메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 59, Issue 1, 2011, Pages 125-132

Human biomonitoring as a pragmatic tool to support health risk management of chemicals - Examples under the EU REACH programme

Author keywords

Biomonitoring; Biomonitoring Equivalent; DNEL; REACH; Risk assessment; Risk management

Indexed keywords

1,1,1 TRICHLOROETHANE; 4,4' ISOPROPYLIDENEDIPHENOL; TOLUENE; TRICLOSAN;

EID: 78751590989     PISSN: 02732300     EISSN: 10960295     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2010.09.015     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (44)

References (60)
  • 1
    • 39149087673 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The influence of age and gender on triclosan concentrations in Australian human blood serum
    • Allmyr M., et al. The influence of age and gender on triclosan concentrations in Australian human blood serum. Sci. Total Environ. 2008, 393:162-167.
    • (2008) Sci. Total Environ. , vol.393 , pp. 162-167
    • Allmyr, M.1
  • 2
    • 47549116949 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Biomonitoring Equivalents (BE) dossier for 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) (CAS No. 94-75-7)
    • Aylward L.L., Hays S.M. Biomonitoring Equivalents (BE) dossier for 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) (CAS No. 94-75-7). Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 2008, 51:S37-S48.
    • (2008) Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. , vol.51
    • Aylward, L.L.1    Hays, S.M.2
  • 3
    • 47749140699 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Biomonitoring Equivalents (BE) dossier for toluene (CAS No. 108-88-3)
    • Aylward L.L., et al. Biomonitoring Equivalents (BE) dossier for toluene (CAS No. 108-88-3). Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 2008, 51:S27-S36.
    • (2008) Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. , vol.51
    • Aylward, L.L.1
  • 4
    • 47549107220 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Biomonitoring Equivalents (BE) dossier for trihalomethanes
    • Aylward L.L., et al. Biomonitoring Equivalents (BE) dossier for trihalomethanes. Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 2008, 51:S68-S77.
    • (2008) Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. , vol.51
    • Aylward, L.L.1
  • 5
    • 53549092235 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Derivation of Biomonitoring Equivalent (BE) values for 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) and related compounds: a screening tool for interpretation of biomonitoring data in a risk assessment context
    • Aylward L.L., et al. Derivation of Biomonitoring Equivalent (BE) values for 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) and related compounds: a screening tool for interpretation of biomonitoring data in a risk assessment context. J Toxicol Environ Health A 2008, 71:1499-1508.
    • (2008) J Toxicol Environ Health A , vol.71 , pp. 1499-1508
    • Aylward, L.L.1
  • 6
    • 70350427664 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Derivation of Biomonitoring Equivalents for di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (CAS No. 117-81-7)
    • Aylward L.L., et al. Derivation of Biomonitoring Equivalents for di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (CAS No. 117-81-7). Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 2009, 55:249-258.
    • (2009) Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. , vol.55 , pp. 249-258
    • Aylward, L.L.1
  • 7
    • 70350391218 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Derivation of Biomonitoring Equivalents for di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP), benzylbutyl phthalate (BzBP), and diethyl phthalate (DEP)
    • Aylward L.L., et al. Derivation of Biomonitoring Equivalents for di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP), benzylbutyl phthalate (BzBP), and diethyl phthalate (DEP). Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 2009, 55:259-267.
    • (2009) Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. , vol.55 , pp. 259-267
    • Aylward, L.L.1
  • 8
    • 77955920291 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chemical-specific screening criteria for interpretation of biomonitoring data for volatile organic compounds (VOCs) - application of steady-state PBPK model solutions
    • Aylward L.L., et al. Chemical-specific screening criteria for interpretation of biomonitoring data for volatile organic compounds (VOCs) - application of steady-state PBPK model solutions. Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 2010, 58:33-44.
    • (2010) Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. , vol.58 , pp. 33-44
    • Aylward, L.L.1
  • 9
    • 77149126715 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Biomonitoring data for 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid in the United States and Canada: interpretation in a public health risk assessment context using Biomonitoring Equivalents
    • Aylward L.L., et al. Biomonitoring data for 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid in the United States and Canada: interpretation in a public health risk assessment context using Biomonitoring Equivalents. Environ. Health Perspect. 2010, 118:177-181.
    • (2010) Environ. Health Perspect. , vol.118 , pp. 177-181
    • Aylward, L.L.1
  • 10
    • 78751592295 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Development of a tiered set of modelling tools for derivation of biomonitoring guidance values
    • Bartels M.J., Loizou G., Price P., Spendiff M., Arnold S., Cocker J., Ball N. Development of a tiered set of modelling tools for derivation of biomonitoring guidance values. Toxicol. Lett. 2009, 189(S1):154.
    • (2009) Toxicol. Lett. , vol.189 , Issue.S1 , pp. 154
    • Bartels, M.J.1    Loizou, G.2    Price, P.3    Spendiff, M.4    Arnold, S.5    Cocker, J.6    Ball, N.7
  • 11
  • 12
    • 78751595412 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • submitted for publication. Development of PK- and PBPK-based modeling tools for derivation of biomonitoring guidance values.
    • Bartels, M., Loizou, G., Rick, D., Price, P., Spendiff, M., Arnold, S., Cocker, J., Ball, N., submitted for publication. Development of PK- and PBPK-based modeling tools for derivation of biomonitoring guidance values.
    • Bartels, M.1    Loizou, G.2    Rick, D.3    Price, P.4    Spendiff, M.5    Arnold, S.6    Cocker, J.7    Ball, N.8
  • 13
    • 33751283298 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • IPCS framework for analyzing the relevance of a cancer mode of action for humans
    • Boobis A.R., et al. IPCS framework for analyzing the relevance of a cancer mode of action for humans. Crit. Rev. Toxicol. 2006, 36:781-792.
    • (2006) Crit. Rev. Toxicol. , vol.36 , pp. 781-792
    • Boobis, A.R.1
  • 14
    • 38949133743 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • IPCS framework for analyzing the relevance of a noncancer mode of action for humans
    • Boobis A.R., et al. IPCS framework for analyzing the relevance of a noncancer mode of action for humans. Crit. Rev. Toxicol. 2008, 38:87-96.
    • (2008) Crit. Rev. Toxicol. , vol.38 , pp. 87-96
    • Boobis, A.R.1
  • 15
    • 78751593846 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Biomonitoring of the Workplace and Environment
    • Wiley Chichester, UK
    • Boogaard P.J. Biomonitoring of the Workplace and Environment. General and Applied Toxicology 2009, vol. 4:2559-2589. Wiley Chichester, UK. third ed.
    • (2009) General and Applied Toxicology , vol.4 , pp. 2559-2589
    • Boogaard, P.J.1
  • 16
    • 44949132814 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A proposed framework for the interpretation of biomonitoring data
    • Boogaard P.J., Money C.D. A proposed framework for the interpretation of biomonitoring data. Environ Health 2008, 7(Suppl. 1):S12.
    • (2008) Environ Health , vol.7 , Issue.SUPPL. 1
    • Boogaard, P.J.1    Money, C.D.2
  • 18
    • 70449572798 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • What additional factors beyond state-of-the-art analytical methods are needed for optimal generation and interpretation of biomonitoring data?
    • Calafat A.M., Needham L.L. What additional factors beyond state-of-the-art analytical methods are needed for optimal generation and interpretation of biomonitoring data?. Environ. Health Perspect. 2009, 117:1481-1485.
    • (2009) Environ. Health Perspect. , vol.117 , pp. 1481-1485
    • Calafat, A.M.1    Needham, L.L.2
  • 19
    • 78751589150 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • CDC,. National Report on Human Exposure to Environmental Chemicals (4th Report 2003-2004). Available from:
    • CDC, 2008. National Report on Human Exposure to Environmental Chemicals (4th Report 2003-2004). Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/exposurereport/.
    • (2008)
  • 20
    • 33745340354 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Steady-state solutions to PBPK models and their applications to risk assessment I: route-to-route extrapolation of volatile chemicals
    • Chiu W.A., White P. Steady-state solutions to PBPK models and their applications to risk assessment I: route-to-route extrapolation of volatile chemicals. Risk Anal. 2006, 26:769-780.
    • (2006) Risk Anal. , vol.26 , pp. 769-780
    • Chiu, W.A.1    White, P.2
  • 21
    • 78751598592 scopus 로고
    • EC, Council Regulation (EEC) No. 793/93 of 23 March 1993 on the evaluation and controls of existing substances, 793/93
    • EC, Council Regulation (EEC) No. 793/93 of 23 March 1993 on the evaluation and controls of existing substances, vol. 793/93, 1993.
    • (1993)
  • 22
    • 78751576623 scopus 로고
    • EC, Commission decision of 12 July 1995 setting up a Scientific Committee for Occupational Exposure Limits to Chemical Agents (95/320/EC), 95/320/EC
    • EC, Commission decision of 12 July 1995 setting up a Scientific Committee for Occupational Exposure Limits to Chemical Agents (95/320/EC), vol. 95/320/EC, 1995.
    • (1995)
  • 23
    • 78751589151 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • EC, Regulation (EC) No. 1907/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 18 December 2006 concerning the Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH), establishing a European Chemicals Agency, amending Directive 1999/45/EC and repairing Council Regulation (EEC) No. 793/93 and Commission Regulation (EC) No. 1488/94 as well as Council Directive 76/769/EEC an
    • EC, Regulation (EC) No. 1907/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 18 December 2006 concerning the Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH), establishing a European Chemicals Agency, amending Directive 1999/45/EC and repairing Council Regulation (EEC) No. 793/93 and Commission Regulation (EC) No. 1488/94 as well as Council Directive 76/769/EEC and Commission Directives 91/155/EEC, 93/67/EEC, 93/105/EC and 2000/21/EC, vol. 1907/2006, 2006.
  • 24
    • 78751582958 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • EC, Communication from the Commission on the reviews of Annexes I, IV and V to regulation (EC) No. 1907/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council concerning the Registration, Evaluation and Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH) - Text with EEA relevance [SEC(2009)447], C(2009)2482. Brussels, Commision of the European Communities, 8 April 2009,
    • EC, Communication from the Commission on the reviews of Annexes I, IV and V to regulation (EC) No. 1907/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council concerning the Registration, Evaluation and Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH) - Text with EEA relevance [SEC(2009)447], vol. C(2009)2482. Brussels, Commision of the European Communities, 8 April 2009, 2009.
    • (2009)
  • 25
    • 78751589149 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ECETOC, Guidance on Assessment Factors to Derive DNELs. ECETOC Technical Report 110. ECETOC, Brussels.
    • ECETOC, 2010. Guidance on Assessment Factors to Derive DNELs. ECETOC Technical Report 110. ECETOC, Brussels.
    • (2010)
  • 26
    • 78751596951 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ECHA,. Guidance on information requirements and chemical safety assessment. Chapter R.8: characterisation of dose [concentration]-response for human health. European Chemicals Agency (ECHA), Helsinki. Available from:
    • ECHA, 2008. Guidance on information requirements and chemical safety assessment. Chapter R.8: characterisation of dose [concentration]-response for human health. European Chemicals Agency (ECHA), Helsinki. Available from: http://reach.jrc.it/docs/guidance_document/information_requirements_r8_en.pdf?vers=20_08_08.
    • (2008)
  • 27
    • 46549084253 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Testing REACH draft technical guidance notes for conducting chemical safety assessments - the experience of a downstream user of a preparation
    • Gade A.L., et al. Testing REACH draft technical guidance notes for conducting chemical safety assessments - the experience of a downstream user of a preparation. Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 2008, 51:168-180.
    • (2008) Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. , vol.51 , pp. 168-180
    • Gade, A.L.1
  • 28
    • 67650685882 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • About hazard and risk assessment: regulatory approaches in assessing safety in the European Union chemicals legislation
    • Gebel T., et al. About hazard and risk assessment: regulatory approaches in assessing safety in the European Union chemicals legislation. Reprod. Toxicol. 2009, 28:188-195.
    • (2009) Reprod. Toxicol. , vol.28 , pp. 188-195
    • Gebel, T.1
  • 29
    • 78751598591 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • GerES, Health and Environmental Hygiene - German Environmental Survey (GerES). Available from:
    • GerES, Health and Environmental Hygiene - German Environmental Survey (GerES). Available from: 2008. http://www.umweltbundesamt.de/gesundheit-e/survey/index.htm.
    • (2008)
  • 30
    • 33847668422 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of age, gender and regional concentration differences for dioxin-like chemicals in the Australian population
    • Harden F.A., et al. Evaluation of age, gender and regional concentration differences for dioxin-like chemicals in the Australian population. Chemosphere 2007, 67:S318-S324.
    • (2007) Chemosphere , vol.67
    • Harden, F.A.1
  • 31
    • 47549095485 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Biomonitoring Equivalents (BE) dossier for acrylamide (AA) (CAS No. 79-06-1)
    • Hays S.M., Aylward L.L. Biomonitoring Equivalents (BE) dossier for acrylamide (AA) (CAS No. 79-06-1). Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 2008, 51:S57-S67.
    • (2008) Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. , vol.51
    • Hays, S.M.1    Aylward, L.L.2
  • 32
    • 65649128629 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Using Biomonitoring Equivalents to interpret human biomonitoring data in a public health risk context
    • Hays S.M., Aylward L.L. Using Biomonitoring Equivalents to interpret human biomonitoring data in a public health risk context. J. Appl. Toxicol. 2009, 29:275-288.
    • (2009) J. Appl. Toxicol. , vol.29 , pp. 275-288
    • Hays, S.M.1    Aylward, L.L.2
  • 33
    • 33751084895 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Biomonitoring equivalents: a screening approach for interpreting biomonitoring results from a public health risk perspective
    • Hays S.M., et al. Biomonitoring equivalents: a screening approach for interpreting biomonitoring results from a public health risk perspective. Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 2007, 47:96-109.
    • (2007) Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. , vol.47 , pp. 96-109
    • Hays, S.M.1
  • 34
    • 47549087512 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Biomonitoring Equivalents (BE) dossier for cadmium (Cd) (CAS No. 7440-43-9)
    • Hays S.M., et al. Biomonitoring Equivalents (BE) dossier for cadmium (Cd) (CAS No. 7440-43-9). Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 2008, 51:S49-S56.
    • (2008) Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. , vol.51
    • Hays, S.M.1
  • 35
    • 78751582957 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Use of a Generalized Toxicokinetic Model for the Prediction of Internal Dose for Occupational Exposure Assessment: The Example of Pyrene. Sixth International Conference on Innovations in Exposure Assessment (X2009), Cambridge, MA, 2009,Available from:
    • Huizer, D., Jongeneelen, F., Ten Berge, W., 2009. Use of a Generalized Toxicokinetic Model for the Prediction of Internal Dose for Occupational Exposure Assessment: The Example of Pyrene. Sixth International Conference on Innovations in Exposure Assessment (X2009), Cambridge, MA, 2009, pp. 9. Available from: http://www.x2009.org/.
    • (2009) , pp. 9
    • Huizer, D.1    Jongeneelen, F.2    Ten Berge, W.3
  • 36
    • 78751586076 scopus 로고
    • IPCS, Assessing human health risks of chemicals: derivation of guidance values for health-based exposure limits. Environmental Health Criteria, No. 170. World Health Organisation, Geneva.
    • IPCS, 1994. Assessing human health risks of chemicals: derivation of guidance values for health-based exposure limits. Environmental Health Criteria, No. 170. World Health Organisation, Geneva.
    • (1994)
  • 37
    • 78751586075 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • submitted for publication. A generic, cross-chemical predictive PBTK-model with multiple entry routes running as application in MS-Excel; Design of the model and simulation of experimental observations. J. Exp Sc. Environ Epidemiol.
    • Jongeneelen, F., Ten Berge, W., submitted for publication. A generic, cross-chemical predictive PBTK-model with multiple entry routes running as application in MS-Excel; Design of the model and simulation of experimental observations. J. Exp Sc. Environ Epidemiol.
    • Jongeneelen, F.1    Ten Berge, W.2
  • 38
    • 33745119456 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Levels of 12 perfluorinated chemicals in pooled Australian serum, collected 2002-2003, in relation to age, gender, and region
    • Karrman A., et al. Levels of 12 perfluorinated chemicals in pooled Australian serum, collected 2002-2003, in relation to age, gender, and region. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2006, 40:3742-3748.
    • (2006) Environ. Sci. Technol. , vol.40 , pp. 3742-3748
    • Karrman, A.1
  • 39
    • 35148867803 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • German environmental survey for children (GerES IV) - first results
    • Kolossa-Gehring M., et al. German environmental survey for children (GerES IV) - first results. Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health 2007, 210:535-540.
    • (2007) Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health , vol.210 , pp. 535-540
    • Kolossa-Gehring, M.1
  • 40
    • 77955922109 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Biomonitoring equivalents for triclosan
    • Krishnan K., et al. Biomonitoring equivalents for triclosan. Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 2010, 58:10-17.
    • (2010) Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. , vol.58 , pp. 10-17
    • Krishnan, K.1
  • 41
    • 77955920482 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Biomonitoring equivalents for bisphenol A (BPA)
    • Krishnan K., et al. Biomonitoring equivalents for bisphenol A (BPA). Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 2010, 58:18-24.
    • (2010) Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. , vol.58 , pp. 18-24
    • Krishnan, K.1
  • 42
    • 47549090116 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Guidelines for the communication of Biomonitoring Equivalents: report from the Biomonitoring Equivalents Expert Workshop
    • LaKind J.S., et al. Guidelines for the communication of Biomonitoring Equivalents: report from the Biomonitoring Equivalents Expert Workshop. Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 2008, 51:S16-S26.
    • (2008) Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. , vol.51
    • LaKind, J.S.1
  • 43
    • 42649085362 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In vitro measurements of metabolism for application in pharmacokinetic modeling
    • Lipscomb J.C., Poet T.S. In vitro measurements of metabolism for application in pharmacokinetic modeling. Pharmacol. Ther. 2008, 118:82-103.
    • (2008) Pharmacol. Ther. , vol.118 , pp. 82-103
    • Lipscomb, J.C.1    Poet, T.S.2
  • 44
    • 11144263561 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Estimating pesticide dose from urinary pesticide concentration data by creatinine correction in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES-III)
    • Mage D.T., et al. Estimating pesticide dose from urinary pesticide concentration data by creatinine correction in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES-III). J. Expo. Anal. Environ. Epidemiol. 2004, 14:457-465.
    • (2004) J. Expo. Anal. Environ. Epidemiol. , vol.14 , pp. 457-465
    • Mage, D.T.1
  • 45
    • 33645849826 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Biomonitoring: is body burden relevant to public health?
    • Paustenbach D., Galbraith D. Biomonitoring: is body burden relevant to public health?. Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 2006, 44:249-261.
    • (2006) Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. , vol.44 , pp. 249-261
    • Paustenbach, D.1    Galbraith, D.2
  • 46
    • 33846787015 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sex difference in urine concentration across differing ages, sodium intake, and level of kidney disease
    • Perucca J., et al. Sex difference in urine concentration across differing ages, sodium intake, and level of kidney disease. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 2007, 292:R700-R705.
    • (2007) Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. , vol.292
    • Perucca, J.1
  • 47
    • 33645637030 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Longitudinal examination of 24-h urinary iodine excretion in school children as a sensitive, hydration status-independent research tool for studying iodine status
    • Remer T., Fonteyn N., Alexy U., Berkemeyer S. Longitudinal examination of 24-h urinary iodine excretion in school children as a sensitive, hydration status-independent research tool for studying iodine status. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2006, 83(3):639-646.
    • (2006) Am. J. Clin. Nutr. , vol.83 , Issue.3 , pp. 639-646
    • Remer, T.1    Fonteyn, N.2    Alexy, U.3    Berkemeyer, S.4
  • 48
    • 0036183525 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Anthropometry-based reference values for 24-h urinary creatinine excretion during growth and their use in endocrine and nutritional research
    • Remer T., Neubert A., Maser-Gluth C. Anthropometry-based reference values for 24-h urinary creatinine excretion during growth and their use in endocrine and nutritional research. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2002, 75(3):561-569.
    • (2002) Am. J. Clin. Nutr. , vol.75 , Issue.3 , pp. 561-569
    • Remer, T.1    Neubert, A.2    Maser-Gluth, C.3
  • 49
    • 0027171701 scopus 로고
    • Data-derived safety factors for the evaluation of food additives and environmental contaminants
    • Renwick A.G. Data-derived safety factors for the evaluation of food additives and environmental contaminants. Food Addit. Contam. 1993, 10:275-305.
    • (1993) Food Addit. Contam. , vol.10 , pp. 275-305
    • Renwick, A.G.1
  • 50
    • 78751587493 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • SCCP,. Opinion on triclosan. European Commission, Directorate General for Health and Consumer Protection. Brussels.
    • SCCP, 2009. Opinion on triclosan. European Commission, Directorate General for Health and Consumer Protection. Brussels.
    • (2009)
  • 51
    • 78751601703 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • OEL vs. DNEL or expert judgement vs. default factors - reference values under REACH exemplified by styrene
    • Schäfer C., Dorn S.B., Jakupoglu C., Mostert V. OEL vs. DNEL or expert judgement vs. default factors - reference values under REACH exemplified by styrene. Toxicol. Lett. 2009, 189S:S270-S271.
    • (2009) Toxicol. Lett. , vol.189 S
    • Schäfer, C.1    Dorn, S.B.2    Jakupoglu, C.3    Mostert, V.4
  • 52
    • 34247192064 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The german human biomonitoring commission
    • Schulz C., et al. The german human biomonitoring commission. Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health 2007, 210:373-382.
    • (2007) Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health , vol.210 , pp. 373-382
    • Schulz, C.1
  • 53
    • 78751593845 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • SCOEL,. Methodology for the derivation of occupational exposure limits. Key documentation. EUR 19253, Luxembourg.
    • SCOEL, 1999. Methodology for the derivation of occupational exposure limits. Key documentation. EUR 19253, Luxembourg.
    • (1999)
  • 54
    • 78751598590 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • SCOEL, Recommendation from Scientific Committee on Occupational Exposure Limits for Toluene. In: 18216, E., (Ed.) SCOEL/SUM/18-final.
    • SCOEL, 1999. Recommendation from Scientific Committee on Occupational Exposure Limits for Toluene. In: 18216, E., (Ed.), vol. SCOEL/SUM/18-final.
    • (1999)
  • 55
    • 2942714955 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Human biomonitoring for environmental chemicals
    • Sexton K., Needham L.L., Pirkle J.L. Human biomonitoring for environmental chemicals. Am. Sci. 2004, 92:38-45.
    • (2004) Am. Sci. , vol.92 , pp. 38-45
    • Sexton, K.1    Needham, L.L.2    Pirkle, J.L.3
  • 56
    • 0029016437 scopus 로고
    • Physiologically-based pharmacokinetic modeling of a mixture of toluene and xylene in humans
    • Tardif R., et al. Physiologically-based pharmacokinetic modeling of a mixture of toluene and xylene in humans. Risk Anal. 1995, 15:335-342.
    • (1995) Risk Anal. , vol.15 , pp. 335-342
    • Tardif, R.1
  • 57
    • 66249084874 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Polyfluoroalkyl chemicals in pooled blood serum from infants, children, and adults in Australia
    • Toms L.M., et al. Polyfluoroalkyl chemicals in pooled blood serum from infants, children, and adults in Australia. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2009, 43:4194-4199.
    • (2009) Environ. Sci. Technol. , vol.43 , pp. 4194-4199
    • Toms, L.M.1
  • 58
    • 69949089053 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Serum polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) levels are higher in children (2-5 years of age) than in infants and adults
    • Toms L.M., et al. Serum polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) levels are higher in children (2-5 years of age) than in infants and adults. Environ. Health Perspect. 2009, 117:1461-1465.
    • (2009) Environ. Health Perspect. , vol.117 , pp. 1461-1465
    • Toms, L.M.1
  • 59
    • 27544473491 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Quantitation of bisphenol A and bisphenol A glucuronide in biological samples by high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry
    • Volkel W., et al. Quantitation of bisphenol A and bisphenol A glucuronide in biological samples by high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Drug Metab. Dispos. 2005, 33:1748-1757.
    • (2005) Drug Metab. Dispos. , vol.33 , pp. 1748-1757
    • Volkel, W.1
  • 60
    • 45849092540 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Determination of free and total bisphenol A in human urine to assess daily uptake as a basis for a valid risk assessment
    • Volkel W., et al. Determination of free and total bisphenol A in human urine to assess daily uptake as a basis for a valid risk assessment. Toxicol. Lett. 2008, 179:155-162.
    • (2008) Toxicol. Lett. , vol.179 , pp. 155-162
    • Volkel, W.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.