Threat, group identification, and children's ethnic prejudice

Social Development

Volumn 14, Issue 2, 2005, Pages 189-205

  Nesdale, Drew ^a   Durkin, Kevin ^b   Maass, Anne ^c   Griffiths, Judith ^a  

^a GRIFFITH UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

^b UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN AUSTRALIA   (Australia)

^c UNIVERSITY OF PADOVA   (Italy)

Author keywords

Children; Ethnic prejudice; Group identification; Threat

Indexed keywords

EID: 17844376777     PISSN: 0961205X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9507.2005.00298.x     Document Type: Article

References (63)

1. Aboud, F. (1988). Children and prejudice. Oxford: Blackwell.
2. Aboud, F. & Doyle, A. (1996a). Does talk of race foster prejudice or tolerance in children? Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science, 28, 161-170.
3. Aboud, F. & Doyle, A. (1996b). Parental and peer influences on children's racial attitudes. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 20, 371-383.
4. Aboud, F. E. & Mitchell, F. G. (1977). Ethnic role taking: The effects of preference and self-identification. International Journal of Psychology, 12, 1-17.
5. Adorno, T. W., Frenkel-Brunswick, E., Levinson, D. J. & Sanford, R. N. (1950). The Authoritarian Personality. New York: Harper and Row.
6. Allport, G. W. (1954). The nature of prejudice. Cambridge, Mass: Addison-Wesley.
7. Asher, S. R. & Allen, V. L. (1969). Racial preference and social comparison processes. Journal of Social Issues, 25, 157-167.
8. Banks, W. C. & Rompf, W. J. (1973). Evaluative bias and preference behavior in black and white children. Child Development, 44, 776-783.
9. Bar-Tal, D. (1996). Development of social categories and stereotypes in early childhood: The case of 'The Arab' concept formation, stereotype and attitudes by Jewish children in Israel. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 20, 341-370.
10. Barrett, M. (2000). The development of national identity in childhood and adolescence. Inaugural lecture presented at the University of Surrey, March, 2000. Available at: http://www.surrey.ac.uk/Psychology/staff/papers/mb- inaugural.html.
11. Bartel, H. W., Bartel, N. R. & Grill, J. J. (1973). A sociometric view of some integrated open classrooms. Journal of Social Issues, 29, 159-173.
12. Bigler, R. S. (1995). The role of classification skill in moderating environmental influences on children's gender stereotyping: A study of the functional use of gender in the classroom. Child Development, 66, 1072-1087.
13. Bigler, R. S., Jones, L. C. & Lobliner, D. B. (1997). Social categorisation and the formation of intergroup attitudes in children. Child Development, 68, 530-543.
14. Bird, C., Monachesi, E. D. & Burdick, H. (1952). Infiltration and the attitudes of white and Negro parents and children. Journal of Abnormal Social Psychology, 47, 688-689.
15. Bourhis, R. Y., Giles, H., Leyens, J. P. & Tajfel, H. (1979). Psycholinguistic distinctiveness: Language divergence in Belgium. In H. Giles & R. St Clair (Eds.). Language and social psychology (pp. 158-185). Oxford: Blackwell.
16. Branscombe, N. R. & Wann, D. L. (1994). Collective self-esteem consequences of out-group derogation when a valued social identity is on trial. European Journal of Social Psychology, 24, 41-657.
17. Brown, R. (1995). Prejudice. Its social psychology. Oxford: Blackwell.
18. Cameron, J. A., Alvarez, J. M., Ruble, D. N. & Fuligni, A. J. (2001). Children's lay theories about in-groups and out-group: Reconceptualizing research on prejudice. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 5, 118-128.
19. Clark, K. B. & Clark, M. K. (1947). Racial identification and preference in Negro children. In T. M. Newcomb & E. L. Hartley (Eds.). Readings in social psychology. (pp 169-178). London: Methuen.
20. Connolly, P (1998). Racism, gender identities, and young children: Social relations in a multiethnic, inner-city primary school. London: Routledge.
21. Davey, A. G. (1983). Learning to be prejudiced: Growing up in multi-ethnic Britain. London: Edward Arnold.
22. Doosje, B., Ellemers, N. & Spears, R. (1995). Perceived intragroup variability as a function of group status and identification. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 31, 410-436.
23. Doyle, A. B. & Aboud, F. E. (1995). A longitudinal study of white children's racial prejudice as a social-cognitive development. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 41, 209-228.
24. Doyle, A. B., Beaudet, J. & Aboud, F. E. (1988). Developmental patterns in the flexibility of children's ethnic attitudes. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 19, 3-18.
25. Ellemers, N., Doosje, B. J., van Knippenberg, A. & Wilke, H. (1992). Status protection in high status minority groups. European Journal of Social Psychology, 22, 123-140.
26. Fishbein, H. D. & Imai, S. (1993). Preschoolers select playmates on the basis of gender and race. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 14, 303-316.
27. Frenkel-Brunswick, E. & Havel, J. (1953). Prejudice in the interviews of children: Attitudes toward minority groups. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 82, 91-136.
28. Goodman, M. (1946). Evidence concerning the genesis of interracial attitudes. American Anthropologist, 48, 624-630.
29. Goodman, M. (1952). Race awareness in young children. Cambridge, Mass: Addison-Wesley.
30. Harris, D., Gough, H. & Martin, W. E. (1950). Children's ethnic attitudes. II: Relationships to parental beliefs concerning child training. Child Development, 21, 169-181.
31. Horowitz, E. L. & Horowitz, R. E. (1938). Development of social attitudes in children. Sociometry, 1, 301-338.
32. Hraba, J. & Grant, G. (1970). Black is beautiful: A re-examination of racial preference and identification. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 16, 398-402.
33. Jansen, V. G. & Gallagher, J. J. (1966). The social choices of students in racially integrated classes for the culturally disadvantaged talented. Exceptional Children, 33, 221-226.
34. Jetten, J., Spears, R. & Manstead, A. S. R. (1997) Strength of identification and intergroup differentiation: The influence of group norms. European Journal of Social Psychology, 27, 603-609.
35. Katz, P. A. (1976). The acquisition of racial attitudes in children. In P. A. Katz (Ed.) Towards the elimination of racism (pp. 125-154). New York: Pergamon Press.
36. Marsh, A. (1970). Awareness of racial differences in West African and British children. Race, 11, 289-302.
37. Milner, D. (1996). Children and racism: Beyond the value of the dolls ... In W. Peter Robinson, Social Groups and Identities. Developing the Legacy of Henri Tajfel. London: Butterworth Heinemann.
38. Mosher, D. L. & Scodel, A. (1960). Relationships between ethnocentrism in children and the ethnocentrism and authoritarian rearing practices of their mothers. Child Development, 31, 369-376.
39. Nesdale, D. (1999). Social identity and ethnic prejudice in children. In P. Martin & W. Noble (Eds.) Psychology and society (pp. 92-110). Brisbane: Australian Academic Press.
40. Nesdale, D. (2001). The development of prejudice in children. In M. A. Augoustinos & K. J. Reynolds (Eds.) Understanding Prejudice, Racism, and Social conflict (pp. 57-73). London: Sage.
41. Nesdale, D. (2004). Social identity processes and children's ethnic prejudice. In M. Bennett & F. Sani, The Development of the Social Self (pp. 219-246). London: Psychology Press.
42. Nesdale, D. & Flesser, D. (2001). Social identity and the development of children's group attitudes. Child Development, 72, 506-517.
43. Nesdale, D., Maass, A., Griffiths, J. & Durkin, K. (2003). Effects of in-group and out-group ethnicity on children's attitudes towards members of the in-group and out-group. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 21, 177-192.
44. Ocampo, K. A., Knight, G. P. & Bernal, M. E. (1997). The development of cognitive abilities and social identities in children: The case of ethnic identity. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 21, 479-500.
45. Porter, J. D. R. (1971). Black child, white child. The development of racial attitudes. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
46. Radke, M. J. & Trager, H. G. (1950). Children's perceptions of the social roles of Negroes and whites. Journal of Psychology, 29, 3-33.
47. Radke, M. J., Trager, H. G. & Davis, H. (1949). Social perceptions and attitudes of children. Genetic Psychology Monograms, 40, 327-447.
48. Radke-Yarrow, M., Trager, H. & Miller, J. (1952). The role of parents in the development of children's ethnic attitudes. Child Development, 23, 13-53.
49. Rice, A. S., Ruiz, R. A. & Padilla, A. M. (1974). Person perception, self-identity, and ethnic group preference in Anglo, Black and Chicano preschool and third grade children. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 5, 100-108.
50. Rosenfield, D. & Stephan, W. G. (1981). Intergroup relations among children. In S. S. Brehm, S. Kassin & F. X. Gibbons, Developmental Social Psychology: Theories and Research (pp. 271-297). New York: Oxford University Press.
51. Rutland, A. (1999). The development of national prejudice, in-group favouritism and self-stereotypes in British children. British Journal of Social Psychology, 38, 55-70.
52. Snyder, C. R., Lassegard, M. A. & Ford, C. E. (1986). Distancing after group success and failure: Basking in reflected glory and cutting off reflected failure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 382-388.
53. Spears, R., Doosje, B. & Ellemers, N. (1997). Self-stereotyping in the face of threats to group status and distinctiveness: The role of group identification. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 23, 538-553.
54. Stephan, W. G. & Rosenfield, D. (1979). Black self-rejection: Another look. Journal of Educational Psychology, 71, 708-716.
55. Stephan, W. G., Ybarra, O., Martinez, C. M., Schwarzwald, J. & Tur-Kaspa, M. (1998). Prejudice toward immigrants to Spain and Israel. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 29, 559-576.
56. Stevenson, H. W. & Stevenson, N. G. (1960). Social interaction in an interracial nursery school. Genetic Psychology Monographs, 61, 37-75.
57. Tajfel, H. & Turner, J. (1979). An integrative theory of intergroup conflict. In W. G. Austin & S. Worchel (Eds.) The social psychology of intergroup relations (pp. 33-47). Monterey: Brooks/Cole.
58. Tajfel, H., Flament, C., Billig, M. G. & Bundy, R. P. (1971). Social categorisation and intergroup behaviour. European Journal of Social Psychology, 1, 149-178.
59. Vaughan, G. M. (1964). The development of ethnic attitudes in New Zealand school children. Genetic Psychology Monographs, 70, 135-175.
60. Vaughan, G. M. (1987). A social psychological model of ethnic identity development. In J. S. Phinney & M. J. Rotheram (Eds.) Children's ethnic socialisation (pp. 73-91). London: Sage.
61. Vaughan, G. M. (1988). The psychology of intergroup discrimination. New Zealand Journal of Psychology, 17, 1-14.
62. Vaughan, G. M., Tajfel, H. & Williams, J. A. (1981). Bias in reward allocation in an intergroup and an interpersonal context. Social Psychology Quarterly, 44, 37-42.
63. Yee, M. D. & Brown, R. (1992). The development of gender differentiation in young children. British Journal of Social Psychology, 33, 183-196.