Statistical mechanics of static and low-velocity kinetic friction

Advances in Chemical Physics

Volumn 126, Issue , 2003, Pages 187-272

  Müser, Martin H ^a   Urbakh, Michael ^b   Robbins, Mark O ^c  

^a JOHANNES GUTENBERG UNIVERSITY   (Germany)

^b TEL AVIV UNIVERSITY   (Israel)

^c JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 78751662825     PISSN: 00652385     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1002/0471428019.ch5     Document Type: Article

References (274)

1. D. Dowson, History of Tribology, Longman, New York, 1979.
2. J. Krim and A. Widom, Phys. Rev. B 38, 12184 (1988).
3. J. Krim, E. T. Watts, and J. Digel, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 8, 3417 (1990).
4. J. Krim, D. H. Solina, and R. Chiarello, Phys. Rev. Lett. 66, 181 (1991).
5. G. Binning, C. F. Quate, and C. Gerber, Phys. Rev. Lett. 56, 930 (1986).
6. C. M. Mate, G. M. McClelland, R. Erlandsson, and S. Chiang, Phys. Rev. Lett. 59, 1942 (1987).
7. J. N. Israelachvili, P. M. McGuiggan, and A. M. Homola, Science 240, 189 (1988).
8. J. N. Israelachvili, Surf. Sci. Rep. 14, 109 (1992).
9. S. Granick, Science 253, 1374 (1992).
10. R. W. Carpick and M. Salmeron, Chem. Rev. 97, 1163 (1997).
11. P. M. McGuiggan, J. Zhang, and S. M. Hsu, Tribol. Lett. 10, 217 (2001).
12. F. Tiberg, G. Bogdanovic, and M. W. Rutland, Langmuir 17, 5911 (2001).
13. J. A. Harrison, S. J. Stuart, and D. W. Brenner, in B. Bhushan, ed., Handbook of Micro/Nanotribology, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1999, p. 525.
14. M. O. Robbins and M. H. Müser, in B. Bhushan, ed., Modern Tribology Handbook, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2001, p. 717.
15. Amontons, Histoire de l'Académie Royale des Sciences avec les Mémoires de Mathématique et de Physique, 1699, p. 206.
16. J. Leslie, An Experimental Inquiry into The Nature and Propagation of Heat, printed for J. Newman, No. 22 (1804).
17. M. Brillouin, Notice sur les Traveaux Scientifique, Gauthiers-Vilars, Paris, 1990.
18. G. A. Tomlinson, Philos. Mag. Series 7, 905 (1929).
19. M. G. Rozman, M. Urbakh, and J. Klafter, Phys. Rev. Lett. 77, 683 (1996).
20. M. G. Rozman, M. Urbakh, and J. Klafter, Phys. Rev. E 54, 6485 (1996).
21. L. Prandtl, Z. Angew. Math. Mech. 8, 85 (1928).
22. E. Gerde and M. Marder, Science 413, 285 (2001).
23. T. Baumberger, C. Caroli, and O. Ronsin, Phys. Rev. Lett. 88, 075509 (2002).
24. C. Caroli and P. Nozières, Eur. Phys. J. B 4, 233 (1998).
25. M. Hirano and K. Shinjo, Phys. Rev. B, 41, 11837 (1990).
26. M. Hirano and K. Shinjo, Wear 168, 121 (1993).
27. M. H. Müser and M. O. Robbins, Phys. Rev. B 61, 2335 (2000).
28. M. H. Müser, Tribol. Lett. 10, 15 (2001).
29. J. B. Sokoloff, Phys. Rev. Lett. 86, 3312 (2000).
30. B. N. J. Persson and E. Tosatti, Solid State Commun. 109, 739 (1999).
31. H. Fukuyama and P. A. Lee, Phys. Rev. B 17, 535 (1978).
32. D. S. Fisher, Phys. Rev. B 31, 1396 (1985).
33. G. He, M. H. Müser, and M. O. Robbins, Science 284, 1650 (1999).
34. F.P. Bowden and D. Tabor, TheFriction andLubricationof Solids,Clarendon Press,Oxford,1986.
35. P. Berthoud and T. Baumberger, Proc. R. Soc. A 454, 1615 (1998).
36. J. H. Dieterich and B. D. Kilgore, Pure Appl. Geophysics 143, 238 (1994).
37. J. H. Dieterich and B. D. Kilgore, Tectonophysics 256, 219 (1996).
38. I. L. Singer, Solid lubrication processes, in Fundamentals of Friction: Macroscopic and Microscopic Processes, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1992, pp. 237-261.
39. B. J. Briscoe and D. Tabor, J. Adhesion 9, 145 (1978).
40. B. J. Briscoe, Philos. Mag. A 43, 511 (1981).
41. B. J. Briscoe and D. C. B. Evans, Proc. R. Soc. A 380, 389 (1982).
42. M.L. Gee, P.M. McGuiggan, J.N. Israelachvili, and A.M. Homola, J.Chem.Phys. 93, 1895 (1990).
43. A. Berman, C. Drummons, and J. N. Israelachvili, Tribol. Lett. 4, 95 (1998).
44. J. A. Greenwood and J. B. P. Williamson. Proc. R. Soc. A 295, 300 (1966).
45. A. Volmer and T. Natterman, Z. Phys. B 104, 363 (1997).
46. B. N. J. Persson, Phys. Rev. Lett. 87, 116101 (2001).
47. E. Rabinowicz, Friction and Wear of Materials, Wiley, New York, 1965.
48. Sir W. B. Hardy, Collected Works, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1936.
49. D. M. Tolstoi, Wear 10, 199 (1967).
50. J. M. Carlson and A. A. Batista, Phys. Rev. E 53, 4153 (1996).
51. B. N. J. Persson, Sliding Friction: Physical Principles and Applications, Springer, Berlin, 1998.
52. E. Rabonowicz, Proc. Phys. Soc. London 71, 668 (1958).
53. J. H. Dieterich, J. Geophys. Res. 84, 2161 (1979).
54. A. Ruina, J. Geophys. Res. 88, 10359 (1983).
55. J. H. Dieterich and B. D. Kilgore, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93, 3787 (1996).
56. F. Heslot, T. Baumberger, B. Perrin, B. Caroli, and C. Caroli, Phys. Rev. E 49, 4973 (1994).
57. T. Baumberger and C. Caroli, Comments Cond. Mater. Phys. 17, 306 (1995).
58. P. Hänggi, P. Talkner, and M. Borkovec. Rev. Mod. Phys. 62, 251 (1990).
59. P. Berthoud and T. Baumberger, Europhys. Lett. 41, 617 (1998).
60. Y. Estrin and Y. Bréchet, Pageoph 147, 745 (1996).
61. P. Le Doussal, P. Chauve, and T. Giamarchi, Europhys. Lett. 44, 110 (1998).
62. P. Le Doussal, P. Chauve, and T. Giamarchi, Phys. Rev. B 62, 6241 (2000).
63. S. Panyukov and Y. Rabin, Phys. Rev. E 56, 7053 (1997).
64. M. H. Müser, L. Wenning, and M. O. Robbins. Phys. Rev. Lett. 86, 1295 (2001).
65. P. A. Lee and T. M. Rice, Phys. Rev. B 19, 3970 (1979).
66. M. R. Sørensen, K. W. Jacobsen, and P. Stoltze, Phys. Rev. B 53, 2101 (1996).
67. H. Risken, The Fokker Planck Equation, Springer, Heidelberg, 1984.
68. G. E. Uhlenbeck and L. S. Ornstein, Phys. Rev. 36, 823 (1930).
69. H. Risken and H. D. Vollmer, Z. Phys. B, 33, 297 (1979).
70. M. R. Falvo et al., Nature 397, 236 (1999).
71. M. R. Falvo, J. Steele, R. M. Taylor II, and R. Superfine, Phys. Rev. B 62, 10665 (2000).
72. M. F. Yu, B. I. Yakobson, and R. S. Ruoff, J. Phys. Chem. B 104, 8764 (2000).
73. J. Liu et al., Science 280, 1253 (1998).
74. A. Buldum and S. Ciraci, Phys. Rev. Lett. 83, 5050 (1999).
75. M. Damnjanovic, I. Milosevic, T. Vukovic, and R. R. Sredanovic, J. Phys. A 32, 4097 (1999).
76. A. N. Kolmogorov and V. H. Crespi, Phys. Rev. Lett. 85, 4727 (2000).
77. L. Wenning and M. H. Müser, Europhys. Lett. 54, 693 (2001).
78. K. Miura and S. Kamiya, Europhys. Lett. 58, 601 (2002).
79. C. A. J. Putman, M. Igarashi, and R. Kaneko, Appl. Phys. Lett. 66, 3221 (1995).
80. P. Schwarz, O. Zwörner, P. Köster, and R. Wiesendanger, Phys. Rev. B 56, 6987 (1997).
81. H. Klein, D. Pailharey, and Y. Mathey, Surf. Sci. 387, 227 (1997).
82. M. Weiss and F.-J. Elmer, Phys. Rev. B 53, 7539 (1996).
83. T. Gyalog and H. Thomas, Z. Phys. B 104, 669 (1997).
84. E. Gnecco, R. Bennewitz, T. Gyalog, C. Loppacher, M. Bammerlin, E. Meyer, and H. J. Güntherodt, Phys. Rev. Lett. 84, 1172 (2000).
85. M. Porto, V. Zaloj, M. Urbakh, and J. Klafter, Tribol. Lett. 9, 45 (2000).
86. E. Gnecco, R. Bennewitz, T. Gyalog, and E. Meyer, J. Phys. Condens. Mater. 13, R619 (2001).
87. D. S. Fisher, Phys. Rev. Lett. 50, 1486 (1983).
88. T. Baumberger and C. Caroli, Eur. Phys. J. B 4, 13 (1998).
89. A. A. Middleton, Phys. Rev. Lett. 68, 670 (1992).
90. E. Evans, Annu. Rev. Biophys. Biomol. Struct. 30, 105 (2001).
91. Y. Sang, M. Dubé, and M. Grant, Phys. Rev. Lett. 87, 174301 (2001).
92. O. K. Dudko, A. E. Filippov, J. Klafter, and M. Urbakh, Chem. Phys. Lett. 352, 499 (2002).
93. E. Evans and K. Ritchie, Biophys. J. 72, 1541 (1997).
94. J. N. Glosli and G. McClelland, Phys. Rev. Lett. 70, 1960 (1993).
95. T. Ohzono, J. N. Glosli, and M. Fujihara, Jpn. J. Appl. Physics, 37, 6535 (1998).
96. J. A. Harrison, C. T. White, R. J. Colton, and D. W. Brenner, Phys. Rev. B 46, 9700 (1992).
97. J. A. Harrison, C. T. White, R. J. Colton, and D. W. Brenner, J. Phys. Chem. 97, 6573 (1993).
98. T. Bouhacina, S. Gauthier, J. P. Aimé, D. Michel, and V. Heroguez, Phys. Rev. B 56, 7694 (1997).
99. E. L. Florin, V. T. Moy, and H. E. Gaub, Science 264, 415 (1994).
100. M. Rief, F. Oesterhelt, B. Heymann, and H. E. Gaub, Science 275, 1295 (1997).
101. A. F. Oberhauser, P. E. Marszalek, H. P. Erickson, and J. M. Fernandez, Nature 393, 181 (1998).
102. G. U. Lee, L. A. Chrisey, and R. J. Colton, Science 266, 771 (1994).
103. T. Charitat and J.-F. Joanny, Eur. Phys. J. E 3, 369 (2000).
104. Y. I. Frenkel and T. Kontorova, Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 8, 1340 (1938).
105. U. Dehlinger, Ann. Phys. 5, 749 (1929).
106. O. M. Braun and Yu. S. Kivshar, Phys. Rep. 306, 1 (1998).
107. D. S. Fisher, Phys. Rep. 301, 113 (1998).
108. S. Aubry, J. Phys. (Paris) 44, 147 (1983).
109. M. Peyrard and S. Aubry, J. Phys. C 16, 1593 (1983).
110. R. S. MacKay, Physica D 50, 71 (1991).
111. P. M. Chaikin and T. C. Lubensky, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1995, Chapter 10.
112. F. C. Frank and J. H. Van der Merwe, Proc. R. Soc. 198, 205 (1949).
113. A. Kochendörfer and A. Seeger, Z. Physik 127, 533 (1950).
114. M. J. Rice, A. R. Bishop, J. A. Krumhansl, and S. E. Trullinger, Phys. Rev. Lett. 36, 432 (1976).
115. D. J. Bergman, E. Ben-Jacob, Y. Imry, and K. Maki, Phys. Rev. A 27, 3345 (1983).
116. R. Peierls, Proc. R. Soc. London 52, 34 (1940).
117. F. R. N. Nabarro, Proc. R. Soc. London 59, 256 (1947).
118. V. G. Bar'yakhtar, B. A. Ivanov, A. L. Sukstanskii, and E. V. Tartakovskaya, Teor. Mat. Fiz. 74, 46 (1988).
119. P. Bak, Rep. Prog. Phys. 45, 587 (1982).
120. P. Bak and Fukuyama, Phys. Rev. B 21, 3287 (1980).
121. B. Hu, B. Li, and H. Zhao, Europhys. Lett. 53, 342 (2001).
122. H. Miyake and H. Matsukawa, J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 67, 3891 (1998).
123. V. L. Popov, Phys. Rev. Lett. 83, 1632 (1999).
124. C.-I. Chou, C.-I. Ho, and B. Hu, Phys. Rev. E 55, 5092 (1997).
125. S. F. Mingaleev, Y. B. Gaididei, E. Majernikova, and S. Shpyrko, Phys. Rev. E 61, 4454 (2000).
126. A. Vanossi, J. Röder, A. R. Bishop, and V. Bortolani, Phys. Rev. E 63, 017203 (2001).
127. T. Kawaguchi and H. Matsukawa, Phys. Rev. B 56, 13932 (1997).
128. J. B. Sokoloff, Phys. Rev. B 65, 115415 (2002).
129. M. Weiss and F.-J. Elmer, Z. Phys. B 104, 55 (1997).
130. F. Lançon, J. M. Penisson, and U. Dahmen, Europhys. Lett. 49, 603 (2000).
131. F. Lançon, Europhys. Lett. 57, 74 (2002).
132. M. Hirano, K. Shinjo, R. Kaneko, and Y. Murata, Phys. Rev. Lett. 67, 2642 (1991).
133. J. M. Martin, C. Donnet, and T. Le Mogne, Phys. Rev. B 48, 10583 (1993).
134. I. L. Singer, private communication.
135. M. Hirano, K. Shinjo, R. Kaneko, and Y. Murata, Phys. Rev. Lett. 78, 1448 (1997).
136. J. Krim, Sci. Am. 275(4), 74 (1996).
137. A. Dayo, W. Alnasrallay, and J. Krim, Phys. Rev. Lett. 80, 1690 (1998).
138. M. O. Robbins and J. Krim, MRS Bull. 23(6), 23 (1998).
139. M. S. Tomassone, J. B. Sokoloff, A. Widom, and J. Krim, Phys. Rev. Lett. 79, 4798 (1997).
140. M. Cieplak, E. D. Smith, and M. O. Robbins, Science 265, 1209 (1994).
141. E. D. Smith, M. Cieplak, and M. O. Robbins, Phys. Rev. B. 54, 8252 (1996).
142. B. N. J. Persson, Phys. Rev. B 44, 3277 (1991).
143. L. W. Bruch, Phys. Rev. B 61, 16201 (2000).
144. B. L. Mason, S. M. Winder, and J. Krim, Tribol. Lett. 10, 59 (2001).
145. T. Novotný and B. Velický, Phys. Rev. Lett. 83, 4112 (1999).
146. V. L. Popov, JETP Lett. 69, 558 (1999).
147. R. L. Renner, J. E. Rutledge, and P. Taborek, Phys. Rev. Lett. 83, 1261 (1999).
148. J. Krim, Phys. Rev. Lett. 83, 1262 (1999).
149. M. S. Tomassone and J. B. Sokoloff, Phys. Rev. B 60, 4005 (1999).
150. C. Mak and J. Krim, Faraday Discuss. 107, 389 (1997).
151. A. Brass, H. J. Jensen, and A. J. Berlinsky, Phys. Rev. B 39, 102 (1989).
152. M. J. Williams, J. Appl. Mech. 19, 526 (2001).
153. M. C. Kuo and D. B. Bogy, J. Appl. Mech. 41, 197 (1974).
154. E. D. Reedy, Jr., Eng. Fract. Mech. 36, 575 (1990).
155. O. Vafek and M. O. Robbins, Phys. Rev. B 60, 12002 (1999).
156. J. A. Hurtado and K. S. Kim, Proc. R. Soc. Ser. A 455, 3363 (1999).
157. J. A. Hurtado and K. S. Kim, Proc. R. Soc. Ser. A 455, 3385 (1999).
158. J. A. Nieminen, A. P. Sutton, and J. B. Pethica, Acta Metall. Mater. 40, 2503 (1992).
159. U. Landman, W. D. Luedtke, N. A. Burnham, and R. J. Colton, Science 248, 454 (1990).
160. U. Landman, W. D. Luedtke, and E. M. Ringer, Wear 153, 3 (1992).
161. U. Landman and W. D. Luedtke, Surf. Sci. Lett. 210, L117 (1989).
162. U. Landman and W. D. Luedtke, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 9, 414 (1991).
163. H. Raffi-Tabar, J. B. Pethica, and A. P. Sutton, Mater. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. 239, 313 (1992).
164. O. Tomagnini, F. Ercolessi, and E. Tosatti, Surf. Sci. 287/288, 1041 (1993).
165. U. Landman, W. D. Luedtke, and J. Gao, Langmuir 12, 4514 (1996).
166. J. A. Harrison, C. T. White, R. J. Colton, and D. W. Brenner, Surf. Sci. 271, 57 (1992).
167. J. A. Harrison, D.W. Brenner, C. T. White, and R. J. Colton, Thin Solid Films 206, 213 (1991).
168. J. Belak and I. F. Stowers, in I. L. Singer and H. M. Pollock, eds., Fundamentals of Friction: Macroscopic and Microscopic Processes, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht (1992), p. 511.
169. T. Moriwaki and K. Okuda, Ann. CIRP 38, 115 (1989).
170. N. P. Suh, Tribophysics, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1986.
171. L. Zhang and H. Tanaka, Wear 211, 44 (1997).
172. L. Zhang and H. Tanaka, Tribol. Int. 31, 425 (1998).
173. D. A. Rigney and J. E. Hammerberg, MRS Bull. 23(6), 32 (1998).
174. J. E. Hammerberg, B. L. Holian, J. Röder, A. R. Bishop, and J. J. Zhou, Physica D, 123, 330 (1998).
175. F. F. Abraham, J. Chem. Phys. 68, 3713 (1978).
176. S. Toxvaerd, J. Chem. Phys. 74, 1998 (1981).
177. I. K. Snook and W. van Megen, J. Chem. Phys. 72, 2907 (1980).
178. S. Nordholm and A. D. J. Haymet, Aust. J. Chem. 33, 2013 (1980).
179. M. Plischke and D. Henderson, J. Chem. Phys. 84, 2846 (1986).
180. P. A. Thompson and M. O. Robbins, Phys. Rev. A 41, 6830 (1990).
181. J. Magda, M. Tirrell, and H. T. Davis, J. Chem. Phys. 83, 1888 (1985).
182. M. Schoen, C. L. Rhykerd, D. J. Diestler, and J. H. Cushman, J. Chem. Phys. 87, 5464 (1987).
183. I. Bitsanis and G. Hadziioannou, J. Chem. Phys. 92, 3827 (1990).
184. P. A. Thompson, M. O. Robbins, and G. S. Grest, Isr. J. Chem. 35, 93 (1995).
185. J. Gao, W. D. Luedtke, and U. Landman, J. Phys. Chem. B 101, 4013 (1997).
186. J. Gao, W. D. Luedtke, and U. Landman, J. Chem. Phys. 106, 4309 (1997).
187. P. A. Thompson and M. O. Robbins, Science 250, 792 (1990).
188. U. Landman, W. D. Luedtke, and M. W. Ribarsky, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 7, 2829 (1989).
189. M. Schoen, J. H. Cushman, D. J. Diestler, and C. L. Rhykerd, J. Chem. Phys. 88, 1394 (1988).
190. M. Schoen, C. L. Rhykerd, D. J. Diestler, and J. H. Cushman, Science 245, 1223 (1989).
191. J.-L. Barrat and L. Bocquet, Faraday Discuss. 112, 1 (1999).
192. L. Bocquet and J.-L. Barrat, Phys. Rev. E 49, 3079 (1994).
193. J.-L. Barrat and L. Bocquet, Phys. Rev. Lett. 82, 4671 (1999).
194. P. A. Thompson and S. M. Troian, Nature 389, 360 (1997).
195. R. G. Horn and J. N. Israelachvili, J. Chem. Phys. 75, 1400 (1981).
196. J. E. Curry, F. Zhang, J. H. Cushman, M. Schoen, and D. J. Diestler, J. Chem. Phys. 101, 10824 (1994).
197. P. A. Thompson, G. S. Grest, and M. O. Robbins, Phys. Rev. Lett. 68, 3448 (1992).
198. G. S. Grest and M. H. Cohen, in Advances in Chemical Physics, Wiley, New York, 1981, p. 455.
199. A. J. Liu and S. R. Nagel, Jamming and Rheology: Constrained Dynamics on Microscopic and Macroscopic Scales, Taylor and Francis, London, 2000.
200. G. He and M. O. Robbins, Phys. Rev. B 64, 035413 (2001).
201. G. He and M. O. Robbins, Tribol. Lett. 10, 7 (2001).
202. J. P. Gao, W. D. Luedtke, and U. Landman, Tribol. Lett. 9, 3 (2000).
203. A. L. Demirel and S. Granick, Phys. Rev. Lett. 77, 2261 (1996).
204. J. Van Alsten and S. Granick, Phys. Rev. Lett. 61, 2570 (1988).
205. S. Granick, MRS Bull. 16, 33 (1991).
206. J. Klein and E. Kumacheva, Science 269, 816 (1995).
207. D. Y. C. Chan and R. G. Horn, J. Chem. Phys. 83, 5311 (1985).
208. J. N. Israelachvili, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 110, 263 (1986).
209. J. Baudry, E. Charlaix, A. Tonck, and D. Mazuyer, Langmuir 17, 5232 (2001).
210. Y. Zhu and S. Granick, Phys. Rev. Lett. 87, 096105 (2001).
211. J. Klein and E. Kumacheva, J. Chem. Phys. 108, 6996 (1998).
212. J. N. Israelachvili, P. M. McGuiggan, M. Gee, A. M. Homola, M. O. Robbins, and P. A. Thompson, J. Phys. Condens. Matter 2, SA89 (1990).
213. Y. Zhu and S. Granick, Phys. Rev. Lett. 87, 096104 (2001).
214. U. Raviv, P. Laurat, and J. Klein, Nature 413, 51 (2001).
215. M. J. Stevens, M. Mondello, G. S. Grest, S. T. Cui, H. D. Cochran, and P. T. Cummings, J. Chem. Phys. 106, 7303 (1997).
216. J. D. Ferry, Viscoelastic Properties of Polymers, 3rd ed., Wiley, New York, 1980.
217. W. Götze and L. Sjögren, Rep. Prog. Phys. 55, 241 (1992).
218. M. O. Robbins and A. R. C. Baljon, in V. V. Tsukruk and K. J. Wahl, eds., Microstructure and Microtribology of Polymer Surfaces, American Chemical Society, Washington D.C., 2000, p. 91.
219. A. R. C. Baljon and M. O. Robbins, in B. Bhushan, ed., Micro/Nanotribology and Its Applications, Kluwer, Dordrecht, 1997, p. 533.
220. A. R. C. Baljon and M. O. Robbins, Science 271, 482 (1996).
221. M. O. Robbins and E. D. Smith, Langmuir 12, 4543 (1996).
222. M. H. Müser, Phys. Rev. Lett. 89, 224301(2002); cond-mat/0204395.
223. H. Czichos, S. Becker, and J. Lexow, Wear 135, 171 (1989).
224. G. T. Gao, X. C. Zeng, and D. J. Diestler, J. Chem. Phys. 113, 11293 (2000).
225. S. Nasuno, A. Kudrolli, and J. P. Gollub. Phys. Rev. Lett. 79, 949 (1997).
226. C. T. Veje, D. W. Howell, and R. P. Behringer, Phys. Rev. E 59, 739 (1999).
227. A. D. Gopal and D. J. Durian. Phys. Rev. Lett. 75, 2610 (1995).
228. H. Yoshizawa and J. N. Israelachvili, J. Phys. Chem. 97, 11300 (1993).
229. D. E. McCumber, J. App. Phys. 39, 3113 (1968).
230. A. A. Batista and J. M. Carlson, Phys. Rev. E 57, 4986 (1998).
231. A. Dhinojwala, S. C. Bae, and S. Granick, Tribol. Lett. 9, 55 (2000).
232. P. A. Thompson and G. S. Grest, Phys. Rev. Lett. 67, 1751 (1991).
233. H. M. Jaeger, S. R. Nagel, and R. P. Behringer, Rev. Mod. Phys. 68, 1259 (1996).
234. M. J. Stevens and M. O. Robbins, Phys. Rev. E 48, 3778 (1993).
235. B. J. Ackerson, J. B. Hayter, N. A. Clark, and L. Cotter, J. Chem. Phys. 84, 2344 (1986).
236. M. Lupowski and F. van Swol, J. Chem. Phys. 95, 1995 (1991).
237. A. L. Demirel and S. Granick, Phys. Rev. Lett. 77, 4330 (1996).
238. A. Buldum and S. Ciraci, Phys. Rev. B 55, 12892 (1997).
239. M. O. Robbins and P. A. Thompson, Science 253, 916 (1991).
240. P. A. Thompson, M. O. Robbins, and G. S. Grest, in D. Dowson, C. M. Taylor, T. H. C. Childs, M. Godet, and G. Dalmaz, eds., Thin Films in Tribology, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1993, p. 347.
241. J. Peachey, J. V. Alste, and S. Granick, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 62, 462 (1991).
242. V. Zaloj, M. Urbakh, and J. Klafter, J. Chem. Phys. 110, 1263 (1999).
243. V. Zaloj, M. Urbakh, and J. Klafter, Phys. Rev. Lett. 81, 1227 (1998).
244. A. L. Demirel and S. Granick, J. Chem. Phys. 109, 6889 (1998).
245. H.-W. Hu, G. A. Carson, and S. Granick, Phys. Rev. Lett. 66, 2758 (1991).
246. Y.-K. Cho and S. Granick, Wear 200, 346 (1996).
247. G. Luengo, F. J. Schmitt, R. Hill, and Israelachvili, J. Macromolecules 30, 2482 (1997).
248. G. Luengo, J. Israelachvili, and S. Granick, Wear 200, 1263 (1999).
249. A. L. Demirel and S. Granick, J. Chem. Phys. 115, 1498 (2001).
250. M. G. Rozman, M. Urbakh, and J. Klafter, Phys. Rev. E 57, 7340 (1998).
251. V. Zaloj, M. Urbakh, and J. Klafter, Phys. Rev. Lett. 82, 4823 (1999).
252. J.-C. Géminard, W. Losert, and J. P. Gollub, Phys. Rev. E 59, 5881 (1999).
253. L. Bureau, T. Baumberger, and C. Caroli, Phys. Rev. E 62, 6810 (2000).
254. F.-J. Elmer, Phys. Rev. E 57, R4903 (1998).
255. J. P. Gao, W. D. Luedtke, and U. Landman, J. Phys. Chem. B 102, 5033 (1998).
256. M. Heuberger, C. Drummond, and J. N. Israelachvili, J. Phys. Chem. B 102, 5038 (1998).
257. A. Cochard, L. Bureau, and T. Baumberger. cond-mat/0111369.
258. F. Lacombe, S. Zapperoi, and H. J. Herrman, Eur. Phys. J. E 2, 181 (2000).
259. M. Linker and J. H. Dieterich, J. Geophys. Res. 97, 4923 (1992).
260. E. Richardson and C. Marone, J. Geophys. Res. 104, 28859 (1999).
261. C. M. Mate and A. M. Homola, in B. Bhushan, ed., Micro/Nanotribology and Its Applications, Vol. 330 of NATO Advanced Sciences Institutes Series E: Applied Sciences, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, 1997, p. 647.
262. E. Ott, C. Grebogi, and J. A. York, Phys. Rev. Lett. 64, 1196 (1990).
263. E. Barreto, E. J. Kostelich, C. Grebogi, E. Ott, and J. A. York, Phys. Rev. E 51, 4169 (1995).
264. H. D. I. Abarbanel, R. Brown, J. L. Sidorowich, and L. S. Tsimring, Rev. Mod. Phys. 65, 1331 (1993).
265. B. Bhushan, in B. Bhushan, ed., Modern Tribology Handbook, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2001, p. 49.
266. R. Burridge and L. Knopoff, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 57, 341 (1967).
267. J. M. Carlson, J. S. Langer, and B. E. Shaw, Rev. Mod. Phys. 66, 657 (1994).
268. A. I. Larkin and Y. N. Ovchinnikov, J. Low Temp. Phys. 34, 409 (1979).
269. A. D. Roberts, Rubber Chem. Technol. 65, 3 (1992).
270. K. A. Grosch, Proc. R. Soc. London A274, 21 (1963).
271. B. N. J. Persson and E. Tosatti, J. Chem. Phys. 112, 2021 (2000).
272. B. N. J. Persson, J. Chem. Phys. 115, 3840 (2001).
273. B. N. J. Persson and A. I. Volokitin, Phys. Rev. B 65, 134106 (2002).
274. M. Klüppel and G. Heinrich, Rubber Chem. Technol. 73, 578 (2000).