Fledgling psychopathy in the classroom: Adhd subtypes, psychopathy, and reading comprehension in a community sample of adolescents

Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice

Volumn 9, Issue 1, 2011, Pages 43-58

  DeLisi, Matt ^a   Vaughn, Michael ^b   Beaver, Kevin M ^c   Wexler, Jade ^d   Barth, Amy E ^e   Fletcher, Jack M ^e  

^a IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b SAINT LOUIS UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN   (United States)

^e UNIVERSITY OF HOUSTON   (United States)

Author keywords

ADHD; callous unemotional; educational outcomes; fledgling psychopathy; psychopathic traits; psychopathy

Indexed keywords

EID: 78650798798     PISSN: 15412040     EISSN: 15569330     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/1541204010371932     Document Type: Article

References (87)

1. Achenbach, T.M. (1993). Taxonomy and comorbidity of conduct problems: Evidence from empirically based approaches. Development and Psychopathology, 5, 51-64.
2. American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, Fourth edition text revision (DSM-IV-TR). Washington, DC: Author.
3. Andershed, H., Kerr, M., & Stattin, H. (2002). Understanding the abnormal by studying the normal. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 106, 75-80.
4. Andershed, H., Kerr, M., Stattin, H., & Levander, S. (2002). Psychopathic traits in non-referred youths: A new assessment tool. In E. Blaauw & L. Sheridan (Eds.), Psychopaths: Current international perspectives (pp. 131-158). The Hague, the Netherlands: Elsevier.
5. Arnold, D.H. (1997). Co-occurrence of externalizing behavior problems and emergent academic difficulties in young high-risk boys: A preliminary evaluation of patterns and mechanisms. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 18, 317-330.
6. Barkley, R.A. (1997a). Behavioral inhibition, sustained attention, and executive functions: Constructing a unifying theory of ADHD. Psychological Bulletin, 121, 65-94.
7. Barkley, R.A. (1997b). ADHD and the nature of self-control. New York, NY: The Guilford Press.
8. Barry, C.T., Frick, P.J., DeShazo, T.M., McCoy, M.G., Elliss, M., & Loney, B.R. (2000). The importance of callous-unemotional traits for extending the concept of psychopathy to children. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 109, 335-340.
9. Beaver, K.M., DeLisi, M., Vaughn, M.G., & Wright, J.P. (2010). The intersection of genes and neuropsychological deficits in the prediction of adolescent delinquency and low self-control. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 54, 22-42.
10. Beaver, K.M., DeLisi, M., Wright, J.P., & Vaughn, M.G. (2009). Gene-environment interplay and delinquent involvement: Evidence of direct, indirect, and interactive effects. Journal of Adolescent Research, 24, 147-168.
11. Beaver, K.M., DeLisi, M., Wright, J.P., Vaughn, M.G., & Boutwell, B. (2008). The mutual unfolding of self-control and language skills: Evidence of a common etiological pathway. Criminology, 46, 939-970.
12. Beauchaine, T.P. (2003). Taxometrics and developmental psychopathology. Development and Psychopathology, 15, 501-527.
13. Biederman, J., Monuteaux, M.C., Mick, E., Spencer, T., Wilens, T.E., Silva, J.M., Snyder, L.E., & Faraone, S.V. (2006). Young adult outcome of ADHD: A controlled 10-year follow-up study. Psychological Medicine, 36, 167-179.
14. Blair, R.J.R. (1999). Responsiveness to distress cues in the child with psychopathic tendencies. Personality and Individual Differences, 27, 135-145.
15. Burke, J.D., Loeber, R., & Lahey, B.B. (2007). Adolescent conduct disorder and interpersonal callousness as predictors of psychopathy in young adults. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 36, 334-346.
16. Caputo, A.A., Frick, P.J., & Brodsky, S.L. (1999). Family violence and juvenile sex offending: Potential mediating roles of psychopathic traits and negative attitudes toward women. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 26, 338-356.
17. Cleckley, H. (1941). The mask of sanity. Saint Louis, MO: Mosby.
18. Colledge, E., & Blair, R.J.R. (2001). The relationship in children between the inattention and impulsivity component of ADHD and psychopathic tendencies. Personality and Individual Differences, 30, 1175-1187.
19. DeLisi, M. (2005). Career criminals in society. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE.
20. DeLisi, M. (2009). Psychopathy is the unified theory of crime. Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice, 7, 256-273.
21. DeLisi, M., & Vaughn, M.G. (2008). The Gottfredson-Hirschi critiques revisited: Reconciling self-control theory, criminal careers, and career criminals. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 52, 520-537.
22. Dick, D.M., Viken, R.J., Kaprio, J., Pulkkinen, L., & Rose, R.J. (2005). Understanding the covariation among childhood externalizing symptoms: Genetic and environmental influences on conduct disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and oppositional defiant disorder symptoms. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 33, 219-229.
23. Dolan, N.C., & Rennie, C.E. (2006a). Reliability, validity, and factor structure of the Swedish Youth Psychopathic Traits Inventory in a UK sample of conduct disordered boys. Journal of Forensic Psychiatry & Psychology, 17, 217-229.
24. Dolan, N.C., & Rennie, C.E. (2006b). Psychopathy Checklist: Youth Version and Youth Psychopathic Traits Inventory: A comparison study. Personality and Individual Differences, 41, 779-789.
25. Eisenbarth, H., Alpers, G.W., Conzelmann, A., Jacob, C.P., Weyers, P., & Pauli, P. (2008). Psychopathic traits in adult ADHD patients. Personality and Individual Differences, 45, 468-472.
26. Elliott, D.S., Huizinga, D., & Menard, S. (1989). Multiple problem youth: Delinquency, substance use, and mental health problems. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag.
27. Frick, P.J. (1998a). Conduct disorders and severe antisocial behavior. New York, NY: Plenum.
28. Frick, P.J. (1998b). Callous-unemotional traits and conduct problems: A two-factor model of psychopathy in children. In D. J. Cooke, A. Forth, & R. D. Hare (Eds.), Psychopathy: Theory, research and implications for society (pp. 161-187). Dordrecht, the Netherlands: Kluwer.
29. Frick, P.J., Cornell, A.H., Barry, C.T., Bodin, S.D., & Dane, H.E. (2003). Callous-Unemotional traits and conduct problems in the prediction of conduct problem severity, aggression, and self-report of delinquency. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 31, 457-470.
30. Frick, P.J., & Hare, R.D. (2001). The antisocial process screening device. Toronto, ON: Multi-Health Systems.
31. Frick, P.J., Kamphaus, R.W., Lahey, B.B., Loeber, R., Christ, M., Hart, E.L., & Tannenbaum, L.E. (1991). Academic underachievement and the disruptive behavior disorders. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 59, 289-294.
32. Frick, P.J., & Marsee, M.A. (2006). Psychopathy and developmental pathways to antisocial behavior in youth. In C. J. Patrick (Ed.), Handbook of psychopathy (pp. 353-374),. New York, NY: The Guilford Press.
33. Frick, P.J., Stickle, T.R., Dandreaux, D.M., Farrell, J.M., & Kimonis, E.R. (2005). Callous-unemotional traits in predicting the severity and stability of conduct problems and delinquency. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 33, 471-487.
34. Frick, P.J., & White, S.F. (2008). Research review: The importance of callous-unemotional traits for developmental models of aggressive and antisocial behavior. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 49, 359-375.
35. Gottfredson, M.R., & Hirschi, T. (1990). A general theory of crime. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
36. Gresham, F.M., Lane, K.L., & Lambros, K.M. (2000). Comorbidity of conduct problems and ADHD: Identification of "fledgling psychopaths.". Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders, 8, 83-93.
37. Hare, R.D. (1993). Without conscience: The disturbing world of the psychopaths among us. New York, NY: The Guilford Press.
38. Hare, R.D. (1996). Psychopathy: A clinical construct whose time has come. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 23, 25-54.
39. Hare, R.D., & Neumann, C.S. (2008). Psychopathy as a clinical and empirical construct. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 4, 217-246.
40. Hinshaw, S.P. (1987). On the distinction between attentional deficits/hyperactivity and conduct problems/ aggression in child psychopathology. Psychological Bulletin, 101, 443-463.
41. Hinshaw, S.P. (1992). Externalizing behavior problems and academic underachievement in childhood and adolescence: Causal relationships and underlying mechanisms. Psychological Bulletin, 11, 127-155.
42. Hinshaw, S.P., Carte, E.T., Sami, N., Treuting, J.J., & Zupan, B.A. (2002). Preadolescent girls with ADHD: II. Neuropsychological performance in relation to subtypes and individual classification. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 70, 1099-1111.
43. Hinshaw, S.P., Lahey, B.B., & Hart, E.L. (1993). Issues of taxonomy and co-morbidity in the development of conduct disorder. Development and Psychopathology, 5, 31-50.
44. Jolliffe, D., & Farrington, D.P. (2006). Examining the relationship between low empathy and bullying. Aggressive Behavior, 32, 540-550.
45. Kaufman, A.S., & Kaufman, N.L. (2004). Kaufman Brief Intelligence Test-2 manual. Circle Pines, MN: American Guidance Service.
46. Kessler, R.C., Adler, L., Barkley, R., Biederman, J., Conners, C.K., Demler, O., Faraone, S.V.,Zaslavsky, A.M. (2006). The prevalence and correlates of adult ADHD in the United States: Results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. American Journal of Psychiatry, 163, 716-723.
47. Kimonis, E.R., Frick, P.J., Skeem, J.L., Marsee, M.A., Cruise, K., Munoz, L.C., Aucoin, K.J., & Morris, A.S. (2008). Assessing callous-unemotional traits in adolescent offenders: Validation of the Inventory of Callous-Unemotional traits. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 31, 241-252.
48. Lahey, B.B., Applegate, B., McBurnett, K., Biederman, J., Greenhill, L., Hynd, G.W., Barkley, R.A.,Richters, J. (1994). DSM-IV field trials for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents. American Journal of Psychiatry, 151, 1673-1685.
49. Lahey, B.B., Applegate, B., Waldman, I.D., Loft, J.D., Hankin, B.L., & Rick, J. (2004). The structure of child and adolescent psychopathology: Generating new hypotheses. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 113, 358-385.
50. Larsson, H., Andershed, H., & Lichtenstein, P. (2006). A genetic factor explains most of the variation in the psychopathic personality. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 115, 221-230.
51. Lilienfeld, S.O., & Waldman, I.D. (1990). The relation between childhood ADHD and adult antisocial behavior reexamined: The problem of heterogeneity. Clinical Psychology Review, 10, 699-725.
52. Lynam, D.R. (1996). Early identification of chronic offenders: Who is the fledgling psychopath? Psychological Bulletin, 120, 209-234.
53. Lynam, D.R. (1997). Childhood psychopathy: Capturing the fledgling psychopath in a nomological net. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 106, 425-438.
54. Lynam, D.R. (1998). Early identification of the fledgling psychopath: Locating the psychopathic child in the current nomenclature. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 120, 209-234.
55. Lynam, D.R., Derefinko, K.J., Caspi, A., Loeber, R., & Stouthamer-Loeber, M. (2007). The content validity of juvenile psychopathy: An empirical examination. Psychological Assessment, 19, 363-367.
56. McGee, R., Williams, S., & Silva, P.A. (1984). Behavioral and developmental characteristics of aggressive, hyperactive, and aggressive-by-hyperactive boys. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 23, 270-279.
57. Moffitt, T.E. (1993). Adolescence-limited and life-course persistent antisocial behavior: A developmental taxonomy. Psychological Review, 100, 674-701.
58. Moffitt, T.E., & Scott, S. (2008). Conduct disorders of childhood and adolescence. In M. Rutter, D. Bishop, D. Pine, S. Scott, J. Stevenson, E. Taylor, & A. Thapar (Eds.), Rutter's child and adolescent psychiatry (5th ed., pp. 543564). Malden, MA: Blackwell.
59. Nigg, J.T., Hinshaw, S.P., Carte, E.T., & Treuting, J.J. (1998). Neuropsychological correlates of childhood ADHD: Explainable by comorbid disruptive behavior or reading problems? Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 107, 468-480.
60. Pardini, D.A., Lochman, J.E., & Frick, P.J. (2003). Callous-unemotional traits and social-cognitive processes in adjudicated youths. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 42, 364-371.
61. Pardini, D., Obradović, J., & Loeber, R. (2006). Interpersonal callousness, hyperactivity/impulsivity, inattention, and conduct problems as precursors to delinquency persistence in boys: A comparison of three grade-based cohorts. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 35, 46-59.
62. Patrick, C. J. (Ed.). (2006). Handbook of psychopathy. New York, NY: The Guilford Press.
63. Power, T.J., Tresco, K.E., & Cassano, M.C. (2009). School-based interventions for students with ADHD. Current Psychiatry Reports, 11, 407-414.
64. Poythress, N., Dembo, R., Wareham, J., & Greenbaum, P.E. (2006). Construct validity of the Youth Psychopathic Traits Inventory (YPI) and the Antisocial Process Screening Device (APSD) with justice-involved adolescents. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 33, 26-55.
65. Raine, A., Moffitt, T.E., Caspi, A., Loeber, R., Stouthamer-Loeber, M., & Lynam, D. (2005). Neurocognitive impairments in boys on the life-course persistent antisocial path. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 114, 38-49.
66. Ruscio, J., & Ruscio, A.M. (2004). A nontechnical introduction to the taxometric method. Understanding Statistics, 3, 151-194.
67. Sevecke, K., Kosson, D.S., & Krischer, M. K. (2009). The relationship between ADHD, conduct disorder, and psychopathy in adolescent male and female detainees. Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 27, 577-598.
68. Shelley-Tremblay, J., O'Brien, N., & Langhinrichsen-Rohling, J. (2007). Reading disability in adjudicated youth: Prevalence rates, current models, and innovative treatments. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 12, 376-392.
69. Skeem, J.L., & Cauffman, E. (2003). Views of the downward extension: Comparing the Youth Version of the Psychopathy Checklist with the Youth Psychopathic traits Inventory. Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 21, 737-770.
70. Stewart, M.A., Cummings, C., Singer, S., & DeBlois, C.S. (1981). The overlap between hyperactive and unsocialized aggressive children. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 22, 35-45.
71. Texas Assessment of Knowledge and Skills. (2007). Retrieved February 4, 2008, from http://www.tea.state
72. Texas Education Agency. (2006). Report on the Texas assessment program: A report to the 80th Texas legislature. Austin, TX: Author.
73. Trzesniewski, K.H., Moffitt, T.E., Caspi, A., Taylor, A., & Maughan, B. (2006). Revisiting the association between reading achievement and antisocial behavior: New evidence on an environmental explanation from a twin study. Child Development, 77, 72-88.
74. Vaughn, M.G., Beaver, K.M., & DeLisi, M. (2009). A general biosocial paradigm of antisocial behavior: An exploratory test in a sample of adolescents. Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice, 7, 279-298.
75. Vaughn, M.G., & DeLisi, M. (2008). Were Wolfgang's chronic offenders psychopaths? On the convergent validity between psychopathy and career criminality. Journal of Criminal Justice, 36, 33-42.
76. Vaughn, M.G., DeLisi, M., Beaver, K.M., & Wright, J.P. (2009a). Psychopathic personality features and the child welfare system: Implications for prevention of problems over the life-course. In S. J. Quintero (Ed.), Child welfare issues and perspectives (pp. 151-156). New York, NY: Nova Science Publishers.
77. Vaughn, M.G., DeLisi, M., Beaver, K.M., & Wright, J.P. (2009b). Identifying latent classes of behavioral risk based on early childhood manifestations of self-control. Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice, 7, 16-31.
78. Vaughn, M.G., DeLisi, M., Beaver, K.M., Wright, J.P., & Howard, M.O. (2007). Toward a psychopathology of self-control theory: The importance of narcissistic traits. Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 25, 803-821.
79. Vaughn, M.G., & Howard, M.O. (2005). Self-report measures of juvenile psychopathy: A comparative review. Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders, 11, 152-162.
80. Vaughn, M.G., Howard, M.O., & DeLisi, M. (2008). Psychopathic personality traits and delinquent careers: An empirical examination. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 31, 407-416.
81. Vaughn, M.G., Litschge, C., DeLisi, M., Beaver, K.M., & McMillen, J.C. (2008). Psychopathic personality features and risks for criminal justice system involvement among emancipating foster youth. Children and Youth Services Review, 30, 1101-1110.
82. Vermunt, J.K., & Magidson, J. (2005). Latent Gold 4.0 user's guide. Boston, MA: Statistical Innovations.
83. Waschbusch, D.A. (2002). A meta-analytic examination of comorbid hyperactive-impulsive-attention problems and conduct problems. Psychological Bulletin, 128, 118-150.
84. Willcutt, E.G., & Pennington, B.F. (2000). Psychiatric comorbidity in children and adolescents with reading disability. The Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 41, 1039-1048.
85. Williams, K.T. (2001). The Group Reading Assessment and Diagnostic Evaluation (GRADE). Teacher's scoring and interpretive manual. Circle Pines, MN: American Guidance Service.
86. Wolfgang, M.E., Figlio, R.M., & Sellin, T. (1972). Delinquency in a birth cohort. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
87. Woodcock, R.W., McGrew, K.S., & Mather, N. (2001). Woodcock-Johnson III Tests of Achievement. Itasca, IL: Riverside Publishing.