A historical journey through the development of handwriting instruction (part 2): The occupational therapists' role

Journal of Occupational Therapy, Schools, and Early Intervention

Volumn 3, Issue 1, 2010, Pages 32-53

  Donica, Denise ^a  

^a EAST CAROLINA UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Elementary education; Handwriting; Handwriting instruction; Handwriting skills; IDEA; Occupational therapy

Indexed keywords

EID: 79551529311     PISSN: 19411243     EISSN: 19411251     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/19411241003683995     Document Type: Article

References (99)

1. Amundson, S. J. (1992). Handwriting: Evaluation and intervention in school settings. In J. Case-Smith & C. Pehoski (Eds.). Development of hand skills in the child (pp. 63-78). Rockville, MD: American Occupational Therapy Association.
2. Amundson, S. J., & Weil, M. (1996). Prewriting and handwriting skills. In J. Case-Smith & P. N. Pratt (Eds.). Occupational therapy for children (pp. 524-541). St. Louis, MO: Mosby.
3. Armitage, D., & Ratzlaff, H. (1985). The non-correlation of printing and writing skills. Educational Research, 78, 174-177.
4. Asher, A. (2006). Handwriting instruction in elementary schools. The American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 60, 461-471.
5. Askov, E. N., & Greff, K. N. (1975). Handwriting: Copying versus tracing as the most effective type of practice. The Journal of Educational Research, 69, 96-98.
6. Bailey, C. A. (1988). Handwriting: Ergonomics, assessment, and instruction. British Journal of Special Education, 15, 65-71.
7. Baker, S., Gersten, R., & Graham, S. (2003). Teaching expressive writing to children with learning disabilities: Research based applications and examples. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 36, 109-123.
8. Barbe, W. B, Milone, M. N., & Wasylyk, T. M. (1983). Manuscript is the "write" start. Academic Therapy, 18, 397-388.
9. Barbe, W. B., & Lucas, V. H. (1974). Instruction in handwriting: A new look. Childhood Education, 50, 207-209.
10. Barchowsky, N. J. (1997). Fluent hand writing: New method learn teach. Aberdeen, MD: Swansbury, Inc.
11. Berninger, V. W. (1999). Coordinating transcription and text generation in working memory during composing: Automatic and constructive processes. Learning Disability Quarterly, 22, 99-112.
12. Berninger, V., & Fuller, F. (1992). Gender differences in orthographic, verbal, and compositional fluency: Implications for assessing writing disabilities in primary grade children. Journal of School Psychology, 30, 363-382.
13. Bonney, M. (1992). Understanding and assessing handwriting difficulty: Perspectives from the literature. Australian Occupational Therapy Journal, 39, 7-15.
14. Bowman, O. J., & Wallace, B. A. (1990). The effects of socioeconomic status on hand size and strength, vestibular function, visuomotor integration, and praxis in preschool children. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 44, 610-621
15. Briggs, D. (1970). The influence of handwriting on assessment. Educational Research, 13, 50-55.
16. Burns, P. C. (1968). Improving handwriting instruction in elementary schools (2nd ed.). Minneapolis, MN: Burgess Publishing Company.
17. Cahill, S.M., Holt, C., & Cassidy, M. (2009). Collaborating with teachers to support student achievement through early intervening services. Journal of Occupational Therapy, Schools, & Early Intervention, 1, 263-270.
18. Case-Smith, J. (2002). Effectiveness of school-based occupational therapy intervention on handwriting. The American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 56, 17-25.
19. Clark-Wentz, J. (1997). Improving students' handwriting. OT Practice, 2(10), 29-33.
20. Connell, D. (1983). Handwriting: Taking a look at the alternatives. Academic Therapy, 18, 413-420.
21. Cornhill, H., & Case-Smith, J. (1996). Factors that relate to good and poor handwriting. The American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 50, 732-739.
22. Crabtree, B. F., & Miller, W. L. (1999). Doing qualitative research (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc.
23. Dennis, J. L., & Swinth, Y. (2001). Pencil grasp and children's handwriting legibility during differentlength writing tasks. The American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 55, 175-183.
24. Denton, P., Cope, S., & Moser, C. (2006). The effects of sensorimotor-based intervention versus therapeutic practice on improving handwriting performance in 6-to 11-year-old children. The American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 60, 16-27.
25. Department for Education and Employment. (2001). The national literacy strategy: Developing early writing. London: Author.
26. Dobbie, L., & Askov, E. N. (1995). Progress of handwriting research in the 1980s and future prospects. The Journal of Educational Research, 88, 339-351.
27. Donica, D., Davis, M., Green, E., Kaminski, L., Kohrman, A., Little, A., et al. (2008, April). Effectiveness of an after-school handwriting remediation program on handwriting legibility for first and second grade economically disadvantaged students. Poster session presented at the annual conference of the American Occupational Therapy Association, Long Beach, CA.
28. Duvall, B. (1985). Evaluating the difficulty of four handwriting styles used for instruction. ERS Spectrum, 3(3), 13-20.
29. Dye, J. F., Schatz, I. M., Rosenberg, B. A., & Coleman, S. T. (2000). Constant comparison method: A kaleidoscope of data. The Qualitative Report, 4(1/2). Retrieved December 20, 2007, from http://www.nova.edu/ssss/QR/QR4-1/dye.html
30. Education of All Handicapped Children Act, Pub. L. No. 94-142 (1975).
31. Erhardt, R. P. (2006). Handwriting on the wall: Frequently asked questions about chalkboard activities to improve postural alignment and fine motor control. OT Practice, 11(6), 19-23.
32. Erhardt, R. P., & Meade, V. (2005a). Handwriting: Anatomy of a collaborative assessment/ intervention model. Stillwater, MN: PDP Press, Inc.
33. Erhardt, R. P., & Meade, V. (2005b). Improving handwriting without teaching handwriting: The consultative clinical reasoning process. Australian Occupational Therapy Journal, 52, 199-210.
34. Exner, C. E. (1990). The zone of proximal development in in-hand manipulation skills of nondysfunctional 3-and 4-year-old children. The American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 44, 884-891.
35. Farris, P. J. (1982). A comparison of handwriting strategies for primary grade students (Research Report). Retrieved June 2, 2006, from Education Resources Information Center website: http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/custom/portlets/recordDetails/detailmini.jsp?_nfpb=true&_&ERICExtSearch_SearchValue_0=ED263560&ERICExtSearch_SearchType_0=no&accno=ED263560
36. Feder, K. P., & Majnemer, A. (2007). Handwriting development, competency, and intervention. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 49, 312-317.
37. Feder, K., Majnemer, A., & Synnes, A. (2000). Handwriting: Current trends in occupational therapy practice. Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy, 67, 197-204.
38. Gerszberg, C. O. (2003, September). Handwriting: A lost art. Child, 18(7), 134-138.
39. Getty, B., & Dubay, I. (1994). Italic handwriting series: Instruction manual (3rd ed.). Portland, OR: Continuing Education Press.
40. Graham, S. (1993). Are slanted manuscript alphabets superior to the traditional manuscript alphabet? Childhood Education, 70, 91-95.
41. Graham, S. (1992). Issues in handwriting instruction. Focus on Exceptional Children, 25(2), 1-14.
42. Graham, S., Harris, K. R., & Fink, B. (2000). Extra handwriting instruction: Prevent writing difficulties right from the start. Teaching Exceptional Children, 33, 88-91.
43. Graham, S., & Miller, L. (1980). Handwriting research and practice: A unified approach. Focus on Exceptional Children, 13(2), 1-16.
44. Graham, S., & Weintraub, N. (1996). A review of handwriting research: Progress and prospects from 1980-1994. Educational Psychology Review, 8, 7-87.
45. Graham, S., Weintraub, N., & Berninger, V. W. (1998). The relationship between handwriting style and speed and legibility. The Journal of Educational Research, 91, 290-296.
46. Hamstra-Bletz, L., & Blöte, A.W. (1993). A longitudinal study on dysgraphic handwriting in primary school. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 26, 689-699.
47. Halpin, G., & Halpin, G. (1976). Special paper for beginning handwriting: An unjustified practice? The Journal of Educational Research, 69, 267-269.
48. Handwriting. (2007). In Merriam-Webster Online. Retrieved November 1, 2007, from http://www.m-w.com/dictionary/handwriting
49. Handwriting Without Tears. (2009). Handwriting standards: Kindergarten through grade four. Retrieved December 31, 2009, from http://www.handwritingstandards.com/home
50. Hirsch, E., & Niedermeyer, F. C. (1973). The effects of tracing prompts and discrimination training on kindergarten handwriting performance. The Journal of Educational Research, 67, 81-83.
51. Individuals with Disabilities Education Act, Pub. L. No. 108-446 (2004).
52. Jackson, J. (1894). The theory and practice of handwriting: A practical manual for the guidance of school boards, teachers, and students of the art, with diagrams and illustrations. New York: William Beverly Harrison.
53. Judkins, J., Dague, H., & Cope, S. (2009). Handwriting in the schools: Challenges and solutions. Early Intervention & School Special Interest Section Quarterly, 16(1), 1-4.
54. Kaminsky, S., & Powers, R. (1981). Remediation of handwriting difficulties: A practical approach. Academic Therapy, 17, 19-25.
55. Kimerer, K. (1986). Five decades of research in handwriting: Recommendations for teaching. Tempe, AZ: Arizona State University.
56. Kirk, V. (1981). The development and use of rules in the acquisition of perceptual motor skills. Child Development, 52, 299-305.
57. Kiss, D. M. (2007, August 13). Handwriting consultation in elementary schools. OT Practice, 12(14) 11-14.
58. Koziatek, S. M., & Powell, N. J. (2003). Pencil grips, legibility, and speed of fourth-graders' writing in cursive. The American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 57, 284-288.
59. Lamme, L. L., & Ayris, B. M. (1983). Is the handwriting of beginning writers influenced by writing tools? Journal of Research and Development in Education 17(1), 32-38.
60. LaNunziata, L. J., Cooper, S., Hill, D., & Trap-Porter, J. (1985). The differential effects of still illustration, motion illustration, and modeling on students' manuscript letter legibility. The Journal of Educational Research, 79, 109-113.
61. Marr, D., Windsor, M., & Cermak, S. (2001). Handwriting readiness: Locatives and visuomotor skills in the kindergarten year. Early Childhood Research & Practice, 3(1). Retrieved April 7, 2003, from http://ecrp.uiuc.edu/v3n1/marr.html
62. Mayer, K. (2007). Emerging knowledge about emergent writing. Young Children, 62, 34-40.
63. Mendoza, M. A., Holt, W. J., & Jackson, D. A. (1978). Circles and tape: An easy, teacher implemented way to teach fundamental writing skills. Teaching Exceptional Children, 10, 48-50.
64. Newman, J. (1982). An approach to improving handwriting by motor and tactile methods. The British Journal of Occupational Therapy, 45, 245-247.
65. No Child Left Behind Act, Pub. L. No. 107-110 (2001).
66. Nolen, P. A., McCutchen, D., & Berninger, B. (1990). Ensuring tomorrow's literacy: A shared responsibility. Journal of Teacher Education, 41, 63-72.
67. Olsen, J. Z. (2003). Handwriting Without Tears kindergarten teacher's guide (9th ed.). Potomac, MD: Handwriting Without Tears.
68. Olsen, J. Z. (2004). Cursive teacher's guide (7th ed.). Potomac, MD: Handwriting Without Tears.
69. Olsen, J. Z. (2005). Pre-K teacher's guide (3rd ed.). Cabin John, MD: Handwriting Without Tears.
70. Owens, L. L. (2004). The effects of the Handwriting Without Tears program on the handwriting of students in inclusion classrooms. Unpublished masters thesis, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA.
71. Peck, M., Askov, E. N., & Fairchild, S. H. (1980). Another decade of research in handwriting: Progress and prospect in the 1970s. The Journal of Educational Research, 73, 283-298.
72. Penmanship. (2009). In Merriam-Webster's Online Dictionary. Retrieved November 14, 2009, from http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/penmanship.
73. Peterson, C. Q., & Nelson, D. L. (2003). Effect of an occupational intervention on printing in children with economic disadvantages. The American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 57, 152-160.
74. Phelps, J., & Stempel, L. (1987). Handwriting evolution and evaluation. Annals of Dyslexia, 37, 228-239.
75. Pontello, K. (1999). The effectiveness of a structured handwriting program. Unpublished master's thesis, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada.
76. Reid, D., Chiu, T., Sinclair, G., Wehrmann, S., & Naseer, Z. (2006). Outcomes of an occupational therapy school-based consultation service for students with fine motor difficulties. Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy, 73, 215-224.
77. Reisman, J. E. (1990). Poor handwriting: Who is referred? The American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 45, 849-852.
78. Robinson, A. (1995). The story of writing: Alphabets, hieroglyphs & pictograms. London: Thames & Hudson Ltd.
79. Rosenblum, S., Goldstand, S., & Parush, S. (2006). Relationships among biomechanical ergonomic factors, handwriting product quality, handwriting efficiency, and computerized handwriting process measures in children with and without handwriting difficulties. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 60, 28-39.
80. Scheerer, C. R. (2004, March). Handwriting Without Tears: A pilot study. Paper presented at the 17th Annual Midwest Dean's Occupational Therapy Conference 2004, Chicago, IL.
81. Schneck, C.M. (1991). Comparison of pencil-grip patterns in first graders with good and poor writing skills. The American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 45, 701-706.
82. Schneck, C. M., & Henderson, A. (1990). Descriptive analysis of the developmental progression of grip position for pencil and crayon control in nondysfunctional children. The American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 44, 893-900.
83. Schoenfeld, H. B., Coppola, C., Kertis, N., & Barnes, K. J. (2009). A pilot study: Impacting first grade written literacy through teacher education. Journal of Occupational Therapy, Schools, & Early Intervention, 2, 6-19.
84. Schoenfeld, H. B., & Mesquiti, P. (2002, March). A collaborative partnership: Creating developmentally appropriate teaching practices for pre-K and kindergarten. School System Special Interest Section Quarterly, 9(1), 1-4.
85. Sheffield, B. (1996). Handwriting: A neglected cornerstone of literacy. Annals of Dyslexia, 46, 21-35.
86. Smith-Zuzovsky, N., & Exner, C. E. (2004). The effect of seated positioning quality on typical 6-and 7-year-old children's object manipulation skills. The American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 58, 380-388.
87. Ste-Marie, D. M., Clark, S. E., Findlay, L. C., & Latimer, A. E. (2004). High levels of contextual interference enhance handwriting skill acquisition. Journal of Motor Behavior, 36, 115-126.
88. Stennett, R., Smythe, P., Hardy, M., & Wilson, H. (1972). Developmental trends in letter-printing skill. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 34, 183-186.
89. Thorne, G. (2006, January 1). Graphomotor skills: Why some kids hate to write. Retrieved July 11, 2006, from www.cdl.org.
90. Thornton, T. P. (1996). Handwriting in America. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
91. Thurber, D. N. (1983, March). D'Nealian manuscript-an aid to reading development. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Michigan Reading Association, Grand Rapids, MI.
92. Thurber, D. N. (1995, March). D'Nealian handwriting versus circle-stick print. Paper presented at the Annual Convention of the Council for Exceptional Children, San Antonio, TX, 1993, and represented with updated bibliography to the Council for Exceptional Children, Michigan Chapter.
93. Thurber, D. N. (1999). D'Nealian handwriting: K teacher's edition. Glenview, IL: Scott Foresman-Addison Wesley.
94. Volman, M. J. M., van Schendel, B. M., & Jongmans, M. J. (2006). Handwriting difficulties in primary school children: A search for underlying mechanisms. The American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 60, 451-460.
95. Wehrmann, S., Chiu, T., Reid, D., & Sinclair, G. (2006). Evaluation of occupational therapy school-based consultation service for students with fine motor difficulties. Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy, 73, 225-235.
96. Weil, M. J., & Amundson, S. J. (1994). Relationship between visuomotor and handwriting skills of children in kindergarten. The American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 48, 982-988.
97. Yakimishyn, J. E., & Magill-Evans, J. (2002). Comparisons among tools, surface orientation, and pencil grasp for children 23 months of age. The American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 56, 564-572.
98. Zaner-Bloser, Inc. (2003a). Zaner-Bloser handwriting K: Teacher edition. Columbus, OH: Author.
99. Zaner-Bloser, Inc. (2003b). Zaner-Bloser handwriting 2C: Teacher edition. Columbus, OH: Author.