Emotion in inter-group relations

European Review of Social Psychology

Volumn 19, Issue 1, 2008, Pages 86-125

  Iyer, Aarti ^a   Leach, Colin Wayne ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND   (Australia)

^b UNIVERSITY OF SUSSEX   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Emotion; Group identification; Intergroup relations; Self categorisation; Self relevance

Indexed keywords

EID: 67650781926     PISSN: 10463283     EISSN: 1479277X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/10463280802079738     Document Type: Article

References (70)

1. Arnold, M. B., 1960. Emotion and personality, Vol. 1 & 2, New York: Columbia University Press.
2. Ashmore, R. D., Deaux, K., and McLaughlin-Volpe, T., 2004. An organizing framework for collective identity: Articulation and significance of multidimensionality. Psychological Bulletin, 130: 80–114.
3. Batson, C. D., 1998. “ Altruism and prosocial behaviour ”. In The handbook of social psychology, 4th ed, Edited by: Gilbert, D. T., Fiske, S. T., and Lindzey, G., Vol. 2, 282–316. Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill.
4. Batson, C. D., Polycarpou, M. P., Harmon-Jones, E., Imhoff, H. J., Mitchener, E. C., Bednar, L. L., 1997. Empathy and attitudes: Can feeling for a member of a stigmatised group improve feelings toward the group?. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72: 105–118.
5. Bizman, A., and Hoffman, M., 1993. Expectations, emotions, and preferred responses regarding the Arab–Israeli conflict: An attributional analysis. The Journal of Conflict Resolution, 37: 139–159.
6. Bizman, A., Yinon, Y., and Krotman, S., 2001. Group-based emotional distress: An extension of self-discrepancy theory. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27: 1291–1300.
7. Branscombe, N. R., 2004. “ A social psychological process perspective on collective guilt ”. In Collective guilt: International perspectives, Edited by: Branscombe, N. R., and Doosje, B., 320–334. New York: Cambridge University Press.
8. Branscombe, N. R., Ellemers, N., Spears, R., and Doosje, B., 1999. “ The context and content of social identity threat ”. In Social identity: Context, commitment, content, Edited by: Ellemers, N., Spears, R., and Doosje, B., 35–58. Oxford, UK: Blackwell.
9. Branscombe, N. R., Slugoski, B., and Kappen, D. M., 2004. “ The measurement of collective guilt: What it is and what it is not ”. In Collective guilt: International perspectives, Edited by: Branscombe, N. R., and Doosje, B., 16–34. New York: Cambridge University Press.
10. British Broadcasting Corporation. June 22 2004. Bush's foreign policy: Your views June 22, Retrieved 20 February 2008 from http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/3808299.stm
11. Cottrell, C. A., and Neuberg, S. L., 2005. Differential emotional reactions to different groups: A sociofunctional threat-based approach to “prejudice”. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88: 770–789.
12. Crisp, R. J., Heuston, S., Farr, M. J., and Turner, R. N., 2007. Seeing red or feeling blue: Differentiated intergroup emotions and ingroup identification in soccer fans. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 10: 9–25.
13. Dijker, A. J. M., 1987. Emotional reactions to ethnic minorities. European Journal of Social Psychology, 17: 305–325.
14. Doosje, B., Branscombe, N. R., Spears, R., and Manstead, A. S. R., 1998. Guilty by association: When one's group has a negative history. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75: 872–886.
15. Doosje, B., Branscombe, N. R., Spears, R., and Manstead, A. S. R., 2006. Antecedents and consequences of group-based guilt: The effects of ingroup identification. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, 9: 325–338.
16. Dumont, M., Yzerbyt, V. Y., Wigboldus, D., and Gordijn, E. H., 2003. Social categorisation and fear reactions to the September 11th terrorist attaches. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29: 1509–1520.
17. Ellemers, N., Spears, R., and Doosje, B., 2002. Self and social identity. Annual Review of Psychology, 53: 161–186.
18. Fiske, S. T., Cuddy, A. J. C., Glick, P., and Xu, J., 2002. A model of (often mixed) stereotype content: Competence and warmth respectively follow from perceived status and competition. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82: 878–902.
19. Frijda, N., 1986. The emotions, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
20. Garcia, A. L., Miller, D. A., Smith, E. R. M., and Mackie, D. M., 2006. Thanks for the compliment? Emotional reactions to group-level versus individual-level compliments and insults. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, 9: 307–324.
21. Gordijn, E. H., Wigboldus, D., and Yzerbyt, V., 2001. Emotional consequences of categorising victims of negative outgroup behaviour as ingroup or outgroup. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, 4: 317–326.
22. Gordijn, E. H., Yzerbyt, V., Wigboldus, D., and Dumont, M., 2006. Emotional reactions to harmful intergroup behaviour. European Journal of Social Psychology, 36: 15–30.
23. Harth, N. S., Kessler, T., and Leach, C. W., 2008. Advantaged group's emotional reactions to inter-group inequality: The dynamics of pride, guilt, and sympathy. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 34: 115–129.
24. Iyer, A., Leach, C. W., and Crosby, F. J., 2003. White guilt and racial compensation: The benefits and limits of self-focus. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29: 117–129.
25. Iyer, A., Schmader, T., and Lickel, B., 2007. Why individuals protest the perceived transgressions of their country: The role of anger, shame, and guilt. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 33: 572–587.
26. Johns, M., Schmader, T., and Lickel, B., 2005. Ashamed to be an American? The role of identification in predicting vicarious shame for anti-Arab prejudice after 9–11. Self and Identity, 4: 331–348.
27. Kessler, T., and Hollbach, S., 2005. Group-based emotions as determinants of ingroup identification. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 41: 677–685.
28. Lazarus, R. S., 1991. Emotion and adaptation, New York: Oxford University Press.
29. Leach, C. W., Ellemers, N., and Barreto, M., 2007a. Group virtue: The importance of morality (vs. competence and sociability) in the positive evaluation of in-groups. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 93: 234–279.
30. Leach, C. W., Iyer, A., and Pedersen, A., 2006. Guilt and anger about in-group advantage as explanations of the willingness for political action. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 32: 1232–1245.
31. Leach, C. W., Iyer, A., and Pedersen, A., 2007b. Angry opposition to government redress: When the structurally advantaged perceive themselves as relatively deprived. British Journal of Social Psychology, 46: 191–204.
32. Leach, C. W., Snider, N., and Iyer, A., 2002. “Poisoning the consciences of the fortunate”: The experience of relative advantage and support for social equality ”. In Relative deprivation: Specification, development, integration, Edited by: Walker, I., and Smith, H. J., 136–163. New York: Cambridge University Press.
33. Leach, C. W., Spears, R., Branscombe, N. R., and Doosje, B., 2003. Malicious pleasure: Schadenfreude at the suffering of another group. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84: 932–943.
34. Leach, C. W., Van Zomeren, M., Zebel, S., Vliek, M., Pennekamp, S. F., Doosje, B., in press. Group-level self-definition and self-investment: A hierarchical (multi-component) model of in-group identification. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.
35. Lickel, B., Schmader, T., Curtis, M., Scarnier, M., and Ames, D. R., 2005. Vicarious shame and guilt. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, 8: 145–157.
36. Luhtanen, R., and Crocker, J., 1992. A collective self-esteem scale: Self-evaluation of one's social identity. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 18: 302–318.
37. MacCallum, R. C., Zhang, S., Preacher, K. J., and Rucker, D. D., 2002. On the practice of dichotomization of quantitative variables. Psychological Methods, 7: 19–40.
38. McCoy, S. K., and Major, B., 2003. Group identification moderates emotional responses to perceived prejudice. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29: 1005–1017.
39. McGarty, C., Pedersen, A., Leach, C. W., Mansell, T., Waller, J., and Bliuc, A-M., 2005. Group-based guilt as a predictor of commitment to apology. British Journal of Social Psychology, 44: 659–680.
40. Mackie, D. M., Devos, T., and Smith, E. R., 2000. Intergroup emotions: Explaining offensive action tendencies in an intergroup context. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79: 602–616.
41. Mackie D., M. Smith E., R. 2002 From prejudice to intergroup emotions: Differentiated reactions to social groups New York Psychology Press
42. Mackie, D. M., Silver, L. A., and Smith, E. R., 2004. “ Intergroup emotions: Emotion as an intergroup phenomenon ”. In The social life of emotions, Edited by: Tiedens, L. Z., and Leach, C. W., 227–245. New York: Cambridge University Press.
43. Maitner, A. T., Mackie, D. M., and Smith, E. R., 2006. Evidence for the regulatory function of intergroup emotion: Emotional consequences of implemented or impeded intergroup action tendencies. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 42: 720–728.
44. Mummendey, A., Kessler, T., Klink, A., and Mielke, R., 1999. Strategies to cope with negative social identity: predictions by social identity theory and relative deprivation theory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76: 229–245.
45. Parkinson, B., Fischer, A. H., and Manstead, A. S. R., 2005. Emotion in social relations: Cultural, group, and interpersonal processes, New York: Psychology Press.
46. Pennekamp, S. F., Doosje, B., Zebel, S., and Fischer, A. H., 2007. The past and the pending: The antecedents and consequences of group-based anger in historically and currently disadvantaged groups. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, 10: 41–55.
47. Petrocelli, J. V., and Smith, E. R., 2005. Who I am, who we are, and why: Links between emotions and causal attributions for self- and group discrepancies. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 31: 1628–1642.
48. Powell, A. A., Branscombe, N. R., and Schmitt, M. T., 2005. Inequality as ingroup privilege or outgroup disadvantage: The impact of group focus on collective guilt and interracial attitudes. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 31: 508–521.
49. Roccas, S., Klar, Y., and Leviatan, I., 2006. The paradox of group-based guilt: Modes of national identification, conflict vehemence, and reactions to the ingroup's moral violations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 91: 698–711.
50. Runciman, W. G., 1966. Relative deprivation and social justice: A study of attitudes to social inequality in twentieth-century England, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
51. Scherer K., R. Schorr A., Johnstone T., 2001 Appraisal processes in emotion: Theory, methods, research New York Oxford University Press
52. Schmader, T., and Lickel, B., 2006. The approach and avoidance function of guilt and shame emotions: Comparing reactions to self-caused and other-caused wrongdoing. Motivation and Emotion, 30: 43–56.
53. Schmitt, M., Behner, R., Montada, L., Muller, L., and Muller-Fohrbrodt, G., 2001. Gender, ethnicity, and education as privileges: Exploring the generalizability of the existential guilt reaction. Social Justice Research, 13: 313–337.
54. Simon, B., 1997. “ Self and group in modern society: Ten theses on the individual self and the collective self ”. In The social psychology of stereotyping and group life, Edited by: Spears, R., Oakes, P. J., Ellemers, N., and Haslam, S. A., 318–335. Oxford, UK: Blackwell.
55. Smith, E. R., 1993. “ Social identity and social emotions: Toward new conceptualisations of prejudice ”. In Affect, cognition, and stereotyping: Interactive processes in group perception, Edited by: Mackie, D. M., and Hamilton, D. L., 297–315. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
56. Smith, E. R., Seger, C. R., and Mackie, D. M., 2007. Can emotions be truly group level? Evidence regarding four conceptual criteria. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 93: 431–446.
57. Smith, H. J., and Kessler, T., 2004. “ Group-based emotions and intergroup behaviour: The case of relative deprivation ”. In The social life of emotions, Edited by: Tiedens, L. Z., and Leach, C. W., 292–313. New York: Cambridge University Press.
58. Smith, H. J., and Ortiz, D., 2002. “ Is it just me? The different consequences of personal and group relative deprivation ”. In Relative deprivation theory: Specification, development, and integration Edited by: Walker, I., and Smith, H. J., 91–115New York: Cambridge University Press.
59. Stürmer, S., Snyder, M., and Omoto, A. M., 2005. Prosocial emotions and helping: The moderating role of group membership. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88: 532–546.
60. Swim, J. K., and Miller, D. L., 1999. White guilt: Its antecedents and consequences for attitudes toward affirmative action. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 25: 500–514.
61. Tajfel, H., and Turner, J. C., 1979. “ An integrative theory of intergroup conflict ”. In The social psychology of intergroup relations, Edited by: Austin, W. G., and Worchel, S., 7–24. Chicago, IL: Nelson-Hall.
62. Tam, T., Hewstone, M., Cairns, E., Tausch, N., Maio, G., and Kenworthy, J., 2007. The impact of intergroup emotions on forgiveness in Northern Ireland. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 10: 119–135.
63. Tiedens L., Z. Leach C., W. 2004 The social life of emotions New York Cambridge University Press
64. Turner, J. C., Hogg, M. A., Oakes, P. J., Reicher, S. D., and Wetherell, M. S., 1987. Rediscovering the social group: A self-categorisation theory, Oxford, UK: Blackwell.
65. van Zomeren, M., Spears, R., Fischer, A. H., and Leach, C. W., 2004. Put your money where your mouth is! Explaining collective action tendencies through group-based anger and group efficacy. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84: 649–664.
66. van Zomeren, M., Spears, R., and Leach, C. W., in press. Exploring psychological mechanisms of collective action: Does relevance of group identity influence how people cope with collective disadvantage?. British Journal of Social Psychology.
67. Wohl, M. J. A., and Branscombe, N. R., 2005. Forgiveness and collective guilt assignment to historical perpetrator groups depend on level of social category inclusiveness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88: 288–303.
68. Yzerbyt, V. Y., Dumont, M., Mathieu, B., Gordijn, E., and Wigboldus, D., 2006. “ Social comparison and group-based emotions ”. In Social comparison and social psychology: Understanding cognition, intergroup relations, and culture, Edited by: Guimond, S., 174–205. New York: Cambridge University Press.
69. Yzerbyt, V., Dumont, M., Wigboldus, D., and Gordijn, E., 2003. I feel for us: The impact of categorisation and identification on emotions and action tendencies. British Journal of Social Psychology, 42: 533–549.
70. Zebel, S., Doosje, B., and Spears, R., 2004. “ It depends on your point of view: Implications of perspective-taking and national identification for Dutch collective guilt ”. In Collective guilt: International perspectives, Edited by: Branscombe, N. R., and Doosje, B., 148–168. New York: Cambridge University Press.