Ganging up or sticking together? Group processes and children's responses to text-message bullying

British Journal of Psychology

Volumn 102, Issue 1, 2011, Pages 71-96

  Jones, Siân E ^a   Manstead, Antony S R ^a   Livingstone, Andrew G ^a  

^a CARDIFF UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 79751476342     PISSN: 00071268     EISSN: 20448325     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1348/000712610X502826     Document Type: Article

References (63)

1. Aiken, L. S., & West, S. G. (1991). Multiple regression: Testing and interpreting interactions. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
2. Atlas, R. S., & Pepler, D. J. (1998). Observations of bullying in the classroom. Journal of Educational Research, 92, 86-99. doi:
3. Barrett, M., et al. (2007). The development of children's subjective identifications with their own nation and state. In M. Barrett (Ed.), Children's knowledge, beliefs and feelings about nations and national groups (pp. 195-252). Hove: Psychology Press.
4. Besley, B. (n.d.). Cyberbullying. Retrieved from
5. Boulton, M., Trueman, M., Chau, C., Whiteland, C., & Amatya, K. (1999). Concurrent and longitudinal links between friendship and peer targetization: Implications for befriending interventions. Journal of Adolescence, 22, 461-466. doi:
6. Broadhurst, K., Duffin, M., & Taylor, E. (2008). Gangs and schools: An interim report for the NASUWT. Retrieved from the Guardian Education website:
7. Cameron, J. E. (2004). A three-factor model of social identity. Self and Identity, 3, 239-262. doi:
8. Campbell, M. A. (2005). Cyberbullying: An old problem in a new guise Australian Journal of Guidance and Counselling, 15, 68-76. doi:
9. Chisholm, J. F. (2006). Cyberspace violence against girls and adolescent females. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1087, 74-89. doi:
10. Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. (2nd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
11. Cowie, H., Naylor, P., Talamelli, L., Smith, P. K., & Chauhan, P. (2002). Knowledge, use of and attitudes towards peer support: A two year follow-up to the Prince's Trust survey. Journal of Adolescence, 25, 453-467. doi:
12. Davies, C. (2009, February 1). Boy 'killed by train after gang chase'. The Guardian. Retrieved from
13. Duffy, A. L., & Nesdale, D. (2009). Peer groups, social identity, and children's bullying behaviour. Social Development, 18, 121-139. doi:
14. Emler, N., & Reicher, S. (1995). Adolescence and delinquency: The collective management of reputation. Oxford: Blackwell.
15. Emler, N., & Reicher, S. (2005). Delinquency: Cause or consequence of social exclusion? In D. Abrams, M. A. Hogg, & J. M. Marques (Eds.), The social psychology of inclusion and exclusion (pp. 211-241). Hove: Psychology Press.
16. Frijda, N. H. (1986). The emotions. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
17. Gini, G. (2006). Bullying as a social process: The role of group membership in students' perception of inter-group aggression at school. Journal of School Psychology, 44, 51-65. doi:
18. Gini, G. (2007). Who is blameworthy? Social identity and inter-group bullying. School Psychology International, 28, 77-89. doi:
19. Gordijn, E. H., Yzerbyt, V., Wigboldus, D., & Dumont, M. (2006). Emotional reactions to harmful intergroup behavior. European Journal of Social Psychology, 36, 15-30. doi:
20. Horne, A. M., Stoddard, J. L., & Bell, C. D. (2007). Group approaches to reducing aggression and bullying in school. Group Dynamics - Theory, Research and Practice, 11(4), 262-271. doi:
21. Iyer, A., & Leach, C. W. (2008). Emotion in intergroup relations. European Review of Social Psychology, 19, 86-125. doi:
22. Jetten, J., Spears, R., & Manstead, A. S. R. (1997). Strength of identification and intergroup differentiation: The influence of group norms. European Journal of Social Psychology, 27, 603-609. doi:
23. Jones, S. E., Haslam, S. A., York, L., & Ryan, M. K. (2008). Rotten apple or rotten barrel? Social identity and children's responses to bullying. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 26, 117-132. doi:
24. Jones, S. E., Manstead, A., & Livingstone, A. (2009). Birds of a feather perpetrator together: Group processes and children's responses to bullying. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 27, (4) 853-873. doi:
25. Klein, O., Spears, R., & Reicher, S. (2007). Social identity performance: Extending the strategic side of SIDE. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 11, 28-45. doi:
26. Leach, C. W., Van Zomeren, M., Zebel, S., Vliek, M., Pennekamp, S. F., Doosje, B., & Spears, R. (2008). Self-definition and self-investment: A multi-component model of in-group identification. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95, 144-165. doi:
27. Li, Q. (2006). Cyberbullying in schools: A research of gender differences. School Psychology International, 27, 157-170. doi:
28. Li, Q. (2007). New bottle but old wine? A research of cyberbullying in schools. Computers in Human Behavior, 23, 1777-1791. doi:
29. Lickel, B., Schmader, T., & Barquissau, M. (2004). The evocation of moral emotions in intergroup contexts. In N. R. Branscombe & B. Doosje (Eds.), Collective guilt: International perspectives (pp. 35-55). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
30. Mackie, D. M., Devos, T., & Smith, E. R. (2000). Intergroup emotions: Explaining offensive action tendencies in an intergroup context. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79, 602-616. doi:
31. Mallett, R. K., & Swim, J. K. (2007). The influence of inequality, responsibility and justifiability on reports of group-based guilt for ingroup privilege. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, 10, 57-69. doi:
32. Mascalo, M. F., & Fischer, K. W. (1995). Developmental transformations in appraisals for pride, shame and guilt. In J. P. Tangney & K. W. Fischer (Eds.), Self-conscious emotions (pp. 64-113). New York: Guilford Press.
33. Morrison, B. (2006). School bullying and restorative justice: Toward a theoretical understanding of the role of respect, pride and shame. Journal of Social Issues, 62, 371-392. doi:
34. Naylor, P., & Cowie, H. (1999). The effectiveness of peer support systems in challenging bullying in schools: The perspectives and experiences of teachers and pupils. Journal of Adolescence, 22, 467-479. doi:
35. Nesdale, D., Durkin, K., Maass, A., & Griffiths, J. (2005). Threat, group identification, and children's ethnic prejudice. Social Development, 14, 189-205. doi:
36. Ojala, K., & Nesdale, D. (2004). Bullying and social identity: The effects of group norms and distinctiveness threat on attitudes towards bullying. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 22, 19-35. doi:
37. Parkinson, B. (1996). Emotions are social. British Journal of Psychology, 87, 663-683.
38. Parkinson, B., Fischer, A., & Manstead, A. S. R. (2005). Emotion in social relations: Cultural, group and interpersonal processes. Hove/Sussex: Psychology Press.
39. Patchin, J. W., & Hinduja, S. (2006). Bullies move beyond the schoolyard: A preliminary look at cyberbullying. Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice, 4, 148-169. doi:
40. Postmes, T., Lea, M., Spears, R., Reicher, S. D. (Eds.), (2000). SIDE issues centre stage: Recent developments in studies of de-individuation in groups. Amsterdam: KNAW.
41. Reicher, S., Spears, R., & Postmes, T. (1995). A social identity model of deindividuation phenomena. In W. Stroebe & M. Hewstone (Eds.), European review of social psychology, (Vol. 6, pp. 161-198). Chichester: Wiley.
42. Rodriguez Mosquera, P. M., Manstead, A. S. R., & Fischer, A. H. (2000). The role of honor-related values in the elicitation, experience and communication of pride, shame and anger: Spain and the Netherlands compared. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 26, 7, 833-844. doi:
43. Rutland, A., Abrams, D., & Cameron, L. (2006). Children's attitudes towards non-conformists: Intergroup relations and social exclusion in middle childhood. International Journal on School Disaffection, 4, 45-52.
44. Salmivalli, C. (1999). Participant role approach to school bullying: Implications for interventions. Journal of Adolescence, 22, 453-459. doi:
45. Scheithauer, H., Hayer, T., Pettermann, F., & Jugert, G. (2006). Physical, verbal and relational bullying among German students: Age trends, gender differences and correlates. Aggressive Behavior, 32, 261-275. doi:
46. Seaman, P., Turner, K., Hill, M., Stafford, A., & Walker, M. (2006). Parenting and children's resilience in disadvantaged communities: Findings. Retrieved from
47. Sentse, M., Scholte, R., Salmivalli, C., & Voeten, M. (2007). Person-group dissimilarity in involvement in bullying and its relation with social status. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 35, 1009-1019. doi:
48. Siddique, H. (2008, February 1). Boy, 13, arrested over stabbing. The Guardian. Retrieved from
49. Smith, E. R. (1993). Social identity and social emotions: Toward new conceptualizations of prejudice. In D. M. Mackie & D. L. Hamilton (Eds.), Affect, cognition, and stereotyping: Interactive processes in group perception (pp. 297-315). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
50. Smith, H. J., Cronin, T., & Kessler, T. (2008). Anger, fear, or sadness: Faculty members' emotional reactions to collective pay disadvantage. Political Psychology, 29, 221-246. doi:
51. Smith, P. K., & Brain, P. (2000). Bullying in schools: Lessons from two decades of research. Aggressive Behavior, 26, 1-9. doi:
52. Smith, P. K., Mahdavi, J., Carvalho, M., Fisher, S., Russell, S., & Tippett, N. (2008). Cyberbullying: Its nature and impact in secondary school pupils. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 49, 376-385. doi:
53. Smith, P. K., & Shu, S. (2000). What good schools can do about bullying: Findings from a survey in English schools after a decade of research and action. Childhood, 7, 193-212. doi:
54. Tajfel, H., Billig, M. G., Bundy, R. P., & Flament, C. (1971). Social categorization and intergroup behavior. European Journal of Social Psychology, 1, 149-177. doi:
55. Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. C. (1979). An integrative theory of intergroup conflict. In W. G. Austin & S. Worchel (Eds.), The social psychology of intergroup relations (pp. 33-47). Monterey, CA: Brooks/Cole.
56. Tangney, J. P., & Dearing, R. (2002). Shame and guilt. New York: Guilford Press.
57. Tracy, J. L., & Robins, R. W. (2004). Putting the self into self-conscious emotions: A theoretical model. Psychological Inquiry, 15, 103-125. doi:
58. Turner, J. C. (1999). Some current issues in research on social identity and self-categorization theories. In N. Ellemers, R. Spears & B. Doosje (Eds.), Social identity: Context, commitment, content (pp. 6-34). Oxford: Blackwell.
59. Turner, J. C., Hogg, M. A., Oakes, P. J., Reicher, S. D., & Wetherell, M. S. (1987). Rediscovering the social group: A self-categorization theory. Oxford: Blackwell.
60. Van Zomeren, M., Postmes, T., & Spears, R. (2008). Toward an integrative social identity model of collective action: A quantitative research synthesis of three socio-psychological perspectives. Psychological Bulletin, 134, 504-535. doi:
61. Van Zomeren, M., Spears, R., Fischer, A., & Leach, C. W. (2004). Put your money where your mouth is! Explaining collective action tendencies through group-based anger and group efficacy. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 87, 649-664. doi:
62. Ybarra, M. L., & Mitchell, K. (2007). Prevalence and frequency of Internet harassment instigation: Implications for adolescent health. Journal of Adolescent Health, 41, 189-195. doi:
63. Yzerbyt, V., Dumont, M., Wigboldus, D., & Gordijn, E. (2003). I feel for us: The impact of categorization and identification on emotions and action tendencies. British Journal of Social Psychology, 42, 533-549. doi: