R. A. (1995). Creative Realism. In S. M. Smith, T. B. Ward, & R. A. Finke (Eds.), The creative cognition approach (pp. 303-326). Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT.
32. Finke, R. A.; Ward, T. B.; & Smith, S. M. (1992). Creative cognition: Theory, research and applications. Cambridge, MA: MIT.
33. Flavell, J. H. (1987). Speculations about the nature and development of metacognition. In F. E. Weinert & R. H. Kluwe (Eds.), Metacognition, motivation and understanding. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
34. Fraser, D. (2000). NVivo reference guide (3rd ed.). Melbourne, Australia: QSR International Pty. Ltd.
35. PA Howard-Jones 2002 A dual-state model of creative cognition for supporting strategies that foster creativity in the classroom International Journal of Technology and Design Education 12 215 226 10.1023/A:1020243429353 (Pubitemid 35152258)
36. PA Howard-Jones S Murray 2003 Ideational productivity, focus of attention, and context Creativity Research Journal 15 2&3 153 166 10.1207/S15326934CRJ152&3-07 (Pubitemid 37189677)
37. DG Jansson SM Smith 1991 Design fixation Design Studies 12 1 3 11 10.1016/0142-694X(91)90003-F
38. R Johnsey 1995 The design process-does it exist? International Journal of Technology and Design Education 5 3 199 217 10.1007/BF00769904
39. R Johnsey 1997 Improving children's performance in the procedures of Design & Technology Journal of Design and Technology Education 2 3 201 207
40. A Karmiloff-Smith 1990 Constraints on representational change: Evidence from children's drawing Cognition 34 57 83 10.1016/0010-0277(90)90031-E
41. Keirl, S. (2005). Australia expects ⋯ skills, creativity, innovation and Nelsonian broadsides: Design and technology education and blurry curriculum visions. Paper presented at the Australia Curriculum Studies Association Biennial Conference, University of the Sunshine Coast, Queensland.
42. R Kimbell 2000 Creativity in crisis Journal of Design and Technology Education 5 3 206 211
43. R Kimbell 2000 Creativity, risk and the curriculum Journal of Design and Technology Education 5 1 3 4
44. R Kimbell K Stables J Sprake 2002 Designers in action: An evaluation of the impact of the Design Museum workshop series Journal of Design and Technology Education 7 2 101 107
45. Kimbell, R.; Stables, K.; Wheeler, T.; Wosniak, A.; & Kelly, V. (1991). The assessment of performance in Design and Technology. London: School Examinations and Assessment Council.
46. DR Krathwohl 2002 A revision of Bloom's taxonomy: An overview Theory into Practice 41 4 212 218 10.1207/s15430421tip4104-2
47. Lave, J.; & Wenger, E. (1991). Situated learning. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
48. Lavie, N. (2000). Selective attention and cognitive control: Dissociating attentional functions through different types of load. In S. Monsell & J. Driver (Eds.), Control of cognitive processes, attention and performance XVIII (pp. 175-194). Cambridge, MA: MIT.
49. Lubart, T. I.; & Sternberg, R. J. (1995). An investment approach to creativity: Theory and data. In S. M. Smith, T. B. Ward, & R. A. Finke (Eds.), The creative cognition approach (pp. 271-302). Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT.
50. Lunn, S.; Murphy, P.; & Davidson, M. (2002). Developing an effective pedagogy for creative problem-solving in Design and Technology. Report no. KN4239, Open University, Milton Keynes.
51. Madriz, M. (2000). Focus groups in feminist research. In K. Denzin & Y. S. Lincoln (Eds.), Handbook of qualitative research (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
52. B Mawson 2003 Beyond 'the design process': An alternative pedagogy for technology education International Journal of Technology and Design Education 13 2 117 128 10.1023/A:1024186814591
53. H Middleton 2005 Creative thinking, values and design and technology education International Journal of Technology and Design Education 15 61 71 10.1007/s10798-004-6199-y (Pubitemid 40356998)
54. Miles, M. B.; & Huberman, A. M. (1994). Qualitative data analysis (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
55. D Mioduser O Dagan 2007 The effect of alternative approaches to design instruction (structural or functional) on students' mental models of technological design processes International Journal of Technology and Design Education 17 2 135 148 10.1007/s10798-006-0004-z
56. P Murphy S Lunn H Jones 2006 The impact of authentic learning on students' engagement with physics The Curriculum Journal 17 3 229 246 10.1080/09585170600909688
57. Neisser, U. (1976). Cognition and reality: Principles and implications of cognitive psychology. San Francisco, CA: W. H. Freeman.
58. Nicholl, B. (2002). Pedagogy and designing in schools. Paper presented at the DATA International Research Conference, Wellesbourne.
59. Nicholl, B. (2004). Teaching and learning creativity. Paper presented at the DATA International Research Conference, Wellesbourne.
60. B Nicholl R McLellan 2007 'Oh yeah, yeah you get a lot of love hearts. The Year 9 s are notorious for love hearts. Everything is love hearts'. Fixation in pupils' design and technology work (11-16 years) Design and Technology Education: An International Journal 12 1 34 44
61. B Nicholl R McLellan 2008 'We're all in this game whether we like it or not to get a number of As to Cs'. Design and technology teachers' struggles to implement the creativity and performativity policies British Educational Research Journal 34 5 585 600 10.1080/01411920802223875
62. Office for Standards in Education. (2001/2). Ofsted subject reports secondary Design and Technology. Retrieved April, 2004, from www.dfes.gov.uk.
63. Office for Standards in Education. (2003). Expecting the unexpected: Developing creativity in primary and secondary schools. London: Ofsted.
64. TA Purcell JS Gero 1996 Design and other types of fixation Design Studies 17 4 363 383 10.1016/S0142-694X(96)00023-3 (Pubitemid 126361612)
65. QCA. (2007a). The 11-19 reform programme: Qualifications and Curriculum Authority. Retrieved 24 September, 2007, from www.qca.org.uk/11-19reform.
66. QCA. (2007b). Reviewing the secondary national curriculum: Qualifications and Curriculum Authority. Retrieved 24 September, 2007, from www.qca.org.uk/secondarycurriculumreview.
67. Roberts, P. (2006). Nurturing creativity in young people. London: Joint Publication: Department for Culture, Media and Sport & DfES.
68. P Roberts E Norman 1999 Models of Design & Technology and their significance for research and curriculum development Journal of Design and Technology Education 4 2 124 131
69. Robinson, K. (1999). All our futures: Creativity, culture and education. Suffolk: National Advisory Committee on Creative and Cultural Education, DfES.
70. B Rosenshine C Meister S Chapman 1996 Teaching students to generate questions: A review of the intervention studies Review of Educational Research 66 2 181 221 (Pubitemid 126105414)
71. Rudduck, J.; & Flutter, J. (2004). How to improve your school: Giving pupils a voice. London: Continuum.
72. KWM Siu 2003 Nurturing all-round engineering and product designers International Journal of Technology and Design Education 13 3 243 254 10.1023/A:1026101210221
73. Smith, S. M. (1995). Fixation, incubation, and insight in memory and creative thinking. In S. M. Smith, T. B. Ward, & R. A. Finke (Eds.), The creative cognition approach (pp. 135-156). Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
74. Smith, S. M. (2003). The constraining effects of initial ideas. In P. B. Paulus & B. A. Nijstad (Eds.), Group creativity: Innovation through collaboration (pp. 15-31). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
75. Smith, S. M.; Ward, T. B.; & Finke, R. A. (Eds.). (1995). The creative cognition approach. Cambridge, MA: MIT.
76. Sternberg, R. J.; Lubart, T. I.; Kaufman, J. C.; & Pretz, J. E. (2005). Creativity. In K. J. Holyoak & R. G. Morrison (Eds.), The Cambridge handbook of thinking and reasoning (pp. 351-369). New York: Cambridge University Press.
77. TB Ward 1994 Structured imagination: The role of conceptual structure in exemplar generation Cognitive Psychology 27 1 40 10.1006/cogp.1994.1010 (Pubitemid 24811160)
78. Ward, T. B. (1995). What's old about new ideas? In S. M. Smith, T. B. Ward, & R. A. Finke (Eds.), The creative cognition approach (pp. 157-178). Cambridge, MA: MIT.
79. TB Ward MJ Patterson CM Sifonis 2004 The role of specificity and abstraction in creative idea generation Creativity Research Journal 16 1 1 9 10.1207/s15326934crj1601-1 (Pubitemid 38483941)
80. TB Ward MJ Patterson CM Sifonis RA Dodds KN Saunders 2002 The role of graded category structure in imaginative thought Memory and Cognition 30 2 199 216 (Pubitemid 34595837)
81. TB Ward CM Sifonis 1997 Task demands and generative thinking: What changes and what remains the same? Journal of Creative Behaviour 31 245 259
82. Ward, T. B.; Smith, S. M.; & Finke, R. A. (1999). Creative cognition. In R. J. Sternberg (Ed.), Handbook of creativity (pp. 189-212). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
83. Ward, T. B.; Smith, S. M.; & Vaid, J. (1997). Conceptual structures and processes in creative thought. In T. B. Ward, S. M. Smith, & J. Vaid (Eds.), Creative thought: An investigation of conceptual structures and processes (pp. 1-27). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
84. M Watts D Ebbutt 1987 More than a sum of the parts: Research methods in group interviewing British Educational Research Journal 13 1 25 34 10.1080/0141192870130103
85. Weisberg, R. W. (1999). Creativity and knowledge: A challenge to theories. In R. J. Sternberg (Ed.), Handbook of creativity (pp. 226-250). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
86. D Wood JS Bruner G Ross 1976 The role of tutoring in problem solving Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 17 89 100 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1976. tb00381.x