Rotten apple or rotten barrel? Social identity and children's responses to bullying

British Journal of Developmental Psychology

Volumn 26, Issue 1, 2008, Pages 117-132

  Jones, Sian E ^a   Haslam, S Alexander ^b   York, Lucy ^b   Ryan, Michelle K ^b  

^a CARDIFF UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF EXETER   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 41549120689     PISSN: 0261510X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1348/026151007X200385     Document Type: Article

References (58)

1. Abrams, D., Rutland, A., & Cameron, L. (2003). The development of subjective group dynamics: Children's judgments of normative and deviant in-group and out-group individuals. Child Development, 74, 1840-1856.
2. Bigler, R. S., Jones, L. C., & Lobliner, D. B. (1997). Social categorization and the formation of intergroup attitudes in children. Child Development, 68, 530-543.
3. Brown, S. L., Birch, D. A., & Kancheria, V. (2005). Bullying perspectives: Experiences, attitudes and experiences of 9-13 year-olds attending health education centers in the United States. Journal of School Health, 75, 384-392.
4. Carney, A. G., & Merrell, K. W. (2001). Bullying in schools: Perspectives on understanding and preventing an international problem. School Psychology International, 22, 364-382.
5. Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
6. Crick, N. R., & Bigbee, M. A. (1998). Relational and overt forms of peer victimization: A multiinformant approach. Journal of Clinical and Consulting Psychology, 66, 337-347.
7. Doosje, B., Ellemers, N., & Spears, R. (1995). Perceived intragroup variability as a function of group status and identification. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 31, 410-436.
8. Eidelman, S., & Biernat, M. (2002). Derogating black sheep: Individual or group protection? Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 39, 602-609.
9. Gini, G. (2006). Bullying as a social process: The role of group membership in students' perception of intergroup aggression at school. Journal of School Psychology, 44, 51-65.
10. Gini, G. (2007). Who is blameworthy? Social identity and inter-group bullying. School Psychology International, 28(1), 77-89.
11. Haslam, S. A., Oakes, P. J., McGarty, C., Turner, J. C., & Onorato, R. (1995). Contextual shifts in the prototypicality of extreme and moderate outgroup members. European Journal of Social Psychology, 25, 509-530.
12. Haslam, S. A., & Reicher, S. (2006). Stressing the group: Social identity and the unfolding dynamics of responses to stress. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91, 1037-1052.
13. Haslam, S. A., & Reicher, S. D. (2007). Beyond the banality of evil: Three dynamics of an interactionist social psychology of tyranny. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 33, 615-622.
14. Humphrey, L., O'Brien, A. T., Jetten, J., &Haslam, S. A. (2005). Workplace bullying, well-being and burnout: Social identity and the importance of a group-level analysis. Unpublished manuscript: University of Exeter.
15. Jetten, J., Branscombe, N. R., Spears, R., & McKimmie, B. M. (2003). Predicting the paths of peripherals: The interaction of identification and future possibilities. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29, 130-140.
16. Jetten, J., Hornsey, M., & Adarves-Yorno, I. (2006). When group members admit to being conformist: The role of relative intragroup status in conformity self-reports. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 32, 162-173.
17. Jetten, J., Postmes, T., & McAuliffe, B.J. (2002). We're all individuals: Group norms of individualism and collectivism, levels of identification, and identity threat. European Journal of Social Psychology, 32, 189-207.
18. Jetten, J., Spears, R., & Manstead, A. S. R. (1996). Intergroup norms and intergroup discrimination: Distinctive self-categorization and social identity effects. Journal of Personality and Social. Psychology, 71, 1222-1233.
19. Jetten, J., Spears, R., & Manstead, A. S. R. (1997). Strength of identification and intergroup differentiation: The influence of group norms. European Journal of Social Psychology, 27, 603-609.
20. Kochenderfer-Ladd, B., & Wardrop, J. L. (2001). Chronicity and instability of children's peer victimization experiences as predictors of loneliness and social satisfaction. Child Development, 72, 134-149.
21. Louis, M. R. (1980). Surprise and sense-making: What newcomers experience in entering unfamiliar organizational settings. Administrative Science Quarterly, 25, 226-251.
22. Marques, J. M., Abrams, D., & Serodio, R. G. (2001). Being better by being right: Subjective group dynamics and derogation of ingroup deviants when generic norms are undermined. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81, 436-447.
23. Marques, J. M., Yzerbyt, V. Y., & Leyens, J. -P. (1988). The black sheep effect: Judgemental extremity toward ingroup members as a function of group identification. European Journal of Social Psychology, 18, 1-16.
24. Naylor, P., Cowie, H., Cossin, F., deBettencourt, R., & Lemme, F. (2006). Teachers' and pupils' definitions of bullying. Journal of Educational Psychology, 76, 553-576.
25. Nesdale, D., & Brown, K. (2004). Children's attitudes towards an atypical member of an ethnic ingroup. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 28, 328-335.
26. Nesdale, D., & Flesser, D. (2001). Social identity and the development of children's group attitudes. Child Development, 72, 506-517.
27. Nesdale, D., Durkin, K., Maass, A., & Griffiths, J. (2005). Group norms, threat and children's racial prejudice. Child Development, 76, 652-663.
28. Nesdale, D., & Scarlett, M. (2004). Effects of group and situational factors on pre-adolescent children's attitudes to school bullying. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 28, 428-434.
29. Neuman, J. H., & Baron, R. A. (1998). Workplace violence and workplace aggression: Evidence concerning specific forms, potential causes and preferred targets. Journal of Management, 24, 391-419.
30. Oakes, P., Haslam, S. A., Morrison, B., & Grace, D. (1995). Becoming an ingroup: Re-examining the impact of familiarity on perceptions of ingroup homogeneity. Social Psychology Quarterly, 58, 52-61.
31. Oakes, P., Haslam, S. A., & Turner, J. C. (1994). Stereotyping and social reality. Oxford, UK & Cambridge, MA: Blackwell.
32. O'Connell, P., Pepler, D., & Craig, W (1999). Peer involvement in bullying: Insights and challenges for intervention. Journal of Adolescence, 22, 437-452.
33. Ojala, K., & Nesdale, D. (2004). Bullying and social identity: The effects of group norms and distinctiveness threat on attitudes towards bullying. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 22, 19-35.
34. Reicher, S. D., & Haslam, S. A. (2006). Rethinking the psychology of tyranny: The BBC prison experiment. British Journal of Social Psychology, 45, 1-40.
35. Reicher, S. D., & Levine, M. (1994). Deindividuation, power relations between groups and the expression of social identity: The effects of visibility to the outgroup. British Journal of Social Psychology, 33, 145-163.
36. Reicher, S. D., Spears, R., & Postmes, T (1995). A social identity model of deindividuation phenomena. European Review of Social Psychology, 6, 161-198.
37. Rigby, K. (2005). Why do some children bully at school? The contributions of negative attitudes towards victims and the perceived expectations of friends, parents and teachers. School Psychology International, 26, 147-161.
38. Rutland, A. (1999). The development of national prejudice, in-group favouritism and self-stereotypes in British children. British Journal of Social Psychology, 38, 55-70.
39. Rutland, A., Cameron, L., Milne, A., & McGeorge, P. (2005). Social norms and self-presentation: Children's implicit and explicit intergroup attitudes. Child Development, 76, 451-466.
40. Salmivalli, C., Huttunen, A., & Lagerspetz, K. M. J. (1997). Peer networks and bullying in schools. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 38, 305-312.
41. Salmivalli, C., Lagerspetz, K., Bjorkqvist, K., Osterman, K., & Kaukiainen, A. (1996). Bullying as a group process: Participant roles and their relations to social status within the group. Aggressive Behavior, 22, 1-15.
42. Sani, F., Bennett, M., Mullally, S., & MacPherson, J. (2003). On the assumption of fixity in children's stereotypes: A reappraisal. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 21, 113-124.
43. Sceithauer, H., Hayer, T., Pettermann, F., & Jugert, G. (2006). Physical, verbal and relational forms of bullying among German students: Age trends, gender differences and correlates. Aggressive Behavior, 32, 261-275.
44. Schwartz, D., Dodge, K. A., Pettit, G. S., & Bates, J. E. (1997). The early socialization of aggressive victims of bullying. Child Development, 68, 665-675.
45. Sharp, S., Thompson, D., & Arora, T (2000). How long before it hurts? An investigation into long-term bullying. School Psychology International, 21, 37-46.
46. Sidak, Z. (1967). Rectangular confidence regions for the means of multivariate normal distributions. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 62, 626-633.
47. Sutton, J., Smith, P. K., & Swettenham, J. (2001). It's easy, it works, and it makes me feel good - A response to Arsenio and Lemerise. Social Development, 10, 74-78.
48. Tajfel, H., Billig, M. G., Bundy, R. P., & Flament, C. (1971). Social categorization and intergroup behavior. European Journal of Social Psychology, 1, 149-177.
49. Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. (1979). An integrative theory of intergroup conflict. In W G. Austin & S. Worchel (Eds.), The social psychology of intergroup relations (pp. 33-47). Monterey, CA: Brooks Cole.
50. Tani, F., Greenman, P. S., Scneider, B. H., & Fregoso, M. (2003). Bullying and the big five: A study of childhood personality and participant roles in bullying incidents. School Psychology International, 24, 131-146.
51. Turner, J. C. (1999). Current issues in research on social identity and self-categorization theories. In N. Ellemers, R. Spears, & B. Doosje (Eds.), Social identity: Context, commitment, content. Oxford, UK & Cambridge, USA: Blackwell.
52. Turner, J. C., Hogg, M. A., Oakes, P., Reicher, S., & Wetherell, M. S. (1987). Rediscovering the social group: A self-categorization theory. Oxford: Blackwell.
53. Turner, J. C., Oakes, P. J., Haslam, S. A., & McGarty, C. A. (1994). Self and collective: Cognition and social context. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 20, 454-463.
54. Veenstra, K., & Haslam, S. A. (2000). Willingness to participate in industrial protest: Exploring social identification in context. British Journal of Social Psychology, 39, 153-172.
55. Verkuyten, M., & Thijs, J. (2002). Racial victimization among children in The Netherlands: The effect of ethnic group and school. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 25, 310-331.
56. Wolke, D., Woods, S., Stanford, K., & Scultz, H. (2001). Bullying and victimization in primary school children in England and Germany: Prevalence and school factors. British Journal of Psychology, 92, 673-696.
57. Woods, S., Hall, L., Dauthenhahn, K., & Wolke, D. (2007). Implications of gender differences for the development of animated characters for the study of bullying behaviour. Computers in Human Behavior, 23, 770-786.
58. Woolgar, M., Steele, H., Steele, M., Yabsley, S., & Fonagy, P. (2001). Children's play narrative responses to hypothetical dilemmas and their awareness of moral emotions. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 19, 115-128.