Living without herbicides in Québec (Canada): Historical context, current strategy, research and challenges in forest vegetation management

European Journal of Forest Research

Volumn 130, Issue 1, 2011, Pages 117-133

  Thiffault, Nelson ^a   Roy, Vincent ^a,b  

^a MINISTÈRE DES RESSOURCES NATURELLES ET DE LA FAUNE   (Canada)

^b LAURENTIAN FORESTRY CENTRE   (Canada)

Author keywords

Early planting; Herbicides; Integrated forest vegetation management; Mechanical release; Plantation; Soil preparation; Stock type

Indexed keywords

COMPETITION (ECOLOGY); FOREST MANAGEMENT; HERBICIDE; PLANTATION FORESTRY; SILVICULTURE; VEGETATION;

CANADA; QUEBEC [CANADA];

EID: 78650181183     PISSN: 16124669     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s10342-010-0373-4     Document Type: Article

References (143)

1. Archambault L, Morissette J, Bernier-Cardou M (1998) Forest succession over a 20-year period following clearcutting in balsam fir-yellow birch ecosystems of eastern Québec, Canada. For Ecol Manag 102: 61-74.
2. Auchmoody LR (1979) Nitrogen fertilization stimulates germination of dormant pin cherry seed. Can J For Res 9: 514-516.
3. Balandier P, Collet C, Miller JH, Reynolds PE, Zedaker SM (2006) Designing forest vegetation management strategies based on the mechanisms and dynamics of crop tree competition by neighbouring vegetation. Forestry 79: 3-27.
4. BAPE (1983) Bureau d'audiences publiques sur l'environnement. Pulvérisations aériennes de phytocides en milieu forestier (1983-1984). Rapport d'audience publique, Sainte-Foy.
5. BAPE (1991) Bureau d'audiences publiques sur l'environnement. Commission sur la protection des forêts. Des forêts en santé. Rapport d'enquête et d'audience publique sur la Stratégie de protection des forêts, Sainte-Foy.
6. BAPE (1997) Bureau d'audiences publiques sur l'environnement. Programme de dégagement de la régénération forestière. Rapport d'enquête et d'audience publique, Sainte-Foy.
7. Beaulieu J, Rainville A (2005) Adaptation to climate change: genetic variation is both a short- and long-term solution. For Chron 81: 704-709.
8. Bédard S, Majcen Z (2003) Growth following single-tree selection cutting in Quebec northern hardwoods. For Chron 79: 898-905.
9. Bell FW, Ride KR, St-Amour ML, Ryans M (1997) Productivity, cost, efficacy and cost effectiveness of motor-manual, mechanical, and herbicide release of boreal spruce plantations. For Chron 73: 39-46.
10. Bell FW, Ter-Mikaelian MT, Wagner RG (2000) Relative competitiveness of nine early-successional boreal forest species associated with planted jack pine and black spruce seedlings. Can J For Res 30: 790-800.
11. Bergeron Y, Harvey B, Leduc A, Gauthier S (1999) Forest management guidelines based on natural disturbance dynamics: stand- and forest-level considerations. For Chron 75: 49-54.
12. Bergeron Y, Gauthier S, Kafka V, Lefort P, Lesieur D (2001) Natural fire frequency for the eastern Canadian boreal forest: consequences for sustainable forestry. Can J For Res 31: 384-391.
13. Bergeron Y, Leduc A, Harvey BD, Gauthier S (2002) Natural fire regime: a guide for sustainable management of the Canadian boreal forest. Silva Fenn 36: 81-95.
14. Boily J, Doucet R (1993) Juvenile growth of black spruce layers regenerating after cutting back of the dominant canopy. Can J For Res 23: 1396-1401.
15. Bouthillier L (1998) Brève histoire du régime forestier québécois. Faculté de foresterie et de géomatique, Université Laval, Sainte-Foy.
16. Castonguay S (2006) Foresterie scientifique et reforestation: l'État et la production d'une "forêt à pâte" au Québec dans la première moitié du XXe siècle. Rev Hist Am Fr 60: 61-93.
17. Cogliastro A, Gagnon D, Bouchard A (1997) Is site preparation necessary for bur oak receiving post-planting weed control? Ann Sci For 54: 107-116.
18. Cogliastro A, Benjamin K, Bouchard A (2006) Effects of full and partial clearing, with and without herbicide, on weed cover, light availability, and establishment success of white ash in shrub communities of abandoned pastureland in southwestern Quebec, Canada. New For 32: 197-210.
19. Colas F, Lamhamedi MS, Tousignant D, Tremblay L, Rainville A, Gagnon J (2008a) Seedling production in Québec: a successful integration of the multidisciplinary approach. Tree Seed Working Group-News Bulletin. Can For Gen Ass 48: 3-10.
20. Colas F, Perron M, Tousignant D, Parent C, Pelletier M, Lemay P (2008b) A novel approach for the operational production of hybrid larch seeds under northern climatic conditions. For Chron 84: 95-104.
21. Coll L, Balandier P, Picon-Cochard C, Prévosto B, Curt T (2003) Competition for water between beech seedlings and surrounding vegetation in different light and vegetation composition conditions. Ann For Sci 60: 593-600.
22. Coll L, Messier C, Berninger F, Delagrange S (2007) Growth, allocation and leaf gas exchanges of hybrid poplar plants in their establishment phase on previously forested sites: effect of different vegetation management techniques. Ann For Sci 64: 275-285.
23. Commission d'étude sur la gestion de la forêt publique québécoise (2004) Final report. Available at: http://www. commission-foret. qc. ca/rapportfinal. htm.
24. Cyr G, Thiffault N (2009) Long-term black spruce plantation growth and structure after release and juvenile cleaning: a 24-year study. For Chron 85: 417-426.
25. Dampier JEE, Bell FW, St-Amour M, Pitt DG, Luckai NJ (2006) Cutting versus herbicides: tenth-year volume and release cost-effectiveness of sub-boreal conifer plantations. For Chron 82: 521-528.
26. Dampier JEE, Luckai N, Bell FW, Towill WD (2007) Do tree-level monocultures develop following Canadian boreal silviculture? Tree-level diversity tested using a new method. Biodivers Conserv 16: 2933-2948.
27. Dancause A (2008) Le reboisement au Québec. Guide technique. Les Publications du Québec, Québec, QC.
28. De Grandpré L, Archambault L, Morissette J (2000) Early understory successional changes following clearcutting in the balsam fir-yellow birch forest. Écoscience 7: 92-100.
29. de Jong MD (2000) The BioChon story: deployment of Chondrostereum purpureum to suppress stump sprouting in hardwoods. Mycologist 14: 58-62.
30. Donoso PJ, Nyland RD (2006) Interference to hardwood regeneration in Northeastern North America: the effects of raspberries (Rubus spp.) following clearcutting and shelterwood methods. North J Appl For 23: 288-296.
31. Doucet R (1988) La régénération préétablie dans les peuplements forestiers naturels au Québec. For Chron 64: 116-120.
32. Doucet R, Ruel JC, Jutras S, Lessard G, Pineau M, Prégent G, Thiffault N (2009) Sylviculture appliquée. In: Manuel de foresterie, 2nd edn. Ordre des ingénieurs forestiers du Québec, Éditions Multimondes, Québec.
33. Dubeau D, LeBel L, Imbeau D (2003) Integrated Study of Brushsaw Operators in Québec. Forest Research Note 128, Ministère des ressources naturelle, de la Faune et des Parcs du Québec, Sainte-Foy.
34. Dubeau D, LeBel L, Imbeau D (2008) Estimation de la productivité des débroussailleurs-Dégagement de la régénération. Ministère des Ressources naturelles du Québec, Québec.
35. Fenton NJ, Simard M, Bergeron Y (2009) Emulating natural disturbances: the role of silviculture in creating even-aged and complex structures in the black spruce boreal forest of eastern North America. J For Res 14: 258-267.
36. Forest Stewardship Council (1996) FSC principles and criteria for forest stewardship. FSC-STD-01-001 (version 4-0) EN, Bonn.
37. Forget E, Nolet P, Doyon F, Delagrange S, Jardon Y (2007) Ten-year response of northern hardwood stands to commercial selection cutting in southern Quebec, Canada. For Ecol Manag 242: 764-775.
38. Fortier J, Messier C (2006) Are chemical or mechanical treatments more sustainable for forest vegetation management in the context of the TRIAD? For Chron 82: 806-818.
39. Fortier J, Messier C, Coll L (2005) La problématique de l'utilisation des herbicides en foresterie: le cas du Québec. VertigO 6: 1-19.
40. Frochot H, Armand G, Gama A, Nouveau M, Wehrlen L (2002) La gestion de la végétation accompagnatrice: état et perspectives. Rev For Fr 6: 505-520.
41. Gauthier S, Vaillancourt MA, Kneeshaw D, Drapeau P, De Grandpré L, Claveau Y, Paré D (2008) Aménagement forestier écosystémique. origines et fondements. In: Gauthier S, Vaillancourt MA, Leduc A, De Grandpré L, Kneeshaw D, Morin H, Drapeau P, Bergeron Y (eds) Aménagement écosystémique en forêt boréale. Presses de l'Université du Québec, Québec.
42. Gingras BM, Richard S, Robert N (2002) Performance de cinq ans en plantations comparatives de plants résineux de fortes dimensions et de feuillus cultivés dans des récipients à parois ajourées. Mémoire de recherche forestière 141. Ministère des Ressources naturelles du Québec, Sainte-Foy.
43. Gosselin L, Jobidon R, Bernier L (1999) Biological control of stump sprouting of broadleaf species in rights-of-way with Chondrostereum purpureum: incidence of the disease on nontarget hosts. Biol Cont 16: 60-67.
44. Greene DF, Kneeshaw DD, Messier C, Lieffers V, Cormier D, Doucet R, Coates KD, Groot A, Grover G, Calogeropoulos C (2002) Modelling silvicultural alternatives for conifer regeneration in boreal mixedwood stands (aspen/white spruce/balsam fir). For Chron 78: 281-295.
45. Grondin P, Saucier JP, Blouin J, Gosselin J, Robitaille A (2003) Ecological information for forestry planning in Québec, Canada. Forest Research Note 118, Ministère des ressources naturelle de la Faune et des Parcs du Québec, Sainte-Foy.
46. Hartley MJ (2002) Rationale and methods for conserving biodiversity in plantation forests. For Ecol Manag 155: 81-95.
47. Harvey BD, Bergeron Y (1989) Site patterns of natural regeneration following clear-cutting in northwestern Quebec. Can J For Res 19: 1458-1469.
48. Harvey BD, Brais S (2002) Effects of mechanized careful logging on natural regeneration and vegetation competition in the southeastern Canadian boreal forest. Can J For Res 32: 653-666.
49. Inderjit, Mallik AU (1996) Growth and physiological responses of black spruce (Picea mariana) to sites dominated by Ledum groenlandicum. J Chem Ecol 22: 575-585.
50. Jarvis JM, Cayford JH (1961) Regeneration following various methods of cutting in black spruce stands in Manitoba. For Chron 37: 339-349.
51. Joanisse GD, Bradley RL, Preston CM, Bending GD (2009) Sequestration of soil nitrogen as tannin-protein complexes may improve the competitive ability of sheep laurel (Kalmia angustifolia) relative to black spruce (Picea mariana). New Phytol 181: 187-198.
52. Jobidon R (1992) Measurement of light transmission in young conifer plantations: a new technique for assessing herbicide efficacy. North J Appl For 9: 112-115.
53. Jobidon R (1993) Nitrate fertilization stimulates emergence of red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) under forest canopy. Fertil Res 36: 91-94.
54. Jobidon R (1994) Light threshold for optimal black spruce (Picea mariana) seedling growth and development under brush competition. Can J For Res 24: 1629-1635.
55. Jobidon R (1995) Autécologie de quelques espèces de compétition d'importance pour la régénération forestière au Québec: revue de littérature. Mémoire de recherche forestière 117. Ministère des Ressources naturelles du Québec, Sainte-Foy.
56. Jobidon R (1997a) Pin cherry sucker regeneration after cutting. North J Appl For 14: 117-119.
57. Jobidon R (1997b) Stump height effects on sprouting of mountain maple, paper birch and pin cherry-10 year results. For Chron 73: 590-595.
58. Jobidon R (1998) Comparative efficacy of biological and chemical control of the vegetative reproduction in Betula papyrifera and Prunus pensylvanica. Biol Cont 11: 22-28.
59. Jobidon R (2000) Density-dependent effects of northern hardwood competition on selected environmental resources and young white spruce (Picea glauca) plantation growth, mineral nutrition, and stand structural development-a 5-year study. For Ecol Manag 130: 77-97.
60. Jobidon R, Charette L (1997) Effets, après 10 ans, du dégagement manuel simple ou répété et de la période de coupe de la végétation de compétition sur la croissance de l'épinette noire en plantation. Can J For Res 27: 1979-1991.
61. Jobidon R, Charette L, Bernier PY (1998) Initial size and competing vegetation effects on water stress and growth of Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP seedlings planted in three different environments. For Ecol Manag 103: 293-305.
62. Jobidon R, Trottier F, Charette L (1999) Chemical or manual release treatment of black spruce? Case study of a Balsam Fir-white Birch ecosystem in Quebec. For Chron 75: 973-979.
63. Jobidon R, Roy V, Cyr G (2003) Net effect of competing vegetation on selected environmental conditions and performance of four spruce seedling stock sizes after eight years in Québec (Canada). Ann For Sci 60: 691-699.
64. Jobidon R, Cyr G, Thiffault N (2004) Plant species diversity and composition along an experimental gradient of northern hardwood abundance in Picea mariana plantations. For Ecol Manag 198: 209-221.
65. Küßner R, Reynolds PE, Bell FW (2000) Growth response of Picea mariana seedlings to competition for radiation. Scand J For Res 15: 334-342.
66. Laflèche V, Ruel JC, Archambault L (2000) Évaluation de la coupe avec protection de la régénération et des sols comme méthode de régénération de peuplements mélangés de domaine bioclimatique de la sapinière à bouleau jaune de l'est du Québec, Canada. For Chron 76: 653-663.
67. Lamhamedi MS, Bernier PY, Hébert C, Jobidon R (1998) Physiological and growth response of three sizes of containerized Picea mariana seedlings outplanted with and without vegetation control. For Ecol Manag 110: 13-23.
68. Lamhamedi MS, Chamberland H, Bernier PY, Tremblay FM (2000) Clonal variation in morphology, growth, physiology, anatomy and ultrastructure of container-grown white spruce somatic seedlings. Tree Physiol 20: 869-880.
69. Lamhamedi MS, Lambany G, Margolis H, Renaud M, Veilleux L, Bernier PY (2001) Growth, physiology and leachate losses in Picea glauca seedlings (1 + 0) grown in air-slit containers under different irrigation regimes. Can J For Res 31: 1968-1980.
70. Lamhamedi MS, Gagnon J, Colas F (2003) Recherche-développement en production de semences et de plants forestiers au Québec: principales réalisations et perspectives d'avenir. In: Carrefour de la recherche forestière. Centre des congrès de Québec, Québec.
71. Lamhamedi MS, Labbé L, Margolis HA, Stowe DC, Blais L, Renaud M (2006) Spatial variability of substrate water content and growth of white spruce seedlings. Soil Sci Soc Am J 70: 108-120.
72. Lautenschlager RA (1999) Environmental resource interactions affect red raspberry growth and its competition with white spruce. Can J For Res 29: 906-916.
73. Lautenschlager RA, Sullivan TP (2002) Effects of herbicide treatments on biotic components in regenerating northern forests. For Chron 78: 695-731.
74. LeBel LG, Dubeau D (2007) Predicting the productivity of motor-manual workers in precommercial thinning operations. For Chron 83: 215-220.
75. LeBel P, Thiffault N, Bradley RL (2008) Kalmia removal increases nutrient supply and growth of black spruce seedlings: an effect fertilizer cannot emulate. For Ecol Manag 256: 1780-1784.
76. Lussier JM, Morin H, Gagnon R (1992) Comparaison de la croissance de marcottes d'épinette noire (Picea mariana) adultes après coupe à celle d'individus issus de graines après feu. Can J For Res 22: 1524-1535.
77. Mallik AU (1987) Allelopathic potential of Kalmia angustifolia to black spruce (Picea mariana). For Ecol Manag 20: 43-51.
78. Mallik AU (1993) Ecology of a forest weed of Newfoundland: vegetative regeneration strategy of Kalmia angustifolia. Can J Bot 71: 161-166.
79. Margolis HA (1987) Seedling production and reforestation in Quebec. J For 85: 39-43.
80. Messier C, Doucet R, Ruel JC, Claveau Y, Kelly C, Lechowicz MJ (1999) Functional ecology of advance regeneration in relation to light in boreal forests. Can J For Res 29: 812-823.
81. Messier C, Bigué B, Bernier L (2003) Using fast-growing plantations to promote forest ecosystem protection in Canada. Unasylva 54: 59-63.
82. Morin H, Gagnon R (1992) Comparative growth and yield of layer- and seed-origin black spruce (Picea mariana) stands in Quebec. Can J For Res 22: 465-473.
83. Moroni MT, Thiffault N, Titus BD, Mante C, Makeschin F (2009) Controlling Kalmia and reestablishing conifer dominance enhances soil fertility indicators in central Newfoundland, Canada. Can J For Res 39: 1270-1279.
84. Morris LA, Moss SA, Garbett WS (1993) Competitive interference between selected herbaceous and woody plants and Pinus taeda L. during two growing seasons following planting. For Sci 39: 166-187.
85. MRN (1994) Une stratégie: Aménager pour mieux protéger les forêts. Ministère des Ressources naturelles du Québec, Sainte-Foy, QC.
86. MRNF (2008a) The forests of Québec. Ministère des Ressources naturelles et de la Faune du Québec. Available at: http://www. mrn. gouv. qc. ca/english/publications/international/forests. pdf.
87. MRNF (2008b) La forêt, pour construire le Québec de demain. Ministère des Ressources naturelles et de la Faune du Québec. Available at: http://www. mrnf. gouv. qc. ca/publications/forets/consultation/livre-vert. pdf.
88. Newton M (2006) Taking charge in forest vegetation management. Can J For Res 36: 2357-2363.
89. Nilsson MC, Wardle DA (2005) Understory vegetation as a forest ecosystem driver: evidence from the northern Swedish boreal forest. Front Ecol Environ 3: 421-428.
90. Nyland RD, Bashant AL, Heitzman EF, Verostek JM (2007) Interference to hardwood regeneration in Northeastern North America: pin cherry and its effects. North J Appl For 24: 52-60.
91. Örlander G, Gemmel P, Hunt J (1990) Site preparation: A Swedish overview. FRDA Report 105. British Columbia Ministry of Forests, Victoria.
92. Ouimet R, Tremblay S, Périé C, Prégent G (2007) Ecosystem carbon accumulation following fallow farmland afforestation with red pine in southern Québec. Can J For Res 37: 1118-1133.
93. Overton WS, Ching KK (1978) Analysis of differences in height growth among populations in a nursery selection study of Douglas fir. For Sci 24: 497-509.
94. Paquette A, Messier C (2009) The role of plantations in managing the world's forests in the Anthropocene. Front Ecol Environ. doi: 10. 1890/080116.
95. Paquin R, Doucet R (1992a) Productivité de pessières noires boréales régénérées par marcottage à la suite de vieilles coupes totales au Québec. Can J For Res 22: 601-612.
96. Paquin R, Doucet R (1992b) Croissance en hauteur à long terme de la régénération préétablie dans des pessières noires boréales régénérées par marcottage, au Québec. Can J For Res 22: 613-621.
97. Paquin R, Margolis HA, Doucet R, Coyea MR (1999) Comparison of growth and physiology of layers and naturally established seedlings of black spruce in a boreal cutover in Quebec. Can J For Res 29: 1-8.
98. Parent B (2009) Ressources et industries forestières-Portrait statistique édition 2009. Ministère des Ressources naturelles et de la Faune du Québec. Available at: http://www. mrnf. gouv. qc. ca/forets/connaissances/connaissances-statistiques. jsp.
99. Pitt DG, Dumas MT, Wall RE, Thompson DG, Lanteigne L, Hintz W, Sampson G, Wagner RG (1999) Chondrostereum purpureum as a biological control agent in forest vegetation management. I. Efficacy on speckled alder, red maple, and aspen in eastern Canada. Can J For Res 29: 841-851.
100. Pitt DG, Morneault A, Parker WC, Stinson A, Lanteigne L (2009) The effects of herbaceous and woody competition on planted white pine in a clearcut site. For Ecol Manag 257: 1281-1291.
101. Pothier D, Doucet R, Boily J (1995) The effect of advance regeneration height on future yield of black spruce stands. Can J For Res 25: 536-544.
102. Prescott CE, Maynard DG, Laiho R (2000) Humus in northern forests: friend or foe? For Ecol Manag 133: 23-36.
103. Prévost M (1992) Effets du scarifiage sur les propriétés du sol, la croissance des semis et la compétition: revue des connaissances actuelles et perspectives de recherches au Québec. Ann Sci For 49: 277-296.
104. Prévost M (1996) Effets du scarifiage sur les propriétés du sol et l'ensemencement naturel dans une pessière noire à mousses de la forêt boréale québécoise. Can J For Res 26: 72-86.
105. Prévost M (1997) Effects of scarification on seedbed coverage and natural regeneration after a group seed-tree cutting in a black spruce (Picea mariana) stand. For Ecol Manag 94: 219-231.
106. Prévost M, Dumais D (2003) Croissance et statut nutritif de marcottes, de semis naturels et de plants d'épinette noire à la suite du scarifiage: résultats de 10 ans. Can J For Res 33: 2097-2107.
107. Ramsfield TD (2006) Risk assessment of inundative biological control with Chondrostereum purpureum in New Zealand. N Z J For Sci 36: 11-20.
108. Raymond P, Munson AD, Ruel J-C, Nolet P (2003) Group and single-tree selection cutting in mixed tolerant hardwood-white pine stands: early establishment dynamics of white pine and associated species. For Chron 79: 1093-1106.
109. Raymond P, Munson AD, Ruel J-C, Coates KD (2006) Spatial patterns of soil microclimate, light, regeneration, and growth within silvicultural gaps of mixed tolerant hardwood-white pine stands. Can J For Res 36: 639-651.
110. Raymond P, Bédard S, Roy V, Larouche C, Tremblay S (2009) The irregular shelterwood system: review, classification, and potential application to forests affected by partial disturbances. J For 107: 405-413.
111. Rowe JS (1972) Forest regions of Canada. Canadian Forest Service, Ministry of Environment. Available at: http://ecosys. cfl. scf. rncan. gc. ca/images/classif/forest-reg2_e. pdf.
112. Roy V, Thiffault N, Jobidon R (2003) Integrated forest vegetation management in Québec (Canada): an effective alternative to herbicides. Forest Research Note 123, Ministère des Ressources naturelles. de la Faune et des Parcs, Sainte-Foy.
113. Roy V, Dubeau D, Auger I (2010) Biological control of intolerant hardwood competition: silvicultural efficacy of Chondrostereum purpureum and worker productivity in conifer plantations. For Ecol Manag 259: 1571-1579.
114. Ruel JC, Doucet R, Boily J (1995) Mortality of balsam fir and black spruce advance growth 3 years after clear-cutting. Can J For Res 25: 1528-1537.
115. Ruel JC, Messier C, Doucet R, Claveau Y, Comeau P (2000) Morphological indicators of growth response of coniferous advance regeneration to overstorey removal in the boreal forest. For Chron 76: 633-642.
116. Saucier JP, Berger JP, D'Avignon H, Racine P (1994) Le point d'observation écologique. Ministère des Ressources naturelles du Québec, Sainte-Foy, QC.
117. Saucier JP, Grondin P, Robitaille A, Gosselin J, Morneau C, Richard PJH, Brisson J, Sirois L, Leduc A, Morin H, Thiffault E, Gauthier S, Lavoie C, Payette S (2009) Écologie forestière. In: Manuel de foresterie, 2nd edn. Ordre des ingénieurs forestiers du Québec, Éditions Multimondes, Québec.
118. South DB, Mitchell RJ (1999) Determining the "optimum" slash pine seedling size for use with four levels of vegetation management on a flatwoods site in Georgia, USA. Can J For Res 29: 1039-1046.
119. Thiffault N (2004) Stock type in intensive silviculture: a (short) discussion about roots and size. For Chron 80: 463-468.
120. Thiffault N (2006) Remise en production des stations à éricacées: résultats de 15 ans d'un essai sylvicole sur la Côte-Nord. Note de recherche forestière 132. Ministère des Ressources naturelles et de la Faune du Québec, Québec.
121. Thiffault N, Jobidon R (2005) Existe-t-il une interaction entre le type de plants et le scarifiage? Le cas des PMD et des PFD d'épinettes. Note de recherche forestière 129, Ministère des Ressources naturelles. de la Faune et des Parcs du Québec, Québec.
122. Thiffault N, Jobidon R (2006) How to shift unproductive Kalmia angustifolia-Rhododendrongroenlandicum heath to productive conifer plantation. Can J For Res 36: 2364-2376.
123. Thiffault N, Jobidon R, Munson AD (2003a) Performance and physiology of large containerized and bare-root spruce seedlings in relation to scarification and competition in Québec (Canada). Ann For Sci 60: 645-655.
124. Thiffault N, Roy V, Prégent G, Cyr G, Jobidon R, Ménétrier J (2003b) La sylviculture des plantations résineuses au Québec. Nat Can 127: 63-80.
125. Thiffault N, Cyr G, Prégent G, Jobidon R, Charette L (2004a) Artificial regeneration of an ericacees black spruce stand-effects of scarification, fertilization and plant type 10 years later. For Chron 80: 141-149.
126. Thiffault N, Titus BD, Munson AD (2004b) Black spruce seedlings in a Kalmia-Vaccinium association: microsite manipulation to explore interactions in the field. Can J For Res 34: 1657-1668.
127. Thiffault N, Titus BD, Munson AD (2005) Silvicultural options to promote seedling establishment on Kalmia-Vaccinium-dominated sites. Scand J For Res 20: 110-121.
128. Thiffault N, Wyatt S, Leblanc M, Jetté JP (2007) Adaptive forest management in Quebec: bits of the big and small picture. Can Silv May: 26-29.
129. Thompson DG, Pitt DG (2003) A review of Canadian forest vegetation management research and practice. Ann For Sci 60: 559-572.
130. Toupin D, LeBel LG, Dubeau D, Imbeau D, Bouthillier L (2007) Measuring the productivity and physical workload of brushcutters within the context of a production-based pay system. For Pol Econ 9: 1046-1055.
131. Tousignant D, Villeneuve M, Rioux M, Mercier S (1995) Effect of tree flowering and crown position on rooting success of cuttings from 9-year-old black spruce seedling origin. Can J For Res 25: 1058-1063.
132. Truax B, Gagnon D (1993) Effects of straw and black plastic mulching on the initial growth and nutrition of butternut, white ash and bur oak. For Ecol Manag 57: 17-27.
133. Vallée G (1969) Programme général pour l'amélioration des arbres forestiers au Québec. Ministère des Terres et Forêts du Québec, Sainte-Foy.
134. Vartiamaki H, Hantula J, Uotila A (2009) Effect of application time on the efficacy of Chondrostereum purpureum treatment against the sprouting of birch in Finland. Can J For Res 39: 731-739.
135. Wagner RG, Robinson AP (2006) Critical period of interspecific competition for four northern conifers: 10-year growth response and associated vegetation dynamics. Can J For Res 36: 2474-2485.
136. Wagner RG, Flynn J, Gregory R (1998) Public perceptions of risk and acceptability of forest vegetation management alternatives in Ontario. For Chron 74: 720-727.
137. Wagner RG, Mohammed GH, Noland TL (1999) Critical period of interspecific competition for northern conifers associated with herbaceous vegetation. Can J For Res 29: 890-897.
138. Wagner RG, Bell FW, Campbell RA (2001) Vegetation management. In: Wagner RG, Colombo SJ (eds) Regenerating the Canadian forest: principles and practice for Ontario. Fitzhenry & Whiteside, Markham.
139. Wagner RG, Newton M, Cole EC, Miller JH, Shiver BD (2004) The role of herbicides for enhancing forest productivity and conserving land for biodiversity in North America. Wildl Soc Bull 32: 1028-1041.
140. Wagner RG, Little KM, Richardson B, McNabb K (2006) The role of vegetation management for enhancing productivity of the world's forests. Forestry 79: 57-79.
141. Willoughby I, Balandier P, Bentsen NS, McCarthy N, Claridge J (2009) Forest vegetation management in Europe: current practices and future requirements. COST Office, Brussels.
142. Wood JE, von Althen FW (1993) Establishment of white spruce and black spruce in boreal Ontario-effects of chemical site preparation and postplanting weed-control. For Chron 69: 554-560.
143. Zhu H, Mallik AU (1994) Interactions between Kalmia and black spruce: isolation and identification of allelopathic compounds. J Chem Ecol 20: 407-421.