The irregular shelterwood system: Review, classification, and potential application to forests affected by partial disturbances

Journal of Forestry

Volumn 107, Issue 8, 2009, Pages 405-413

  Raymond, Patricia ^a   Bédard, Steve ^a   Roy, Vincent ^a   Larouche, Catherine ^a   Tremblay, Stéphane ^a  

^a MINISTÈRE DES RESSOURCES NATURELLES ET DE LA FAUNE   (Canada)

Author keywords

Ecosystem based management; Irregular shelterwood variants; Irregular uneven aged silviculture; Multiaged stand; Regeneration methods

Indexed keywords

CLASSIFICATION ,; ECOSYSTEM-BASED MANAGEMENT; FOREST TYPE; FORESTED LANDSCAPES; GAP DYNAMICS; GROWTH AND YIELD; INTEGRAL PART; MULTI-AGED STANDS; OLD-GROWTH FOREST; OPERATIONAL APPLICATIONS; POTENTIAL APPLICATIONS; SILVICULTURAL SYSTEM; STAND LEVELS; STAND STRUCTURES; UNEVEN-AGED SILVICULTURE; UNEVEN-AGED STANDS;

ECOSYSTEMS; TERMINOLOGY;

REFORESTATION;

FOREST MANAGEMENT; GAP DYNAMICS; REGENERATION; SILVICULTURE; STAND STRUCTURE;

ECOSYSTEMS; MANAGEMENT; REFORESTATION;

EID: 72449152950     PISSN: 00221201     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (96)

1. ANGERS, V.A., C. MESSIER, M. BEAUDET, and A. LEDUC 2005. Comparing composition and structure in old-growth and harvested (selection and diameter-limit cuts) northern hard-wood stands of Quebec. For. Ecol. Manag. 217:275-293.
2. APLET, G.H 1994. Beyond even- vs. uneven-aged management: Toward a cohort-based silviculture. J. Sustain. For. 2:423-433.
3. BARRETTE, M., and L. BÉLANGER 2007. Reconstitution historique du paysage préindustriel de la région écologique des hautes collines du Bas-Saint-Maurice. Can. J. For. Res. 37:1147-1160.
4. BAUHUS, J., K. PUETTMANN, and C. MESSIER 2009. Silviculture for old-growth attributes. For. Ecol. Manag. 258:525-537.
5. BERGERON, Y., B. HARVEY, A. LEDUC, and S. GAUTHIER 1999. Forest management guide-lines based on natural disturbance dynamics: Stand and forest-level considerations. For. Chron. 75:49-54.
6. BERGERON, Y., P. DRAPEAU, S. GAUTHIER, and N. LECOMTE 2007. Using knowledge of natural disturbances to support sustainable forest management in the northern Clay Belt. For. Chron. 83:326-337.
7. BOUCHARD, M., D.D. KNEESHAW, and Y. BERGERON 2006. Tree recruitment pulses and long-term species coexistence in mixed forests of western Québec. Ecoscience 13:82-88.
8. BOUCHARD, M., D.D. KNEESHAW, and C. MESSIER 2007. Forest dynamics following spruce budworm outbreaks in the northern and southern mixedwoods of central Quebec. Can. J. For. Res. 37:763-772.
9. BOUCHARD, M., D. POTHIER, and S. GAUTHIER 2008. Fire return intervals and tree species succession in the North Shore region of eastern Canada. Can. J. For. Res. 38:1621-1633.
10. BOUCHER, D., L. DE GRANDPRÉ, and S. GAUTHIER 2003. Développement d'un outil de classificationdelastructuredespeuplementset comparaison de deux territoires de la pessière à mousses du Québec. For. Chron. 79:318-328.
11. BOUCHER, Y., D. ARSENEAULT, L. SIROIS, and L. BLAIS 2009. Logging pattern and landscape changes over the last century at the boreal and deciduous forest transition in Eastern Canada. Landsc. Ecol. 24:171-184.
12. BOULIANE, P., and J. DUBOIS 2003. Bilan des coupes progressives irrégulières réalisées à la Forêt Montmorency de 1986 à 2002 et établissement d'un dispositif permanent. Univ. Laval, Dépt. of Sci. Bois Forêt, Québec, Canada. 48 p.
13. CANHAM, C.D., and O.L. LOUCKS 1984. Catastrophic windthrow in the presettlement forests of Winsconsin. Ecology 65:803-809.
14. CROW, T.R., and F.T. METZGER 1987. Regeneration under selection cutting. P. 81-94 in Proc. of a Silvucltural symp. on Managing northern hardwoods, Nyland, R.D (ed.). Tech. Publ. 13 (ESF 87-002 and Soc. Am. For. Publ. 87-03), SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, NY. 430 p.
15. CROW, T.R., D.S. BUCKLEY, E.A. NAUERTZ, and J.C. ZASADA 2002. Effects of management on the composition and structure of northern hardwood forests in Upper Michigan. For. Sci. 48:129-145.
16. DAINTITH, N.M., M.J. WATERHOUSE, and H.M. ARMLEDER 2005. Seedling response following partial cutting in lodgepole pine forests on caribou winter range in west-central British Columbia. For. Chron. 81:409-417.
17. DÉRY, S., and M. LEBLANC 2005. Lignes directrices pour l'utilisation des pratiques sylvicoles adaptées dans le cadre de la mise en oeuvre de l'objectif 4. Objectifs de mise en valeur des ressources du milieu forestier. Gouv. Qué., Min. Ress. Nat. Faune, Dir. Env. For. 13 p.
18. DESPONTS, M., A. DESROCHERS, L. BÉLANGER, and J. HUOT 2002. Structure de sapinières aménagées et anciennes du massif des Laurentides (Québec) et diversité des plantes invasculaires. Can. J. For. Res. 32:2077-2093.
19. DUMAIS, D., and M. PRÉVOST 2007. Management for red spruce conservation in Québec: The importance of some physiological and ecological characteristics-A review. For. Chron. 83:378-392.
20. ERDMANN, G.G., and R.M. PETERSON 1972. Crown release increases diameter growth and bole sprouting of pole-size yellow birch. US For. Serv. Res. Note NC-130. 4 p.
21. FAJVAN, M.A., and R.S. SEYMOUR 1993. Canopy stratification, age structure, and development of multicohort stands of eastern white pine, eastern hemlock and red spruce. Can. J. For. Res. 23:1799-1809.
22. FOURCHY, P 1952. En Suisse, quelques aspects de la sylviculture contemporaine. Rev. For. Fr. 4:315-341.
23. FRANKLIN, J.F., R.J. MITCHELL, and B.J. PALIK 2007. Natural disturbance and stand development principles for ecological forestry. US For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. NRS-19. 44 p.
24. FRAVER, S., and A.S. WHITE 2005. Disturbance dynamics of old-growth Picea rubens forests of northern Maine. J. Veg. Sci. 16:597-610.
25. FRELICH, L.E., and C.G. LORIMER 1991. Natural disturbance regime in hemlock-hardwood forests of the upper Great Lakes region. Ecol. Monogr. 61:145-164.
26. GALINDO-LEAL, C., and F.L. BUNNELL 1995. Ecosystem management: Implications and opportunities of a new paradigm. For. Chron. 71: 601-606.
27. GAUTHIER, S., M.-A. VAILLANCOURT, A. LEDUC, L. DE GRANDPRÉ, D. KNEESHAW, H. MORIN, P. DRAPEAU, and Y. BERGERON 2008. Aménagement écosystémique en forêt boréale. Presses Univ. Québec, Québec, Canada. 568 p.
28. GODMAN, R.M., and D.J. BOOKS 1971. Influence of stand density on stem quality in pole-size northern hardwoods. US For. Serv. Res. Pap. NC-54. 7 p.
29. GROOT, A 2002. Is uneven-aged silviculture applicable to peatland black spruce (Picea mariana) in Ontario, Canada. Forestry 75:437-442.
30. GULDIN, J.M 1996. The role of uneven-aged silviculture in the context of ecosystem management. West. J. Appl. For. 11:4-12.
31. GUNN, J.S., and J.M. HAGAN, III. 2000. Wood-pecker abundance and tree use in uneven-aged managed, and unmanaged, forest in northern Maine. For. Ecol. Manag. 126:1-12.
32. HANNAH, P.R 1988. The shelterwood method in the Northeastern forest types: A literature review. North. J. Appl. For. 5:70-77.
33. HANSEN, A., T.A. SPIES, F.J. SWANSON, and J.L. OHMANN 1991. Conserving biodiversity in managed forests. Bioscience 41: 382-392.
34. HARPER, K.A., Y. BERGERON, S. GAUTHIER, and P. DRAPEAU 2002. Post-fire development of canopy structure and composition in black spruce forests of Abitibi, Québec: A landscape scale study. Silva Fennica 36:249-263.
35. HELMS, J.A 1998. The dictionary of forestry. Society of American Foresters, Bethesda, MD. 210 p.
36. KAUFMANN, M.R., R.T. GRAHAM, D.A. BOYCE, JR., W.H. MOIR, L. PERRY, R.T. REYNOLDS, R.L. BASSETT, P. MEHLHOP, C.B. EDMINSTER, W.M. BLOCK, and P.S. CORN 1994. An ecological basis for ecosystem management. US For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-246. 22 p.
37. KENEFIC, L.S., P.E. SENDAK, and J.C. BRISSETTE 2005. Comparison of fixed diameter-limit and selection cutting in northern conifers. North. J. Appl. For. 22:77-84.
38. KOHM, K.A., and J.F. FRANKLIN 1997. Creating a forestry for the 21st century: The science of eco-system management. Island Press, Washington, DC. 475 p.
39. KNEESHAW, D.D., and Y. BERGERON 1998. Canopy gap characteristics and tree replacement in the southeastern boreal forest. Ecology 79:783-794.
40. KNEESHAW, D.D., and Y. BERGERON 1999. Spatial and temporal patterns of seedling and sapling recruitment within canopy gaps caused by spruce budworm. Ecoscience 6:214-222.
41. KNEESHAW, D.D., E. LAUZON, A. DE ROMER, G. REYES, J. BELLEISLE, J. MESSIER, and S. GAUTHIER 2008. Appliquer les connaissances sur les régimes de perturbations naturelles pour développer une foresterie qui s'inspire de la nature dans le sud de la péninsule gaspésienne. P. 215-240 in Aménagement écosystémique en forêt boréale, Gauthier, S., M.-A. Vaillancourt, A. Leduc, L. DeGrandpré, D. Kneeshaw, H. Morin, P. Drapeau, and Y. Bergeron (eds.). Presses Univ. Québec, Québec, Canada. 568 p.
42. LANIER, L 1994. Précis de sylviculture, 2nd Ed. École Nat. Génie Rural eaux Forêts (ENGREF), Nancy, France. 477 p.
43. LEAK, W.B 1999. Species composition and structure of a northern hardwood stand after 61 years of group/patch selection. North. J. Appl. For. 16:151-153.
44. LEAK, W.B., and R. JR. WILSON 1958. Regeneration after cutting of old-growth northern hardwoods in New Hampshire. US For. Serv. Northeast. For. Exp. Stn., Pap. no. 103. 8 p.
45. LEAK, W.B., and S.M. FILIP 1977. Thirty-eight years of group selection in New England northern hardwoods. J. For. 75:641-643.
46. LEAK, W.B., and J.H. GOTTSAKER 1985. New approches to uneven-aged management in New England. North. J. Appl. For. 2:28-31.
47. LEAK, W.B., D.S. SOLOMON, and P.S. DEBALD 1987. Silvicultural guide for northern hardwood types in the Northeast (revised). US For. Serv. Res. Pap. NE-603. 36 p.
48. LEAK, W.B., and P.E. SENDAK 2002. Changes in species, grade, and structure over 48 years in a managed New England northern hardwood stand. North. J. Appl. For. 19:25-27.
49. LEBLANC, M., and L. BÉLANGER 2000. La sapinière vierge de la Forêt Montmorency et de sa région: Une forêt boréale distincte. Gouv. Qué., Min. Ress. Nat., Dir. Rech. For., Mém. Rech. For. 136. 91 p.
50. LORIMER, C.G 1977. The presettlement forest and natural disturbance cycle of northeastern Maine. Ecology 58:139-148.
51. LORIMER, C.G., and L.E. FRELICH 1994. Natural disturbance regimes in old-growth northern hard woods: Implications for restoration efforts. J. For. 92:33-38.
52. LORIMER, C.G., and A.S. WHITE 2003. Scale and frequency of natural disturbances in the northeastern United States: Implications for early successional habitat and regional age distributions. For. Ecol. Manag. 185:41-64.
53. MAJCEN, Z., S. BÉDARD, and S. MEUNIER 2005. Accroissement et mortalité quinze ans après la coupe de jardinage dans quatorze érablières du Québec méridional. Gouv. Qué., Min. Ress. Nat. Faune, Dir. Rech. For., Mém. Rech. For. 148.39 p.
54. MALCOLM, D.C., W.L. MASON, and G.C. CLARKE 2001. The transformation of conifer forests in Britain-Regeneration, gap size and silvicultural systems. For. Ecol. Manag. 151:7-23.
55. MATTHEWS, J.D 1989. Silvicultural systems. Oxford University Press, New York, NY. 284 p.
56. MCCARTHY, J 2001. Gap dynamics of forest trees: A review with particular attention to boreal forests. Environ. Rev. 9:1-59.
57. MCCARTHY, J.W., and G. WEETMAN 2006. Age and size structure of gap-dynamic, old-growth boreal forest stands in Newfoundland. Silva Fennica 40:209-230.
58. MCCOMB, W.C., T.A. SPIES, and W.H. EMMINGHAM 1993. Douglas-fir forests. Managing for timber and mature-forest habitat. J. For. 91:31-42.
59. MILLER, G.W., and T.M. SCHULER.1995.Development and quality of reproduction in two-age central Appalachian hardwoods-10-year results. P. 364-374 in 10th Central hardwood forest conf., Gottschalk, K.W., and S.L.C. Fos-broke (eds.). US For. Serv., Northeast For. Exp. Stn., Morgantown, WV. GTRNE-197.
60. MILLER, G.W., J.E. JOHNSON, and J.E. BAUMGRAS 1997. Deferment cutting in central Appalachian hardwoods: An update. For. Landowner 68:28-31.
61. MILLER, G.W., J.N. KOCHENDERFER, and D.B. FEKEDULEGN 2006. Influence of individual reserve trees on nearby reproduction in two-aged Appalachian hardwood stands. For. Ecol. Manag. 224:241-251.
62. MITCHELL, S.J., and W.J. BEESE 2002. The retention system: Reconciling variable retention with the principles of silvicultural systems. For. Chron. 78:397-403.
63. MOORES, A.R., R.S. SEYMOUR, and L.S. KENEFIC 2007. Height development of shade-tolerant conifer saplings in multi-aged Acadian forest stands. Can. J. For. Res. 37:2715-2723.
64. MINISTÈRE DES RESSOURES NATURELLES (MRN). 1994. Une stratégie: Aménager pour mieux protéger les forêts. Gouv. Qué., Min. Ress. Nat., Dir. Prog. For. 197 p.
65. MINISTÈRE DES RESSOURES NATURELLES ET DE LA FAUNE (MRNF). 2009. Rapport d'activités 2007-2008 et Repertoire des projets de recherche 2008-2009. Direction de la recherche forestière. Available online at www.mrnf.gouv.qc.ca/publications/enligne/forets/activites-recherche/projets/description.asp?numero323; last accessed May 4, 2009.
66. NEUENDORFF, J.K., L.M. NAGEL, C.R. WEBSTER, and M.K. JANOWIAK 2007. Stand structure and composition in a northern hardwood forest after 40 years of single-tree selection. North. J. Appl. For. 24:197-202.
67. NYLand, R.D 2002. Silviculture: Concept and applications, 2nd Ed. McGraw-Hill, New York. 682 p.
68. NYLand, R.D., D.G. RAY, R.D. YANAI, R.D. BRIGGS, L. ZHANG, R.J. CYMBALA, and M.J. TWERY 2000. Early cohort development following even-aged reproduction method cuttings in New York northern hardwoods. Can. J. For. Res. 30:67-75.
69. PRÉVOST, M 2008. Effect of cutting intensity on microenvironmental conditions and regeneration dynamics in yellow birch-conifer stands. Can. J. For. Res. 38:317-330.
70. PRÉVOST, M., V. ROY, and P. RAYMOND 2003. Sylviculture et régénération des forêts mixtes du Québec (Canada): Une approche qui respecte la dynamique naturelle des peuplements. Gouv. Qué., Min. Ress Nat. Faune Parcs, Dir. Rech. For., Note rech. For. 125. 8 p.
71. PUETTMANN, K.J., and C. AMMER 2007. Trends in North American and European regeneration research under the ecosystem management paradigm. Eur. J. For. Res. 126:1-9.
72. PUETTMANN, K.J., K.D. COATES, and C. MESSIER 2008. A critique of silviculture. Island Press, Washington, DC. 188 p.
73. RAY, D.G., R.D. NYLAND, and R.D. YANAI 1999. Patterns of cohort development following shelterwood cutting in three Adirondack northern hardwood stands. For. Ecol. Manag. 119:1-11.
74. RAYMOND, P., J.-C. RUEL, and M. PINEAU 2000. Effet d'une coupe d'ensemencement et du milieu de germination sur la régénération des sapinières boréales riches de seconde venue du Québec. For. Chron. 76:643-652.
75. ROBITAILLE, L., and J.-L. BOIVIN 1987. Résultats, après 10 ans, d'une coupe à diamètre minimum d'exploitation dans un peuplement feuillu. For. Chron. 63:15-19.
76. ROY, V., N. THIFFAULT, and R. JOBIDON 2003. Maîtrise intégrée de la végétation au Québec (Canada): Une alternative efficace aux phytocides chimiques. Gouv. Qué., Min. Ress. Nat. Faune Parcs, Note rech. For. 123. 7 p.
77. RUEL, J.-C 1995. Understanding windthrow: Silvicultural implications. For. Chron. 71:434-445.
78. RUEL, J.-C., V. ROY, J.-M. LUSSIER, D. POTHIER, P. MEEK, and D. FORTIN 2007. Mise au point d'une sylviculture adaptée à la forêt boréale irrégulière. For. Chron. 83:367-374.
79. SAUNDERS, M.R., and R.G. WAGNER 2005. Ten-year results of the Forest Ecosystem Research Program-Successes and challenges. Balancing ecosystem values: Innovating experiments for sustainable forestry. US For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-635, Portland, OR. 147-153.
80. SCHUTZ, J.-P 2001. Opportunities and strategies of transforming regular forests to irregular forests. For. Ecol. Manag. 151:87-94.
81. SCHUTZ, J.-P 2002. Silvicultural tools to develop irregular and diverse forest structures. Forestry 75:329-337.
82. SEYMOUR, R.S 1992. The red spruce-balsam fir forest of Maine: Evolution of silvicultural practice in response to stand development patterns and disturbances. P. 217-244 in The ecology and silviculture of mixed-species forests. A festschrift for David M. Smith., Kelty, M.J., B.C. Larson, and C.D. Oliver (eds.). Kluwer Publishers, Norwell, MA. 287 p.
83. SEYMOUR, R.S 1995. The Northeastern Region. P. 31-79 in Regional silviculture of the United States, 3rd Ed., J.W. Barrett (ed.). Wiley and Sons, New York. 643 p.
84. SEYMOUR, R.S 2005. Integrating disturbance parameters into conventional silvicultural systems: Experience from the Acadian forest of northeastern North America. P. 41-48 in Balancing ecosystem values: Innovative experiments for sustainable forestry, Peterson, C.E., and D.A. Maguire (eds.). US For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-635. 389 p.
85. SEYMOUR, R.S., and M.L. HUNTER JR 1999. Principles of ecological forestry. P. 22-61 in Maintaining biodiversity in forest ecosystems, Hunter, M.L. Jr. (ed.). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. 698 p.
86. SEYMOUR, R.S., and L.S. KENEFIC 1998. Balance and sustainability in multiaged stands: A northern conifer case study. J. For. 96:12-17.
87. SEYMOUR, R.S., A.S. WHITE, and P.G. DEMAYNADIER 2002. Natural disturbance regimes in northeastern North America-Evaluating silvicultural systems using natural scales and frequencies. For. Ecol. Manag. 155:357-367.
88. SILVY-LELIGOIS, P 1953. La futaie par bouquets. Rev. For. Fr. 5:213-229.
89. SMITH, D.M 1986. The practice of silviculture, 8th Ed. John Wiley and Sons, New York. 527 p.
90. SMITH, H.C., N.I. LAMSON, and G.W. MILLER 1989. An aesthetic alternative to clearcutting? Deferment cutting in eastern hardwoods. J. For. 37:14-18.
91. SMITH, D.M., B.C. LARSEN, M.J. KELTY, and P.M.S. ASHTON 1997. The practice of silviculture: Applied forest ecology, 9th Ed. John Wiley and Sons, New York. 537 p.
92. SPURR, S.H 1956. German silvicultural systems. For. Sci. 2:75-80.
93. STONE, I., J.-P. OUELLET, L. SIROIS, M.-J. ARSENEAU, and M.-H. STLAURENT 2008. Impacts of silvicultural treatments on arboreal lichen biomass in balsam fir stands on Québec's Gaspé Peninsula: Implications for a relict caribou herd. For. Ecol. Manag. 255:2733-2742.
94. TRIMBLE, G.R., and D.W. SEEGRIST 1973. Epicormic branching on hardwood trees bordering forest openings. US For. Serv. Res. Pap. NE-261.7 p.
95. TUBBS, C.H., and F.T. METZGER 1969. Regeneration of northern hardwoods under shelter-wood cutting. For. Chron. 45:333-337.
96. WEBSTER, R., and N.R. JENSEN 2007. A shift in the gap dynamics of Betula alleghaniensis in response to single-tree selection. Can. J. For. Res. 37:682-689.