Thyroid cancer-indications and opportunities for positron emission tomography/computed tomography imaging

Seminars in Nuclear Medicine

Volumn 41, Issue 2, 2011, Pages 121-138

  Abraham, Tony ^a,c   Schöder, Heiko ^b  

^a ALBERT EINSTEIN COLLEGE OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b MEMORIAL SLOAN KETTERING CANCER CENTER   (United States)

^c Montefiore North Medical Center   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

B RAF KINASE; FLUORODEOXYGLUCOSE; IODINE 124; IODINE 131; MITOGEN ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE; THYROGLOBULIN;

ARTICLE; CANCER CLASSIFICATION; CANCER STAGING; COMPUTER ASSISTED EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY; GENE MUTATION; HUMAN; ONCOGENE; POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY; PROGNOSIS; THYROID CANCER; THYROID FOLLICULAR CARCINOMA; THYROID MEDULLARY CARCINOMA; THYROID PAPILLARY CARCINOMA; WHOLE BODY SCINTISCANNING;

EID: 79251482826     PISSN: 00012998     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2010.10.006     Document Type: Review

References (146)

1. S. Altekruse, C. Kosary, and M. Krapcho SEER cancer statistics review, 1975-2007 Bethesda, MD, National Cancer Institute (based on November 2009 SEER data submission, posted to the SEER web site, 2010) http://seer.cancer.gov/csr/ 1975-2007/ Accessed November 9, 2010
2. A.Y. Chen, A. Jemal, and E.M. Ward Increasing incidence of differentiated thyroid cancer in the United States, 1988-2005 Cancer 115 2009 3801 3807
3. A.R. Shaha, J.P. Shah, and T.R. Loree Low-risk differentiated thyroid cancer: the need for selective treatment Ann Surg Oncol 4 1997 328 333
4. A. Stojadinovic, R.A. Ghossein, and A. Hoos Hrthle cell carcinoma: a critical histopathologic appraisal J Clin Oncol 19 2001 2616 2625
5. I.D. Hay, C.S. Grant, and W.F. Taylor Ipsilateral lobectomy versus bilateral lobar resection in papillary thyroid carcinoma: a retrospective analysis of surgical outcome using a novel prognostic scoring system Surgery 102 1987 1088 1095
6. B. Cady, and R. Rossi An expanded view of risk-group definition in differentiated thyroid carcinoma Surgery 104 1988 947 953
7. I.D. Hay, E.J. Bergstralh, and J.R. Goellner Predicting outcome in papillary thyroid carcinoma: development of a reliable prognostic scoring system in a cohort of 1779 patients surgically treated at one institution during 1940 through 1989 Surgery 114 1993 1050 1057 discussion: 1057-1058
8. D.S. Cooper, G.M. Doherty, and B.R. Haugen Revised American Thyroid Association Management guidelines for patients with thyroid nodules and differentiated thyroid cancer Thyroidology 19 2009 1167 1214
9. R.M. Tuttle Risk-adapted management of thyroid cancer Endocr Pract 14 2008 764 774
10. G. Viglietto, G. Chiappetta, and F.J. Martinez-Tello RET/PTC oncogene activation is an early event in thyroid carcinogenesis Oncogene 11 1995 1207 1210
11. E.T. Kimura, M.N. Nikiforova, and Z. Zhu High prevalence of BRAF mutations in thyroid cancer: genetic evidence for constitutive activation of the RET/PTC-RAS-BRAF signaling pathway in papillary thyroid carcinoma Cancer Res 63 2003 1454 1457
12. M. Lodyga, V. De Falco, and X.H. Bai XB130, a tissue-specific adaptor protein that couples the RET/PTC oncogenic kinase to PI 3-kinase pathway Oncogene 28 2009 937 949
13. X. Xu, R.M. Quiros, and P. Gattuso High prevalence of BRAF gene mutation in papillary thyroid carcinomas and thyroid tumor cell lines Cancer Res 63 2003 4561 4567
14. M. Xing, W.H. Westra, and R.P. Tufano BRAF mutation predicts a poorer clinical prognosis for papillary thyroid cancer J Clin Endocrinol Metab 90 2005 6373 6379
15. R. Elisei, C. Ugolini, and D. Viola BRAF(V600E) mutation and outcome of patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma: a 15-year median follow-up study J Clin Endocrinol Metab 93 2008 3943 3949
16. A.S. Dhillon, S. Hagan, and O. Rath MAP kinase signalling pathways in cancer Oncogene 26 2007 3279 3290
17. B. Ouyang, J.A. Knauf, and E.P. Smith Inhibitors of ref kinase activity block growth of thyroid cancer cells with RET/PTC or BRAF mutations in vitro and in vivo Clin Cancer Res 12 2006 1785 1793
18. L. Groussin, and J.A. Fagin Significance of BRAF mutations in papillary thyroid carcinoma: prognostic and therapeutic implications Nat Clin Pract Endocrinol Metab 2 2006 180 181
19. P. Salerno, V. De Falco, and A. Tamburrino Cytostatic activity of adenosine triphosphate-competitive kinase inhibitors in BRAF mutant thyroid carcinoma cells J Clin Endocrinol Metab 95 2010 450 455
20. D. Liu, Z. Liu, and D. Jiang Inhibitory effects of the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase inhibitor ci-1040 on the proliferation and tumor growth of thyroid cancer cells with BRAF or RAS mutations J Clin Endocrinol Metab 92 2007 4686 4695
21. G.S. Inamdar, S.V. Madhunapantula, and G.P. Robertson Targeting the MAPK pathway in melanoma: why some approaches succeed and other fail Biochem Pharmacol 80 2010 624 637
22. D.B. Solit, L.A. Garraway, and C.A. Pratilas BRAF mutation predicts sensitivity to MEK inhibition Nature 439 2006 358 362
23. E.W. Joseph, C.A. Pratilas, and P.I. Poulikakos The RAF inhibitor PLX4032 inhibits ERK signaling and tumor cell proliferation in a V600E BRAF-selective manner Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 107 2010 14903 14908
24. C.A. Pratilas, and D.B. Solit Targeting the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway: physiological feedback and drug response Clin Cancer Res 16 2010 3329 3334
25. M.N. Nikiforova, E.T. Kimura, and M. Gandhi BRAF mutations in thyroid tumors are restricted to papillary carcinomas and anaplastic or poorly differentiated carcinomas arising from papillary carcinomas J Clin Endocrinol Metab 88 2003 5399 5404
26. C. Romei, R. Ciampi, and P. Faviana BRAFV600E mutation, but not RET/PTC rearrangements, is correlated with a lower expression of both thyroperoxidase and sodium iodide symporter genes in papillary thyroid cancer Endocr Relat Cancer 15 2008 511 520
27. C. Durante, E. Puxeddu, and E. Ferretti BRAF mutations in papillary thyroid carcinomas inhibit genes involved in iodine metabolism J Clin Endocrinol Metab 92 2007 2840 2843
28. D. Liu, S. Hu, and P. Hou Suppression of BRAF/MEK/MAP kinase pathway restores expression of iodide-metabolizing genes in thyroid cells expressing the V600E BRAF mutant Clin Cancer Res 13 2007 1341 1349
29. A.R. Marques, C. Espadinha, and A.L. Catarino Expression of PAX8-PPAR gamma 1 rearrangements in both follicular thyroid carcinomas and adenomas J Clin Endocrinol Metab 87 2002 3947 3952
30. N.R. Lemoine, E.S. Mayall, and F.S. Wyllie High-frequency of ras oncogene activation in all stages of human thyroid tumorigenesis Oncogene 4 1989 159 164
31. V. Vasko, M. Ferrand, and J. Di Cristofaro Specific pattern of RAS oncogene mutations in follicular thyroid tumors J Clin Endocrinol Metab 88 2003 2745 2752
32. P. Hou, D. Liu, and Y. Shan Genetic alterations and their relationship in the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt pathway in thyroid cancer Clin Cancer Res 13 2007 1161 1170
33. G. Garcia-Rostan, H. Zhao, and R.L. Camp Ras mutations are associated with aggressive tumor phenotypes and poor prognosis in thyroid cancer J Clin Oncol 21 2003 3226 3235
34. M. Volante, I. Rapa, and M. Gandhi RAS mutations are the predominant molecular alteration in poorly differentiated thyroid carcinomas and bear prognostic impact J Clin Endocrinol Metab 94 2009 4735 4741
35. G. Garcia-Rostan, A.M. Costa, and I. Pereira-Castro Mutation of the PIK3CA gene in anaplastic thyroid cancer Cancer Res 65 2005 10199 10207
36. Z. Liu, P. Hou, and M. Ji Highly prevalent genetic alterations in receptor tyrosine kinases and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt and mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways in anaplastic and follicular thyroid cancers J Clin Endocrinol Metab 93 2008 3106 3116
37. L. Santarpia, A.K. El-Naggar, and G.J. Cote Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt and ras/ref-mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway mutations in anaplastic thyroid cancer J Clin Endocrinol Metab 93 2008 278 284
38. J.A. Engelman, L. Chen, and X. Tan Effective use of PI3K and MEK inhibitors to treat mutant Kras G12D and PIK3CA H1047R murine lung cancers Nat Med 14 2008 1351 1356
39. W.W. Ma, H. Jacene, and D. Song [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography correlates with Akt pathway activity but is not predictive of clinical outcome during mTOR inhibitor therapy J Clin Oncol 27 2009 2697 2704
40. R.T. Kloos, C. Eng, and D.B. Evans Medullary thyroid cancer: management guidelines of the American Thyroid Association Thyroidology 19 2009 565 612
41. S. Dvorakova, E. Vaclavikova, and V. Sykorova Somatic mutations in the RET proto-oncogene in sporadic medullary thyroid carcinomas Mol Cell Endocrinol 284 2008 21 27
42. R. Elisei, B. Cosci, and C. Romei Prognostic significance of somatic RET oncogene mutations in sporadic medullary thyroid cancer: a 10-year follow-up study J Clin Endocrinol Metab 93 2008 682 687
43. S.A. Hundahl, I.D. Fleming, and A.M. Fremgen A national cancer database report on 53,856 cases of thyroid carcinoma treated in the U.S., 1985-95 [see commetns] Cancer 83 1998 2638 2648
44. L.A. Akslen, T. Haldorsen, and S.O. Thoresen Survival and causes of death in thyroid cancer: a population-based study of 2479 cases from Norway Cancer Res 51 1991 1234 1241
45. A. Azadian, I.B. Rosen, and P.G. Walfish Management considerations in Hurthle cell carcinoma Surgery 118 1995 711 714 discussion:714-715
46. A. Stojadinovic, A. Hoos, and R.A. Ghossein Hurthle cell carcinoma: a 60-year experience Ann Surg Oncol 9 2002 197 203
47. S.A. Hundahl, B. Cady, and M.P. Cunningham Initial results from a prospective cohort study of 5583 cases of thyroid carcinoma treated in the United States during 1996 U.S. and German Thyroid Cancer Study Group: An American College of Surgeons Commission on Cancer Patient Care Evaluation Study Cancer 89 2000 202 217
48. A.R. Shaha, J.P. Shah, and T.R. Loree Patterns of nodal and distant metastasis based on histologic varieties in differentiated carcinoma of the thyroid Am J Surg 172 1996 692 694
49. Y. Kushchayeva, Q.Y. Duh, and E. Kebebew Comparison of clinical characteristics at diagnosis and during follow-up in 118 patients with Hrthle cell or follicular thyroid cancer Am J Surg 195 2008 457 462
50. Y.E. Nikiforov Genetic alterations involved in the transition from well-differentiated to poorly differentiated and anaplastic thyroid carcinomas Endocr Pathol 15 2004 319 327
51. B. McIver, I.D. Hay, and D.F. Giuffrida Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma: a 50-year experience at a single institution Surgery 130 2001 1028 1034
52. F.D. Gilliland, W.C. Hunt, and D.M. Morris Prognostic factors for thyroid carcinoma- A population-based study of 15,698 cases from the surveillance, epidemiology and end results (SEER) program 1973-91 Cancer 79 1997 564 573
53. C. Are, and A.R. Shaha Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma: biology, pathogenesis, prognostic factors, and treatment approaches Ann Surg Oncol 13 2006 453 464
54. S.I. Sherman, P. Angelos, and D.W. Ball Thyroid carcinoma J Natl Compr Cancer Netw 5 2007 568 621
55. M.R. Pelizzo, I.M. Boschin, and P. Bernante Natural history, diagnosis, treatment and outcome of medullary thyroid cancer: 37 years experience on 157 patients Eur J Surg Oncol 33 2007 493 497
56. E. Modigliani, R. Cohen, and J.M. Campos Prognostic factors for survival and for biochemical cure in medullary thyroid carcinoma: results in 899 patients Clin Endocrinol 48 1998 265 273
57. A. Baroli, L. Pedrazzini, and G. Lomuscio Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma Practical aspects of multimodal therapy and data emerging from a 40-year experience at a single Italian Institution Minerva Endocrinol 35 2010 9 16
58. E. Brignardello, M. Gallo, and I. Baldi Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma: clinical outcome of 30 consecutive patients referred to a single institution in the past 5 years Eur J Endocrinol 156 2007 425 430
59. J.P. Pierie, A. Muzikansky, and R.D. Gaz The effect of surgery and radiotherapy on outcome of anaplastic thyroid carcinoma Ann Surg Oncol 9 2002 57 64
60. M. Troch, O. Koperek, and C. Scheuba High efficacy of concomitant treatment of undifferentiated (anaplastic) thyroid cancer with radiation and docetaxel J Clin Endocrinol Metab 95 2010 E54 E57
61. A.T. Swaak-Kragten, J.H. de Wilt, and P.I. Schmitz Multimodality treatment for anaplastic thyroid carcinomatreatment outcome in 75 patients Radiother Oncol 92 2009 100 104
62. M. Siragusa, M. Zerilli, and F. Iovino MUC1 oncoprotein promotes refractoriness to chemotherapy in thyroid cancer cells Cancer Res 67 2007 5522 5530
63. I. Sugawara, T. Arai, and T. Yamashita Expression of multidrug resistance-associated protein (MRP) in anaplastic carcinoma of the thyroid Cancer Lett 82 1994 185 188
64. G. Zito, P. Richiusa, and A. Bommarito In vitro identification and characterization of CD133(pos) cancer stem-like cells in anaplastic thyroid carcinoma cell lines PLoS ONE 3 2008 e3544
65. E. Borbone, M.T. Berlingieri, and F. De Bellis Histone deacetylase inhibitors induce thyroid cancer-specific apoptosis through proteasome-dependent inhibition of TRAIL degradation Oncogene 29 2010 105 116
66. S. Libertini, I. Iacuzzo, and G. Perruolo Bevacizumab increases viral distribution in human anaplastic thyroid carcinoma xenografts and enhances the effects of E1A-defective adenovirus dl922-947 Clin Cancer Res 14 2008 6505 6514
67. K. Matsuzu, F. Segade, and U. Matsuzu Differential expression of glucose transporters in normal and pathologic thyroid tissue Thyroidology 14 2004 806 812
68. R. Ciampi, A. Vivaldi, and C. Romei Expression analysis of facilitative glucose transporters (GLUTs) in human thyroid carcinoma cell lines and primary tumors Mol Cell Endocrinol 291 2008 57 62
69. J. Schonberger, J. Ruschoff, and D. Grimm Glucose transporter 1 gene expression is related to thyroid neoplasms with an unfavorable prognosis: an immunohistochemical study Thyroidology 12 2002 747 754
70. L. Hooft, A.A. van der Veldt, and P.J. van Diest [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose uptake in recurrent thyroid cancer is related to hexokinase i expression in the primary tumor J Clin Endocrinol Metab 90 2005 328 334
71. N. Burrows, J. Resch, and R.L. Cowen Expression of hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha in thyroid carcinomas Endocr Relat Cancer 17 2010 61 72
72. M. Zerilli, G. Zito, and A. Martorana BRAF(V600E) mutation influences hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha expression levels in papillary thyroid cancer Mod Pathol 23 2010 1052 1060
73. G.L. Semenza Targeting HIF-1 for cancer therapy Nat Rev Cancer 3 2003 721 732
74. G.L. Semenza HIF-1: upstream and downstream of cancer metabolism Curr Opin Genet Dev 20 2010 51 56
75. S. Filetti, G. Damante, and D. Foti Thyrotropin stimulates glucose transport in cultured rat thyroid cells Endocrinology 120 1987 2576 2581
76. K. Haraguchi, C.S. Rani, and J.B. Field Effects of thyrotropin, carbachol, and protein kinase C stimulators on glucose transport and glucose oxidation by primary cultures of dog thyroid cells Endocrinology 123 1988 1288 1295
77. J.T. Deichen, C. Schmidt, and O. Prante Influence of TSH on uptake of [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose in human thyroid cells in vitro Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 31 2004 507 512
78. O. Prante, S. Maschauer, and V. Fremont Regulation of uptake of 18F-FDG by a follicular human thyroid cancer cell line with mutation-activated K-ras J Nucl Med 50 2009 1364 1370
79. D. Blaser, S. Maschauer, and T. Kuwert In vitro studies on the signal transduction of thyroidal uptake of 18F-FDG and 131I-iodide J Nucl Med 47 2006 1382 1388
80. N. Samih, S. Hovsepian, and A. Aouani Glut-1 translocation in FRTL-5 thyroid cells: role of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and N-glycosylation Endocrinology 141 2000 4146 4155
81. W. Wang, H. Macapinlac, and S.M. Larson [18F]-2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose positron emission tomography localizes residual thyroid cancer in patients with negative diagnostic (131)I whole body scans and elevated serum thyroglobulin levels J Clin Endocrinol Metab 84 1999 2291 2302
82. F. Grunwald, T. Kalicke, and U. Feine Fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography in thyroid cancer: results of a multicentre study Eur J Nucl Med 26 1999 1547 1552
83. F. Moog, R. Linke, and N. Manthey Influence of thyroid-stimulating hormone levels on uptake of FDG in recurrent and metastatic differentiated thyroid carcinoma J Nucl Med 41 2000 1989 1995
84. T. Petrich, A.R. Borner, and D. Otto Influence of rhTSH on [(18)F]fluorodeoxyglucose uptake by differentiated thyroid carcinoma Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 29 2002 641 647
85. B.B. Chin, P. Patel, and C. Cohade Recombinant human thyrotropin stimulation of fluoro-d-glucose positron emission tomography uptake in well-differentiated thyroid carcinoma J Clin Endocrinol Metab 89 2004 91 95
86. S. Leboulleux, P.R. Schroeder, and N.L. Busaidy Assessment of the incremental value of recombinant thyrotropin stimulation before 2-[18F]-fluoro-2-deoxy-d-glucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography imaging to localize residual differentiated thyroid cancer J Clin Endocrinol Metab 94 2009 1310 1316
87. C. Ma, J. Xie, and Y. Lou The role of TSH for 18F-FDG-PET in the diagnosis of recurrence and metastases of differentiated thyroid carcinoma with elevated thyroglobulin and negative scan: a meta-analysis Eur J Endocrinol 163 2010 177 183
88. B. Schluter, K.H. Bohuslavizki, and W. Beyer Impact of FDG PET on patients with differentiated thyroid cancer who present with elevated thyroglobulin and negative 131I scan J Nucl Med 42 2001 71 76
89. A. Shammas, B. Degirmenci, and J.M. Mountz 18F-FDG PET/CT in patients with suspected recurrent or metastatic well-differentiated thyroid cancer J Nucl Med 48 2007 221 226
90. P. Vera, C. Kuhn-Lansoy, and A. Edet-Sanson Does recombinant human thyrotropin-stimulated positron emission tomography with [18F]fluoro-2-deoxy-d- glucose improve detection of recurrence of well-differentiated thyroid carcinoma in patients with low serum thyroglobulin? Thyroidology 20 2010 15 23
91. H. Palmedo, J. Bucerius, and A. Joe Integrated PET/CT in differentiated thyroid cancer: diagnostic accuracy and impact on patient management J Nucl Med 47 2006 616 624
92. D. Karantanis, T.V. Bogsrud, and G.A. Wiseman Clinical significance of diffusely increased 18F-FDG uptake in the thyroid gland J Nucl Med 48 2007 896 901
93. M.S. Cohen, N. Arslan, and F. Dehdashti Risk of malignancy in thyroid incidentalomas identified by fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography Surgery 130 2001 941 946
94. T.Y. Kim, W.B. Kim, and J.S. Ryu 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose uptake in thyroid from positron emission tomogram (PET) for evaluation in cancer patients: high prevalence of malignancy in thyroid PET incidentaloma Laryngoscope 115 2005 1074 1078
95. K.W. Kang, S.K. Kim, and H.S. Kang Prevalence and risk of cancer of focal thyroid incidentaloma identified by 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography for metastasis evaluation and cancer screening in healthy subjects J Clin Endocrinol Metab 88 2003 4100 4104
96. C. Are, J.F. Hsu, and H. Schoder FDG-PET detected thyroid incidentalomas: need for further investigation? Ann Surg Oncol 14 2007 239 247
97. S.Y. Nam, J.L. Roh, and J.S. Kim Focal uptake of (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose by thyroid in patients with nonthyroidal head and neck cancers in Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 67 2007 135 139
98. J.G. Yi, E.M. Marom, and R.F. Munden Focal uptake of fluorodeoxyglucose by the thyroid in patients undergoing initial disease staging with combined PET/CT for non-small cell lung cancer Radiology 236 2005 271 275
99. J.Y. Kwak, E.K. Kim, and M. Yun Thyroid incidentalomas identified by 18F-FDG PET: sonographic correlation AJR Am J Roentgenol 191 2008 598 603
100. T.V. Bogsrud, D. Karantanis, and M.A. Nathan The value of quantifying 18F-FDG uptake in thyroid nodules found incidentally on whole-body PET-CT Nucl Med Commun 28 2007 373 381
101. J.A. Eloy, E.M. Brett, and G.M. Fatterpekar The significance and management of incidental [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose-positron-emission tomography uptake in the thyroid gland in patients with cancer AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 30 2009 1431 1434
102. G. Zhai, M. Zhang, and H. Xu The role of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography whole body imaging in the evaluation of focal thyroid incidentaloma J Endocrinol Invest 33 2010 151 155
103. J.Y. Choi, K.S. Lee, and H.J. Kim Focal thyroid lesions incidentally identified by integrated 18F-FDG PET/CT: clinical significance and improved characterization J Nucl Med 47 2006 609 615
104. H.S. Jeong, C.H. Baek, and Y.I. Son Integrated 18F-FDG PET/CT for the initial evaluation of cervical node level of patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma: comparison with ultrasound and contrast-enhanced CT in Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 65 2006 402 407
105. L.F. de Geus-Oei, G.F. Pieters, and J.J. Bonenkamp 18F-FDG PET reduces unnecessary hemithyroidectomies for thyroid nodules with inconclusive cytologic results J Nucl Med 47 2006 770 775
106. U. Feine, R. Lietzenmayer, and J.P. Hanke [18FDG whole-body PET in differentiated thyroid carcinoma Flipflop in uptake patterns of 18FDG and 131I] Nuklearmedizin 34 1995 127 134
107. U. Feine, R. Lietzenmayer, and J.P. Hanke Fluorine-18-FDG and iodine-131-iodide uptake in thyroid cancer J Nucl Med 37 1996 1468 1472
108. F. Grunwald, A. Schomburg, and H. Bender Fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography in the follow-up of differentiated thyroid cancer Eur J Nucl Med 23 1996 312 319
109. J.K. Chung, Y. So, and J.S. Lee Value of FDG PET in papillary thyroid carcinoma with negative 131I whole-body scan J Nucl Med 40 1999 986 992
110. B.O. Helal, P. Merlet, and M.E. Toubert Clinical impact of (18)F-FDG PET in thyroid carcinoma patients with elevated thyroglobulin levels and negative 131I scanning results after therapy J Nucl Med 42 2001 1464 1469
111. A. Frilling, K. Tecklenborg, and R. Gorges Preoperative diagnostic value of [(18)F] fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography in patients with radioiodine-negative recurrent well-differentiated thyroid carcinoma Ann Surg 234 2001 804 811
112. M. Gabriel, F. Froehlich, and C. Decristoforo 99mTc-EDDA/HYNIC-TOC and (18)F-FDG in thyroid cancer patients with negative 131I whole-body scans Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 31 2004 330 341
113. L.S. Freudenberg, A. Frilling, and H. Kuhl Dual-modality FDG-PET/CT in follow-up of patients with recurrent iodine-negative differentiated thyroid cancer Eur Radiol 17 2007 3139 3147
114. E. Mirallie, T. Guillan, and B. Bridji Therapeutic impact of 18FDG-PET/CT in the management of iodine-negative recurrence of differentiated thyroid carcinoma Surgery 142 2007 952 958 discussion:952-958
115. M.D. Zuijdwijk, W.V. Vogel, and F.H. Corstens Utility of fluorodeoxyglucose-PET in patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma Nucl Med Commun 29 2008 636 641
116. S.J. Kim, T.H. Lee, and I.J. Kim Clinical implication of F-18 FDG PET/CT for differentiated thyroid cancer in patients with negative diagnostic iodine-123 scan and elevated thyroglobulin Eur J Radiol 70 2009 17 24
117. M.J. Dong, Z.F. Liu, and K. Zhao Value of 18F-FDG-PET/PET-CT in differentiated thyroid carcinoma with radioiodine-negative whole-body scan: a meta-analysis Nucl Med Commun 30 2009 639 650
118. S. Ito, K. Kato, and M. Ikeda Comparison of 18F-FDG PET and bone scintigraphy in detection of bone metastases of thyroid cancer J Nucl Med 48 2007 889 895
119. W. Wang, S.M. Larson, and M. Fazzari Prognostic value of [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomographic scanning in patients with thyroid cancer J Clin Endocrinol Metab 85 2000 1107 1113
120. R.J. Robbins, Q. Wan, and R.K. Grewal Real-time prognosis for metastatic thyroid carcinoma based on 2-[18F]fluoro-2-deoxy-d-glucose-positron emission tomography scanning J Clin Endocrinol Metab 91 2006 498 505
121. V.J. Lowe, B.P. Mullan, and I.D. Hay 18F-FDG PET of patients with Hurthle cell carcinoma J Nucl Med 44 2003 1402 1406
122. D.A. Pryma, H. Schoder, and M. Gonen Diagnostic accuracy and prognostic value of 18F-FDG PET in Hurthle cell thyroid cancer patients J Nucl Med 47 2006 1260 1266
123. T.V. Bogsrud, D. Karantanis, and M.A. Nathan 18F-FDG PET in the management of patients with anaplastic thyroid carcinoma Thyroidology 18 2008 713 719
124. T. Poisson, D. Deandreis, and S. Leboulleux (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography and computed tomography in anaplastic thyroid cancer Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 37 2010 2277 2285
125. K. Brandt-Mainz, S.P. Muller, and R. Gorges The value of fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose PET in patients with medullary thyroid cancer Eur J Nucl Med 27 2000 490 496
126. M. Diehl, J.H. Risse, and K. Brandt-Mainz Fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography in medullary thyroid cancer: results of a multicentre study Eur J Nucl Med 28 2001 1671 1676
127. S. Szakall Jr, O. Esik, and G. Bajzik 18F-FDG PET detection of lymph node metastases in medullary thyroid carcinoma J Nucl Med 43 2002 66 71
128. M. Gotthardt, A. Battmann, and H. Hoffken 18F-FDG PET, somatostatin receptor scintigraphy, and CT in metastatic medullary thyroid carcinoma: a clinical study and an analysis of the literature Nucl Med Commun 25 2004 439 443
129. J.W. de Groot, T.P. Links, and P.L. Jager Impact of 18F-fluoro-2-deoxy-d- glucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) in patients with biochemical evidence of recurrent or residual medullary thyroid cancer Ann Surg Oncol 11 2004 786 794
130. S.C. Ong, H. Schoder, and S.G. Patel Diagnostic accuracy of 18F-FDG PET in restaging patients with medullary thyroid carcinoma and elevated calcitonin levels J Nucl Med 48 2007 501 507
131. A.L. Giraudet, D. Vanel, and S. Leboulleux Imaging medullary thyroid carcinoma with persistent elevated calcitonin levels J Clin Endocrinol Metab 92 2007 4185 4190
132. A. Oudoux, P.Y. Salaun, and C. Bournaud Sensitivity and prognostic value of positron emission tomography with F-18-fluorodeoxyglucose and sensitivity of immunoscintigraphy in patients with medullary thyroid carcinoma treated with anticarcinoembryonic antigen-targeted radioimmunotherapy J Clin Endocrinol Metab 92 2007 4590 4597
133. M. Beheshti, S. Pocher, and R. Vali The value of 18F-DOPA PET-CT in patients with medullary thyroid carcinoma: comparison with 18F-FDG PET-CT Eur Radiol 19 2009 1425 1434
134. E. Skoura, P. Rondogianni, and M. Alevizaki Role of [(18)F]FDG-PET/CT in the detection of occult recurrent medullary thyroid cancer Nucl Med Commun 31 2010 567 575
135. K.P. Koopmans, J.W. de Groot, and J.T. Plukker 18F-dihydroxyphenylalanine PET in patients with biochemical evidence of medullary thyroid cancer: relation to tumor differentiation J Nucl Med 49 2008 524 531
136. S. Hoegerle, C. Altehoefer, and N. Ghanem 18F-DOPA positron emission tomography for tumour detection in patients with medullary thyroid carcinoma and elevated calcitonin levels Eur J Nucl Med 28 2001 64 71
137. B. Beuthien-Baumann, A. Strumpf, and J. Zessin Diagnostic impact of PET with 18F-FDG, 18F-DOPA and 3-O-methyl-6-[18F]fluoro-dopa in recurrent or metastatic medullary thyroid carcinoma Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 34 2007 1604 1609
138. M. Luster, W. Karges, and K. Zeich Clinical value of 18-fluorine- fluorodihydroxyphenylalanine positron emission tomography/computed tomography in the follow-up of medullary thyroid carcinoma Thyroidology 20 2010 527 533
139. M.C. Marzola, M.R. Pelizzo, and M. Ferdeghini Dual PET/CT with (18)F-DOPA and (18)F-FDG in metastatic medullary thyroid carcinoma and rapidly increasing calcitonin levels: comparison with conventional imaging Eur J Surg Oncol 36 2010 414 421
140. K.S. Pentlow, M.C. Graham, and R.M. Lambrecht Quantitative imaging of iodine-124 with PET J Nucl Med 37 1996 1557 1562
141. H.T. Phan, P.L. Jager, and A.M. Paans The diagnostic value of 124I-PET in patients with differentiated thyroid cancer Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 35 2008 958 965
142. D. Van Nostrand, S. Moreau, and V.V. Bandaru (124)I positron emission tomography versus (131)I planar imaging in the identification of residual thyroid tissue and/or metastasis in patients who have well-differentiated thyroid cancer Thyroid 20 2010 879 883
143. L.S. Freudenberg, G. Antoch, and W. Jentzen Value of (124)I-PET/CT in staging of patients with differentiated thyroid cancer Eur Radiol 14 2004 2092 2098
144. S.M. Eschmann, G. Reischl, and K. Bilger Evaluation of dosimetry of radioiodine therapy in benign and malignant thyroid disorders by means of iodine-124 and PET Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 29 2002 760 767
145. L.S. Freudenberg, W. Jentzen, and T. Petrich Lesion dose in differentiated thyroid carcinoma metastases after rhTSH or thyroid hormone withdrawal: (124)I PET/CT dosimetric comparisons Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 37 2010 2267 2276
146. W. Jentzen, L. Freudenberg, and E.G. Eising Optimized 124I PET dosimetry protocol for radioiodine therapy of differentiated thyroid cancer J Nucl Med 49 2008 1017 1023